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Functions of Aggression
Trajectories of Forms and Functions of Aggression
Antecedent Risk Factors
Objectives
Method
Participants
Excluded Sample (N = 1436) | Current Sample (N = 787) |
p
| |
---|---|---|---|
Highest Maternal Diploma: | <0.001 | ||
No Diploma | 288 (20%) | 113 (14%) | |
High School Diploma | 384 (27%) | 200 (25%) | |
College Diploma | 413 (29%) | 231 (29%) | |
University Diploma | 348 (24%) | 243 (31%) | |
Maternal Age: | 0.742 | ||
Less than 20 years | 45 (3%) | 19 (2%) | |
20–24 years | 285 (20%) | 145 (18%) | |
25–29 years | 454 (32%) | 248 (32%) | |
30–34 years | 458 (32%) | 271 (34%) | |
35–39 years | 164 (11%) | 86 (11%) | |
More than 40 years | 29 (2%) | 18 (2%) | |
Maternal Working Status (Unemployed): | 451 (32%) | 203 (26%) | 0.004 |
Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy (Yes): | 373 (26%) | 182 (23%) | 0.332 |
Maternal Ethnicity (Non-Canadian): | 566 (40%) | 245 (31%) | <0.001 |
Maternal Antisocial Behaviour | 0.9 (1.0) | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.002 |
Single Parent Family (Yes): | 133 (9%) | 41 (5%) | 0.003 |
Family Income Less than 19,999 (Yes): | 275 (20%) | 83 (11%) | <0.001 |
Child Sex (Boys): | 800 (56%) | 338 (43%) | <0.001 |
Outcome Measures
Antecedent Characteristics
Statistical Analysis
Trajectory Group | N | Average Posterior Probability of Group Membership | Odds of Correct Classification |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 203 (26.6%) | 81.7% | 12.8 |
2 | 272 (33.7%) | 90.5% | 17.9 |
3 | 56 (7.4%) | 87.0% | 87.1 |
4 | 218 (27.4%) | 86.8% | 17.1 |
5 | 38 (4.9%) | 95.3% | 402.8 |
Results
Low Stable (n = 203) | Non-Aggressors (n = 272) | Moderate Engagers (n = 218) | High Desisting (n = 56) | High Chronic (n = 38) |
p
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family Factors | ||||||
Low income (less than $19,999 annually): | 6.5% | 11.0% | 11.1% | 14.3% | 21.1% | 0.063 |
Single parent family: | 5.4% | 3.3% | 5.5% | 7.1% | 13.2% | 0.120 |
Maternal Factors | ||||||
Less than high school diploma: | 11.8% | 11.4% | 15.1% | 23.2% | 31.6% | 0.003 |
Less than 21 years at birth of 1st child: | 18.0% | 16.1% | 21.8% | 20.0% | 31.6% | 0.163 |
Smoking during pregnancy: | 22.2% | 20.6% | 24.8% | 23.2% | 36.8% | 0.103 |
Postnatal depression: | 9.9% | 8.1% | 12.8% | 26.8% | 23.7% | <0.001 |
Child Factors: | ||||||
Born preterm: | 6.4% | 2.6% | 7.3% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 0.113 |
Low birth weight: | 5.9% | 2.6% | 3.7% | 1.8% | 0.0% | 0.202 |
Caesarean birth: | 14.8% | 12.9% | 18.1% | 10.7% | 10.5% | 0.416 |
First born child: | 42.9% | 49.3% | 44.0% | 37.5% | 50.0% | 0.397 |
Sex: Boy | 24.1% | 37.1% | 61.0% | 41.1% | 84.2% | <0.001 |
Parenting Factors: | ||||||
Never breastfed: | 22.2% | 21.5% | 32.1% | 33.9% | 43.2% | <0.001 |
Means | ||||||
Maternal adolescent antisocial behaviour: | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.8 (0.8) | 1.0 (0.9) | 0.8 (0.8) | 0.037 |
Maternal IQ: | 8.3 (0.9) | 8.2 (1.0) | 8.2 (0.9) | 7.9 (1.0) | 7.5 (1.2) | <0.001 |
Positive Parenting: | 6.8 (0.7) | 6.8 (0.9) | 6.8 (0.9) | 6.7 (0.8) | 6.7 (0.6) | 0.972 |
Coercive Parenting: | 2.3 (0.7) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.6) | 2.7 (0.8) | <0.001 |
Receptive Language (child at 6 years): | 117.2(15.0) | 117.7(17.1) | 117.2(15.3) | 113.5(14.5) | 113.4(17.2) | 0.333 |
Risk at birth (CSNR): | 0.9 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.1) | 1.0 (1.3) | 0.8 (1.2) | 0.9 (1.2) | 0.209 |
Moderate-Engagers | High-Desisting | High-Chronic | |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal Diploma (Less than High School): | 1.5(0.4) [0.8–2.8] | 1.9(0.8) [0.8–4.3] | 4.3(2.3) [1.5–12.4] |
Maternal IQ: (High) | 1.0(0.1) [0.8–1.2] | 0.7(0.1) [0.5–0.9] | 0.6(0.1) [0.4–0.9] |
Maternal Postnatal Depression (Yes): | 1.6(0.5) [0.8–3.1] | 3.2(1.3) [1.4–7.4] | 2.9(1.5) [0.9–8.3] |
Maternal Adolescent Antisocial Behaviour: | 1.1(0.1) [0.8–1.3] | 1.3(0.2) [0.8–1.7] | 1.1(0.2) [0.6–1.7] |
Coercive Parenting: | 1.7(0.2) [1.2–2.1] | 1.5(0.3) [0.9–2.2] | 2.5(0.6) [1.4–4.2] |
Breastfeeding | |||
Never: | 2.2(0.5) [1.2–3.6] | 2.2(1.0) [0.8–5.7] | 2.3(1.3) [0.7–7.2] |
Up to 6 months: | 1.2(0.2) [0.7–1.9] | 2.1(0.8) [0.8–4.7] | 0.9(0.5) [0.3–2.9] |
Child Sex (Boy): | 3.9(0.7) [2.6–5.8] | 1.8(0.5) [0.9–3.4] | 13.5(7.7) [4.4–41.3] |