Introduction
Method
Subjects
COPD-study group
OP | PR | HC | |
---|---|---|---|
N
| 168 | 131 | 69 |
Male | 131 (78%) | 89 (67.9%) | 48 (69.6%) |
Age [mean (SD)] | 64.5 (9.1) | 62.1 (7.3) | 62.4 (7.8) |
Range | 43–80 | 46–78 | 41–76 |
FEV1% pred [mean (SD)] | 51.6 (13.6) | 35.0 (13.0) | 111.7 (14.8) |
GOLD | |||
Stage 1 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Stage 2 | 88 (52.4%) | 18 (13.7%) | 0 (0%) |
Stage 3 | 80 (47.6%) | 63 (48.1%) | 0 (0%) |
Stage 4 | 0 (0%) | 50 (38.2%) | 0 (0%) |
BMI [mean (SD)] | 25.6 (4.1) | 24.4 (4.2) | 26.4 (3.9) |
Education | |||
Low | 85 (52.1%) | 68 (51.9%) | 20 (29.0%) |
Middle | 48 (29.4%) | 38 (29.0%) | 18 (26.1%) |
High | 30 (18.4%) | 25 (19.1%) | 21 (44.8%) |
Personal situation | |||
Partner | 137 (84.0%) | 105 (80.1%) | 52 (75.4%) |
Divorced | 7 (4.3%) | 6 (4.6%) | 8 (11.6%) |
Widowhood | 11 (6.7%) | 9 (6.9%) | 3 (4.3%) |
Single | 8 (4.9%) | 11 (8.4%) | 6 (8.7%) |
Control samples
Measurements
Sub-domain | Instrument | Subscale/measurement | Correlation with NIAF-STS | Number of items | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physiological functioning | Exercise capacity | Vmax 29, Sensor Medics | VO2 maximum % predicted | 0.79 | |
Heart rate maximum % predicted | 0.74 | ||||
TLCO % predicted | 0.73 | ||||
BE delta | 0.71 | ||||
Static lung volumes | Masterscreen PFT spirometer/diffusion, Jaeger |
TLC % predicted
|
0.95
| ||
RV % predicted
|
0.95
| ||||
Airflow | Masterscreen PFT spirometer/diffusion, Jaeger |
Post-bronchodilator FEV
1
% predicted
|
−0.91
| ||
MEF 50% predicted | −0.81 | ||||
VE % predicted | 0.72 | ||||
Gas exchange | Vmax 29, Sensor Medics | Delta (A-a)DO2 (kPa) | * | ||
Delta PaCO2 (kPa) | * | ||||
Muscle strength | Validyne CD23 | PEmax % predicted | −0.80 | ||
PImax % predicted | −0.75 | ||||
Quadriceps % predicted | −0.72 | ||||
Body composition | W/H2
|
BMI
|
−0.95
| ||
Bodystat | FFMI | −0.95 | |||
Symptoms | Subjective symptoms | PARS-D [6] |
Global dyspnea activity
|
0.89
|
1
|
Dyspnea activity | 0.89 | 14 | |||
Global dyspnea burden
|
0.85
|
1
| |||
QoL-RIQ [20] | Breathing problems | 0.76 | 9 | ||
Dyspnea emotions | DEQ [6] | DEQ-mood | 0.89 | 3 | |
DEQ frustration
|
0.84
|
3
| |||
DEQ anxiety
|
0.79
|
3
| |||
Expected dyspnea | PARS-D [6] | Expected dyspnea | 1.00 | 14 | |
Fatigue | CIS [21] |
Fatigue
|
1.00
|
8
| |
Functional impairment | Actual physical activity | Aktometer [22] | Aktometer mean | 1.00 | 12 days |
Behavioral impairment |
SIP home management
|
0.82
|
10
| ||
SIP ambulation
|
0.81
|
12
| |||
SIP body care and movement | 0.77 | 22 | |||
SIP mobility | 0.69 | 10 | |||
Subjective impairment | QoL-RIQ [20] |
QoL-RIQ
general activities
|
0.90
|
4
| |
QoL-RIQ social activities | 0.83 | 7 | |||
Global impairment [6] | Global impairment | 0.78 | 1 | ||
SIP social interaction | 0.75 | 20 | |||
SIP burden | 0.71 | 5 | |||
Quality of life | General QoL | BDI [25] |
BDI primary care
|
0.83
|
7
|
SWLS [26] |
SWLS-total
|
0.81
|
5
| ||
SCL [27] | SCL anxiety | 0.80 | 10 | ||
HRQol | Satisfaction physical [6] |
Satisfaction physical
|
0.88
|
1
| |
Satisfaction future [6] |
Satisfaction future
|
0.88
|
1
| ||
Satisfaction relations | Satisfaction spouse [6] |
Satisfaction spouse
|
0.84
|
1
| |
Satisfaction social [6] |
Satisfaction social
|
0.84
|
1
|
Construction of the Nijmegen Clinical Screening Instrument
Construction of normative data
New features of the TestOrganiser
Results
Construction of the Nijmegen Clinical Screening Instrument
