Top

Gepubliceerd in:

07-07-2021 | Original Article

Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents: Testing Vulnerability-Stress and Protective Models in the Context of COVID-19

Auteurs: Tracy R. G. Gladstone, Jennifer A. J. Schwartz, Patrick Pössel, Amanda M. Richer, Katherine R. Buchholz, L. Sophia Rintell

Gepubliceerd in: Child Psychiatry & Human Development | Uitgave 6/2022

Abstract

Adolescents who experience negative life events may be at risk for depression, particularly those with psychosocial vulnerabilities. We investigate longitudinally the impact of vulnerability/protective factors on the relation between a large-scale negative life event, the COVID-19 pandemic, and depressive symptoms. Adolescents (N = 228, M_age = 14.5 years, 53% female, 73% white) self-reported depressive symptoms 2–4 months before the pandemic (Time 1), and again 2 months following stay-at-home orders (Time 2). At T2, adolescents also completed measures of vulnerability, protective factors, and COVID-19-related distress. Depressive symptoms increased at T2, and COVID-19 distress interacted with resilience and negative cognitive style in predicting increases in T2 depression. Focusing on vulnerability and protective factors in adolescents distressed by large scale negative life events appears crucial.

vorige artikel Exploring the Effects of Parental Involvement on Broad and Specific Dimensions of Behavioral Problems in Adolescence

volgende artikel COVID-19-Specific Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents

Thapar A, Collishaw S, Pine DS, Thapar AK (2012) Depression in adolescence. Lancet 379(9820):1056–1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60871-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Courtney D, Watson P, Battaglia M, Mulsant BH, Szatmari P (2020) COVID-19 impacts on child and youth anxiety and depression: challenges and opportunities. Can J Psychiatry 65(10):688–691. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743720935646CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ellis WE, Dumas TM, Forbes LM (2020) Physically isolated but socially connected: psychological adjustment and stress among adolescents during the initial COVID-19 crisis. Can J Behav Sci 52(3):177. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000215CrossRef

Gruber J, Prinstein MJ, Clark LA, Rottenberg J, Abramowitz JS, Albano AM et al (2020) Mental health and clinical psychological science in the time of COVID-19: challenges, opportunities, and a call to action. Am Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000707CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Guessoum SB, Lachal J, Radjack R, Carretier E, Minassian S, Benoit L et al (2020) Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Res 291:113264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hawke LD, Barbic SP, Voineskos A, Szatmari P, Cleverley K, Hayes E et al (2020) Impacts of COVID-19 on Youth Mental Health, Substance Use, and Well-being: A Rapid Survey of Clinical and Community Samples: Répercussions de la COVID-19 sur la santé mentale, l’utilisation de substances et le bien-être des adolescents: un sondage rapide d’échantillons cliniques et communautaires. Can J Psychiatry 65(10):701–709. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743720940562CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Margolius M, Doyle Lynch A, Pufall Jones E, Hynes, M (2020) The State of Young People during COVID-19: findings from a Nationally Representative Survey of High School Youth. America's Promise Alliance. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED606305.pdf

Franko DL, Striegel-Moore RH, Brown KM, Barton BA, McMahon RP, Schreiber GB et al (2004) Expanding our understanding of the relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms in black and white adolescent girls. Psychol Med 34(7):1319–1330. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704003186CrossRefPubMed

Sawyer MG, Pfeiffer S, Spence SH (2009) Life events, coping and depressive symptoms among young adolescents: a one-year prospective study. J Affect Disord 117(1–2):48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.12.013CrossRefPubMed

10.

Goldmann E, Galea S (2014) Mental health consequences of disasters. Annu Rev Public Health 35:169–183. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182435CrossRefPubMed

11.

Zhou X, Wu X, An Y (2016) Understanding the relationship between trauma exposure and depression among adolescents after earthquake: the roles of fear and resilience. Front Psychol 7:2044. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02044CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Qualter P, Brown SL, Munn P, Rotenberg KJ (2010) Childhood loneliness as a predictor of adolescent depressive symptoms: an 8-year longitudinal study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19(6):493–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0059-yCrossRefPubMed

13.

Loades ME, Chatburn E, Higson-Sweeney N, Reynolds S, Shafran R, Brigden A et al (2020) Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 59(11):1218–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Magson NR, Freeman JY, Rapee RM, Richardson CE, Oar EL, Fardouly J (2021) Risk and protective factors for prospective changes in adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Youth Adolesc 50(1):44–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01332-9CrossRefPubMed

15.

Anniko M, Boersma K, Tillfors M (2019) Sources of stress and worry in the development of stress-related mental health problems: a longitudinal investigation from early-to mid-adolescence. Anxiety Stress Coping 32(2):155–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2018.1549657CrossRefPubMed

16.

