Top

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology

Gepubliceerd in:

01-02-2007 | Original Paper

Development of Social Anxiety: Social Interaction Predictors of Implicit and Explicit Fear of Negative Evaluation

Auteurs: Bethany A. Teachman, Joseph P. Allen

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 1/2007

Abstract

Little is known about how to predict which individuals with known temperament vulnerabilities will go on to develop social anxiety problems. Adolescents (N = 185) were followed from age 13 to 18 to evaluate psychosocial, prospective predictors of social anxiety symptoms and fears of negative evaluation (FNE), after accounting for pre-existing social withdrawal symptoms. Results from structural equation modeling suggest that lack of perceived social acceptance predicts subsequent explicit social anxiety and FNE, whereas the emotional intensity of close peer interactions predicts subsequent implicit FNE. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of peer interaction in the development of social anxiety, and the value of measuring both implicit and explicit FNE.

vorige artikel Familial Association and Frequency of Learning Disabilities in ADHD Sibling Pair Families

volgende artikel Psychopathological Profile in Children with Chronic Tic Disorder and Co-existing ADHD: Additive Effects

The original subscale was used, except for one item that had the lowest correlation with the total scale in prior research on similar samples, which was dropped due to time constraints.

IAT D scores reflect the difference in mean reaction time across critical blocks divided by the standard deviations across blocks, which is conceptually similar to Cohen’s d (see Greenwald et al., 2003).

It was necessary to constrain the variance of one indicator to .1 for this model because of an initial negative variance estimate. This additional constraint accounts for the equivalent df between Model_1A and Model₂.

The surprising negative relationship noted between Baseline Withdrawal Symptoms and Explicit FNE appears to reflect a suppression effect. When Perceived Social Acceptance is not included in the model, the relationship between Baseline Withdrawal Symptoms and Explicit FNE is no longer significant.

Allen, J. P., Hall, F. H., Insabella, G., Land, D., Marsh, P. A., & Porter, M. R. (2001). The supportive behavior task coding system. Unpublished manuscript. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.

Allen, J. P., Insabella, G. M., & Porter, M. R. (2006). A social-interactional model of the development of depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 55–65.PubMedCrossRef

Allen, J. P., Porter, M. R., & McFarland, C. F. (2006). Leaders and followers in adolescent close friendships: Susceptibility to peer influence as a predictor of peer pressure, risky behavior, and depression. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 155–172.PubMedCrossRef

Allen, J. P., Porter, M. R., McFarland, C. F., Marsh, P. A., & McElhaney, K. B. (2005). The two faces of adolescents’ success with peers: Adolescent popularity, social adaptation, and deviant behavior. Child Development, 76, 747–760.PubMedCrossRef

Allen, J. P., Porter, M. R., McFarland, C. F., McElhaney, K. B., & Marsh, P. A. (in press). The relation of attachment security to adolescents’ paternal and peer relationships, depression, and externalizing behavior. Child Development.

Amir, N., & Foa, E. B. (2001). Cognitive biases. In G. Hofmann, P. M. DiBartolo, and H. R. Juster (Eds.), Social phobia and social anxiety: An integration (pp. 254–267). Des Moines, IA: Allyn and Bacon.

Asendorpf, J. B., Banse, R., & Mücke, D. (2002). Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-concept: The case of shy behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 380–393.PubMedCrossRef

Bartholomew, K., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Methods of assessing adult attachment: Do they converge? In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 25–45). New York: Guilford Press.

Baumeister, R. F. (1998). The self. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 680–740). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Baumeister, R. F., Zhang, L., & Vohs, K. D. (2004). Gossip as cultural learning. Review of General Psychology, 8, 111–121.CrossRef

Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. I. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias. New York: Basic Books.

Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (Eds.) (1998). Shy children, phobic adults: Nature and treatment of social phobia. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.

Beidel, D. C., Morris, T. L., & Turner, S. M. (2004). Social phobia. In T. L. Morris and J. S. March, & S. John (Eds.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (2nd ed., pp. 141–163). New York: Guilford Press.

Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Dancu, C. V. (1985). Physiological, cognitive and behavioral aspects of social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 109–117.PubMedCrossRef

Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Morris, T. L. (1999). Psychopathology of childhood social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 643–650.PubMedCrossRef

Bell-Dolan, D. J., Last, C. G., & Strauss, C. C. (1990). Symptoms of anxiety disorders in normal children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 759–765.PubMedCrossRef

Berger, L. E., Jodl, K. M., Allen, J. P., McElhaney, K. B., & Kuperminc, G. P. (2005). When adolescents disagree with others about their symptoms: Differences in attachment organization as an explanation of discrepancies between adolescent-, parent-, and peer-reports of behavior problems. Development & Psychopathology, 17, 509–528.CrossRef

Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Bolduc-Murphy, E. A., Faraone, S. V., Chaloff, J., Hirshfeld, D. R., & Kagan, J. (1993). A 3-year follow-up of children with and without behavioral inhibition. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 814–821.PubMed

Blatt, S. J., Quinlan, D. M., Chevron, E. S., McDonald, C., & Zuroff, D. (1982). Dependency and self-criticism: Psychological dimensions of depression. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 50, 113–124.CrossRef

Bornstein, R. F. (1995). Sex differences in objective and projective dependency tests: A meta-analytic review. Assessment, 2, 319–331.

Brown, B. B. (1982). The extent and effects of peer pressure among high school students: A retrospective analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 11, 121–133.CrossRef

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen and J. S. Long, (Eds.), (Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Cahill, L., & McGaugh, J. L. (1998). Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends in Neuroscience, 21, 273–313.CrossRef

Chansky, T. E., & Kendall, P. C. (1997). Social expectancies and self-perceptions in anxiety disordered children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 347–63.CrossRef

Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, and F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.

Collins, W. A., & Laursen, B. (2004). Changing relationships, changing youth: Interpersonal contexts of adolescent development. Journal of Early Adolescence, 24, 55–62.CrossRef

Correll, J., Spencer, S., & Zanna, M. (2004). An affirmed self and an open mind: Self-affirmation and sensitivity to argument strength. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 350–356.CrossRef

Craeynest, M., Crombez, G., de Bourdeaudhuij, I., de Houwer, J., Deforche, B., & Tanghe, A. (2004). Explicit and implicit attitudes towards food and physical activity in childhood obesity. Gedrag and Gezondheid: Tijdschrift voor Psychologie and Gezondheid, 32, 28–39.

Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101.CrossRef

Crowell, J., Pan, H., Goa, Y., Treboux, D., O’Connor, E., & Waters, E. (1998). The secure base coding system for adults, version 2.0. Unpublished manuscript, State University of New York at Stonybrook.

Davila, J., & Beck, J. G. (2002). Is social anxiety associated with impairment in close relationships? A preliminary investigation. Behavior Therapy, 33, 427–446.CrossRef

de Jong, P. J. (2002). Implicit self-esteem and social anxiety: differential self-favouring effects in high and low anxious individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 501–508.PubMedCrossRef

de Jong, P. J., Pasman, W., Kindt, M., & van den Hout, M. A. (2001). A reaction time paradigm to assess (implicit) complaint-specific dysfunctional beliefs. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 101–113.PubMedCrossRef

Dunbar, R. I. M. (2004). Gossip in evolutionary perspective. Review of General Psychology, 8, 100–110.CrossRef

Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2002). Predictive validity of an implicit association test for assessing anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1441–1455.PubMedCrossRef

Fazio, R. H. (2001). On the automatic activation of associated evaluations: An overview. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 115–141.CrossRef

Francis, G., & Ollendick, T. H. (1987). Peer group entry behavior. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 9, 45–54.CrossRef

Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27.PubMedCrossRef

Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022–1038.PubMedCrossRef

Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480.PubMedCrossRef

Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2001). Health of the Implicit Association Test at age 3. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 85–93.PubMed

Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197–216.PubMedCrossRef

Harb, G. C., Heimberg, R. G., Fresco, D. M., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2002). The psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure in social anxiety disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40, 961–979.CrossRef

Harter, S. (1988). Manual for the self perception profile for adolescents. Denver: University of Denver.