Domain | Sub-domain | Subscale/test | Correlation NCSI-STS versus NIAF-STS | Number of items | Cronbach’s alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physiological functioning | Static lung volumes | TLC % predicted | 0.99 | – | |
RV % predicted | |||||
Airflow | Post-bronchodilator FEV1% predicted | −0.91 | – | ||
Body composition | BMI | −0.95 | – | ||
Symptoms | Subjective symptoms | PARS-D global dyspnea activity | 0.93 | 2 | 0.85 |
PARS-D global dyspnea burden | |||||
Dyspnea emotions | DEQ frustration | 0.96 | 6 | 0.82 | |
DEQ anxiety | |||||
Fatigue | CIS fatigue | 1.00 | 8 | 0.83 | |
Functional impairment | Behavioural impairment | SIP home management | 0.91 | 22 | 0.72 |
SIP ambulation | |||||
Subjective impairment | QoL-RiQ general activities | 0.90 | 4 | 0.88 | |
Quality of life | General QoL | Satisfaction with life scale | 0.94 | 12 | 0.61 |
BDI primary care | |||||
HRQoL | Satisfaction physical | 1.00 | 2 | 0.71 | |
Satisfaction future | |||||
Satisfaction relations | Satisfaction spouse | 1.00 | 2 | 0.64 | |
Satisfaction social relations |
Main domain | Sub-domain | Physiological functioning | Symptoms | Functional impairment | Quality of life | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Static lung volumes | Obstruction | Body composition | Subjective symptoms | Dyspnea emotions | Fatigue | Behavioural impairment | Subjective impairment | General QOL | Satisfaction health | Satisfaction relations | ||
Physiological functioning | Static lung volumes | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Obstruction | – | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Body composition | – | 0.28 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Symptoms | Subjective symptoms | – | −0.28 | – | 1.00 | |||||||
Dyspnea emotions | – | – | – | 0.27 | 1.00 | |||||||
Fatigue | – | – | – | 0.52 | 0.30 | 1.00 | ||||||
Functional impairment | Behavioural impairment | – | – | – | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.43 | 1.00 | ||||
Subjective impairment | – | – | – | 0.65 | 0.42 | 0.60 | 0.54 | 1.00 | ||||
Quality of life | General QOL | – | – | – | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.59 | 1.00 | ||
HRQoL | – | – | – | 0.46 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 1.00 | ||
Satisfaction relations | – | – | – | 0.29 | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 1.00 |
Construction of normative data
Min–max | COPD outpatient study group | Patients included in pulmonary rehabilitation | Healthy controls | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Floor (%) | Ceiling (%) | Mean (SD) | Floor (%) | Ceiling (%) | Mean (SD) | Floor (%) | Ceiling (%) | ||
Symptoms | ||||||||||
Subjective symptoms | 2–20 | 7.49 (4.34) | 19.0 | 0 | 12.81 (4.06) | 0 | 3.8 | 2.30 (1.33) | 91.0 | 0 |
Dyspnea emotions | 6–24 | 9.78 (3.19) | 14.3 | 0.6 | 12.28 (3.86) | 2.5 | 0.8 | 6.29 (1.07) | 85.5 | 0 |
Fatigue | 8–56 | 27.29 (11.40) | 3.6 | 3.0 | 39.08 (10.33) | 0 | 4.6 | 16.43 (7.70) | 21.7 | 0 |
Functional impairment | ||||||||||
Behavioral impairment | 0–135.5 | 15.20 (12.82) | 18.5 | 0 | 29.02 (14.83) | 0 | 0 | 1.74 (3.69) | 76.8 | 0 |
Subjective impairment | 4–28 | 9.78 (4.78) | 14.3 | 0.6 | 16.08 (5.63) | 0.8 | 3.1 | 4.20 (0.90) | 92.8 | 0 |
Quality of life | ||||||||||
General Qol | 1–101.6 | 14.18 (12.07) | 7.1 | 0 | 23.42 (12.80) | 0.8 | 0 | 8.27 (7.52) | 5.8 | 0 |
HRQoL | 2–10 | 4.07 (1.68) | 16.7 | 0.6 | 6.08 (1.57) | 0 | 0 | 2.64 (0.94) | 58.0 | 4.3 |
Satisfaction relations | 2–10 | 3.11 (1.36) | 44.6 | 0 | 3.86 (1.67) | 25.2 | 1.5 | 3.13 (1.92) | 56.5 | 4.3 |