Hawes MT, Szenczy AK, Klein DN, Hajcak G, Nelson BD (2021) Increases in depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol Med. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720005358CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Grant KE, Compas BE, Thurm AE, McMahon SD, Gipson PY (2004) Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: measurement issues and prospective effects. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 33(2):412–425. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_23CrossRefPubMed

18.

Jenness JL, Peverill M, King KM, Hankin BL, McLaughlin KA (2019) Dynamic associations between stressful life events and adolescent internalizing psychopathology in a multiwave longitudinal study. J Abnorm Psychol 128(6):596–609. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000450CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Hankin BL, Abramson LY, Miller N, Haeffel GJ (2004) Cognitive vulnerability-stress theories of depression: examining affective specificity in the prediction of depression versus anxiety in three prospective studies. Cog Ther Res 28(3):309–345. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:COTR.0000031805.60529.0dCrossRef

20.

Jacobs RH, Reinecke MA, Gollan JK, Kane P (2008) Empirical evidence of cognitive vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents: a cognitive science and developmental perspective. Clin Psychol Rev 28(5):759–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.10.006CrossRefPubMed

21.

Kazdin AE, Kraemer HC, Kessler RC, Kupfer DJ, Offord DR (1997) Contributions of risk-factor research to developmental psychopathology. Clin Psychol Rev 17(4):375–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00012-3CrossRefPubMed

22.

Beck AT (1976) Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press, New York

23.

Abramson LY, Metalsky GI, Alloy LB (1989) Hopelessness depression: a theory-based subtype of depression. Psychol Rev 96(2):358–372. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358CrossRef

24.

Lewinsohn PM, Joiner TE Jr, Rohde P (2001) Evaluation of cognitive diathesis-stress models in predicting major depressive disorder in adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol 110(2):203–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.110.2.203CrossRefPubMed

25.

Hankin B (2008) Cognitive vulnerability-stress model of depression during adolescence: investigating depressive symptom specificity in a multi-wave prospective study. J Abnorm Child Psychol 36(7):999–1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9228-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Connor KM, Davidson JRT (2003) Development of a new resilience scale: The connor-davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety 18(2):76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113CrossRefPubMed

27.

Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B (2000) The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Dev 71(3):543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Killgore WD, Taylor EC, Cloonan SA, Dailey NS (2020) Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry Res 291:113216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113216CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Sheeber LB, Davis B, Leve C, Hops H, Tildesley E (2007) Adolescents’ relationships with their mothers and fathers: associations with depressive disorder and subdiagnostic symptomatology. J Abnorm Psychol 116(1):144–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.144CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Stice E, Ragan J, Randall P (2004) Prospective relations between social support and depression: Differential direction of effects for parent and peer support? J Abnorm Psychol 113(1):155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.113.1.155CrossRefPubMed

31.

DeLay D, Hafen CA, Cunha JM, Weber LN, Laursen B (2013) Perceptions of parental support buffer against depression for Brazilian youth with interpersonal difficulties. Int J Behavl Dev 37(1):29–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025412454031CrossRef

32.

Hazel NA, Oppenheimer CW, Technow JR, Young JF, Hankin BL (2014) Parent relationship quality buffers against the effect of peer stressors on depressive symptoms from middle childhood to adolescence. Dev Psychol 50(8):2115–2123. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037192CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Ye Y, Fan F, Li L, Han Q (2014) Trajectory and predictors of depressive symptoms among adolescent survivors following the Wenchuan earthquake in China: a cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(6):943–952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0821-4CrossRefPubMed

34.

Shahar G, Henrich CC (2016) Perceived family social support buffers against the effects of exposure to rocket attacks on adolescent depression, aggression, and severe violence. J Fam Psychol 30(1):163–168. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000179CrossRefPubMed

35.

Qi M, Zhou SJ, Guo ZC, Zhang LG, Min HJ, Li XM et al (2020) The effect of social support on mental health in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. J Adolesc Health 67(4):514–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.001CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Kroenke K, Strine TW, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Berry JT, Mokdad AH (2009) The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. J Affect Disord 114(1–3):163–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026CrossRefPubMed

37.

Kroenke K, Spitzer RL (2002) The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatr Ann 32(9):509–515. https://doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-20020901-06CrossRef

38.

Mezulis AH, Hyde JS, Abramson LY (2006) The developmental origins of cognitive vulnerability to depression: temperament, parenting, and negative life events in childhood as contributors to negative cognitive style. Dev Psychol 42(6):1012–1025. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1012CrossRefPubMed

39.

Lewinsohn PM, Roberts RE, Seeley JR, Rohde P, Gotlib IH, Hops H (1994) Adolescent psychopathology: II. Psychosocial risk factors for depression. J Abnorm Psychol 103(2):302–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.2.302CrossRefPubMed

40.