Haynes, C., & Katz, L. F. (1993). The Asset Coding Manual: Adolescent social skills evaluation technique. Unpublished manuscript, University of Washington: Seattle.

Hofmann, S. G., & DiBartolo, P. M. (Eds.) (2001). From social anxiety to social phobia: Multiple perspectives. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.CrossRef

Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2000). The origins of social phobia. Behavior Modification, 24, 102–129.PubMed

Joiner, T. E., Metalsky, G. I., Katz, J., & Beach, S. R. (1999). Depression and excessive reassurance-seeking. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 269–278.CrossRef

Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D. (1979). Advances in factor analysis and structural equation models. Cambridge, MA: Abt Books.

Julien, D., Markman, H., Lindahl, K., Johnson, H., Van Widenfelt, B., & Herskovits, J. (1997). The interactional dimensions coding system. Unpublished manuscript, University of Denver.

Keating, D. (2004). Cognitive and brain development. In R. Lerner and L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Wiely.

Kobak, R. R., & Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, affect regulation and representations of self and others. Child Development, 59, 135–146.PubMedCrossRef

LaGreca, A. M., & Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 83–94.CrossRef

Lang, P. J. (1985). The cognitive psychophysiology of emotion: Fear and anxiety. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 131–170). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Last, C. G., Perrin, S., Hersen, M. & Kazdin, A. E. (1992). DSM-III-R anxiety disorders in children: Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1070–1076.PubMedCrossRef

Lewinsohn, P. M., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., & Rohde, P. (1994). Adolescent psychopathology: II. Psychosocial risk factors for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 302–315.PubMedCrossRef

Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. New York: John Wiley.

MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130–149.CrossRef

McArdle, J. J., & Hamagami, F. (1996). Multilevel models from a multiple group structural equation perspective. In G. Marcoulides & R. Schumacker (Eds.), Advanced structural equation modeling techniques (pp. 89–124). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

McNally, R. J. (1995). Automaticity and the anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 747–754.PubMedCrossRef

Mineka, S., & Zinbarg, R. (1995). Conditioning and ethological models of social phobia. In R. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D. Hope and F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, treatment. New York: Guilford Press.

Morris, T. L. (2001). Social phobia. In M. W. Vasey & M. R. Dadds (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of anxiety (pp. 435–458). London: Oxford University Press.

Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press.

Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports of mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231–259.CrossRef

Nosek, B. A. (2005). Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 565–584.CrossRef

Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration website. Group Dynamics, 6, 101–115.CrossRef

Overholser, J. S., & Freiheit, C. (1994). Assessment of interpersonal dependency using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II) and the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 71–78.CrossRef

Page, A. C., & Andrews, G. (1996). Do specific anxiety disorders show specific drug problems? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30, 410–414.PubMed

Pekarik, E. G., Prinz, R. J., Liebert, D. E, Weintraub, S., & Neale, J. M. (1976). The pupil evaluation inventory: A sociometric technique for assessing children’s social behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child psychology, 4, 83–97.PubMedCrossRef

Piéron, H. (1928) In Reymert, M. (Ed.) Feelings and emotions: The wittenberg symposium (pp. 284–296). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.

Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Rapee, R. M. & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741–756.PubMedCrossRef

Rapee, R. M., & Lim, L. (1992). Discrepancy between self- and observer ratings of performance in social phobics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 728–731.PubMedCrossRef

Rapee, R. M. (2002). The development and modification of temperamental risk for anxiety disorders: Prevention of a lifetime of anxiety? Biological Psychiatry, 52, 947–957.PubMedCrossRef

Rubin, K. H., & Burgess, K. B. (2001). Social withdrawal and anxiety. In M. W. Vasey & M. R. Dadds, (Eds.), (The developmental psychopathology of anxiety (pp. 407–434). London: Oxford University Press.

