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Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology

Gepubliceerd in:

07-01-2021

Development and Validation of the Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) Questionnaire

Auteurs: Emily M. Cohodes, David A. Preece, Sarah McCauley, Marisa K. Rogers, James J. Gross, Dylan G. Gee

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 2/2022

Abstract

Caregivers play a central role in promoting emotion regulation throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence. However, there are no existing psychometric measures to assess how parents assist children in employing emotion regulation strategies for negative emotions. We therefore developed the Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) Questionnaire to assess the degree to which parents assist their children in their use of ten different regulation strategies. In this paper, we describe the development of the PACER and examine its psychometric properties (N = 407 parents of children ages birth to 17 years). In so doing, we also use the PACER to comprehensively explore the links between parent-assisted emotion regulation and indices of parent and child stress, symptomatology, and attachment. Confirmatory factor analyses of the PACER items supported its intended ten-factor structure (corresponding to ten specific regulation strategies), which was invariant across different child age and sex categories. PACER scale scores had excellent internal consistency and generally acceptable test–retest reliability over a one-week period. Convergent validity was established via correlations between PACER scales and indices of parental emotion sensitivity, expressivity, and regulation, as well as parents’ perception of the efficacy of their assistance with children’s execution of emotion regulatory strategies. Lower parental facilitation of stereotypically adaptive emotion regulatory strategies was associated with higher child internalizing and externalizing problems and with poorer parent–child relationship quality. Overall, these findings suggest that the PACER may be a useful tool for the assessment of parental assistance with child emotion regulation across development.

vorige artikel A Multi-Method Investigation of Parental Responses to Youth Emotion: Prospective Effects on Emotion Dysregulation and Reactive Aggression in Daily Life

volgende artikel Effects of Parent Emotion Socialization on the Neurobiology Underlying Adolescent Emotion Processing: A Multimethod fMRI Study

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Previous versions of the PACER (described in greater detail in the SM) included items in each strategy-specific scale that were designed to test parents’ regulation efficacy.

If analyses are run on a reduced sample (n = 350) that excludes children under 3 years of age, the pattern of results remains the same. Ten-factor model: CFI = .973, RMSEA = .030 (.026-.033), SRMR = .047, AIC = 43,132.391.

CBCL raw scores were used in the present study given the inclusion of children under 18 months of age. In addition to the correlations presented in Table 5, all analyses involving the CBCL were re-run using a hierarchical multiple regression framework controlling for child age and sex. Results of these analyses yielded an identical pattern of results to the correlation results presented in Table 5, with the exception of a significant positive association between parental assistance with expressive suppression and externalizing problems in the 1.5–5 sample when controlling for child age and sex.

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Titel: Development and Validation of the Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) Questionnaire
Auteurs: Emily M. Cohodes
David A. Preece
Sarah McCauley
Marisa K. Rogers
James J. Gross
Dylan G. Gee
Publicatiedatum: 07-01-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 2/2022
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00759-9

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