Schachter, S. (1959). The psychology of affiliation: Experimental studies of the sources of gregariousness. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Schneier, F. R., Johnson, J., Hornig, C. D., Liebowitz, M. R., & Weissman, M. M. (1992). Social phobia: Comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 282–288.PubMed

Segal, Z. V. (1988). Appraisal of the self-schema construct in cognitive models of depression. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 147–162.PubMedCrossRef

Sinclair, S., Dunn, E. W., & Lowery, B. (2005). The influence of parental racial attitudes on children’sautomatic racial prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 283–289.CrossRef

Spangler, W. D. (1992). Validity of questionnaire and TAT measures of need for achievement: Two meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 140–154.CrossRef

Spence, S. H., Donovan, C., & Brechman-Toussaint, M. (1999). Social skills, social outcomes and cognitive features of childhood social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 211–221.PubMedCrossRef

Steiger, J. H. (2000). Point estimation, hypothesis testing, and interval estimation using the RMSEA: Some comments and a reply to Hayduck and Glaser. Structural Equation Modeling, 7, 149–162.CrossRef

Stein, M. B., Tancer, M. E., Gelernter, C. S., Vittone, B. J., & Uhde, T. (1990). Major depression in patients with social phobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 637–639.PubMed

Stiles, B. L., & Kaplan, H. B. (2004). Adverse social comparison processes and negative self-feelings: A test of alternative models. Social Behavior and Personality, 32, 31–44.CrossRef

Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (1993). Cognitive processes in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 255–267.PubMedCrossRef

Teachman, B. A. (2005). Information processing and anxiety sensitivity: Cognitive vulnerability to panic reflected in interpretation and memory biases. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 483–503.CrossRef

Teachman, B. A., & Woody, S. R. (2003). Automatic processing in spider phobia: Implicit fear associations over the course of treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 100–109.PubMedCrossRef

Teachman, B. A., Woody, S. R., & Magee, J. (2006). Implicit and explicit appraisals of the importance of intrusive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 785–805.PubMedCrossRef

Turner, S. M, & Beidel, D. C. (1989). Social phobia: Clinical syndrome, diagnosis, and comorbidity. Clinical Psychology Review, 9, 3–18.CrossRef

Turner, S. M, Beidel, D. C., & Wolff, P. L. (1996). Is behavioral inhibition related to the anxiety disorders? Clinical Psychology Review, 16, 157–172.CrossRef

Turner, S. M, Beidel, D. C., Dancu, C. V., & Keys, D. J. (1986). Psychopathology of social phobia and comparison to avoidant personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 389–394.PubMedCrossRef

Vasey, M. W., & Dadds, M. R. (Eds.) (2001). The developmental psychopathology of anxiety. London: Oxford University Press.

Warren, S. L., Huston, L., Egeland, B., & Sroufe, A. (1997). Child and adolescent anxiety disorders and early attachment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 637–645.PubMedCrossRef

Weintraub, S., Prinz, R. J., & Neale, J. M. (1978). Peer evaluations of the competence of children vulnerable to psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 461–473.PubMedCrossRef

Wert, S. R., & Salovey, P. (2004). A social comparison account of gossip. Review of General Psychology, 8, 122–137.CrossRef

Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107, 101–126.PubMedCrossRef

Woody, S. R. (1996). Effects of focus of attention on social phobics’ anxiety and social performance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 61–69.PubMedCrossRef

Zuwerink, J. R., & Devine, P. G. (1996). Attitude importance and resistance to persuasion: It’s more than just the thought that counts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 931–944.CrossRef

Titel: Development of Social Anxiety: Social Interaction Predictors of Implicit and Explicit Fear of Negative Evaluation
Auteurs: Bethany A. Teachman
Joseph P. Allen
Publicatiedatum: 01-02-2007
Uitgeverij: Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 1/2007
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-006-9084-1

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2007

Examining Subtypes of Behavior Problems Among 3-Year-Old Children, Part III: Investigating Differences in Parenting Practices and Parenting Stress

Psychopathological Profile in Children with Chronic Tic Disorder and Co-existing ADHD: Additive Effects

Modeling Family Dynamics in Children with Fragile X Syndrome

Examining Subtypes of Behavior Problems among 3-Year-Old Children, Part II: Investigating Differences in Parent Psychopathology, Couple Conflict, and Other Family Stressors

Examining Subtypes of Behavior Problems Among 3-Year-Old Children, Part I: Investigating Validity of Subtypes and Biological Risk-Factors

Familial Association and Frequency of Learning Disabilities in ADHD Sibling Pair Families