Prinz RJ, Foster S, Kent RN, O’Leary KD (1979) Multivariate assessment of conflict in distressed and nondistressed mother-adolescent dyads. J Appl Behav Anal 12(4):691–700. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1979.12-691CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Campbell-Sills L, Stein MB (2007) Psychometric analysis and refinement of the connor–davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. J Trauma Stres 20(6):1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20271CrossRef

42.

Galatzer-Levy IR, Huang SH, Bonanno GA (2018) Trajectories of resilience and dysfunction following potential trauma: a review and statistical evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev 63:41–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.008CrossRefPubMed

43.

Ettman CK, Abdalla SM, Cohen GH, Sampson L, Vivier PM, Galea S (2020) Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 3(9):e2019686–e2019686. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

McLaughlin KA, Koenen KC, Hill ED, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM et al (2013) Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in a national sample of adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 52(8):815–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.011CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Chen F, Zheng D, Liu J, Gong Y, Guan Z, Lou D (2020) Depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun 88:36–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.061CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Petzold MB, Bendau A, Plag J, Pyrkosch L, Mascarell Maricic L, Betzler F et al (2020) Risk, resilience, psychological distress, and anxiety at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Brain Behav 10(9):e01745. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1745CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

47.

Spence SH, Sheffield J, Donovan C (2002) Problem-solving orientation and attributional style: moderators of the impact of negative life events on the development of depressive symptoms in adolescence? J Clin Child Adol Psychol 31(2):219–229. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3102_07CrossRef

48.

Heiervang E, Goodman R (2011) Advantages and limitations of web-based surveys: evidence from a child mental health survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 46(1):69–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0171-9CrossRefPubMed

49.

Hunersen K, Ramaiya A, Yu C, Green J, Pinandari AW, Blum R (2021) Considerations for remote data collection among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health 68(3):439–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.020CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Goodman R (2013) Online child and adolescent mental health surveys can be good enough. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 48(8):1317–1325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0658-2CrossRefPubMed

51.

Morton S, Bandara D, Robinson E, Carr P (2012) In the 21st Century, what is an acceptable response rate? Aust N Z J Public Health 36(2):106–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2012.00854.xCrossRefPubMed

52.

Green KT, Beckham JC, Youssef N, Elbogen EB (2014) Alcohol misuse and psychological resilience among US Iraq and Afghanistan era veterans. Addict Behav 39(2):406–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.024CrossRefPubMed

53.

Otto MW, Teachman BA, Cohen LS, Soares CN, Vitonis AF, Harlow BL (2007) Dysfunctional attitudes and episodes of major depression: Predictive validity and temporal stability in never-depressed, depressed, and recovered women. J Abnorm Psychol 116(3):475–483. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.3.475CrossRefPubMed

54.

Rainey EE, Petrey LB, Reynolds M, Agtarap S, Warren AM (2014) Psychological factors predicting outcome after traumatic injury: the role of resilience. Am J Surg 208(4):517–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2014.05.016CrossRefPubMed

55.

Charles N, Strong SJ, Burns LC, Bullerjahn MR, Serafine KM (2021) Increased mood disorder symptoms, perceived stress, and alcoholic use among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res 296:113706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113706CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

56.

Luthar SS, Ebbert AM, Kumar NL (2021) Risk and resilience during COVID-19: a new study in the Zigler paradigm of developmental science. Dev Psychopathol 33:565–580. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001388CrossRefPubMed

57.

Johnson D, Dupuis G, Piche J, Clayborne Z, Colman I (2018) Adult mental health outcomes of adolescent depression: a systematic review. Depress Anxiety 35(8):700–716. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22777CrossRefPubMed

58.

Pine DS, Cohen P, Johnson JG, Brook JS (2002) Adolescent life events as predictors of adult depression. J Affect Disord 68(1):49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00331-1CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents: Testing Vulnerability-Stress and Protective Models in the Context of COVID-19
Auteurs: Tracy R. G. Gladstone
Jennifer A. J. Schwartz
Patrick Pössel
Amanda M. Richer
Katherine R. Buchholz
L. Sophia Rintell
Publicatiedatum: 07-07-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Child Psychiatry & Human Development / Uitgave 6/2022
Print ISSN: 0009-398X
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3327
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01216-4

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2022

Transgender Youth Executive Functioning: Relationships with Anxiety Symptoms, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Gender-Affirming Medical Treatment Status

Original Article

Anger Responses in Adolescents: Relationship with Punishment and Reward Sensitivity

Open Access
Original Article

COVID-19-Specific Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents

Original Article

Exploring the Effects of Parental Involvement on Broad and Specific Dimensions of Behavioral Problems in Adolescence

Original Article

Effectiveness of Positive Discipline Parenting Program on Parenting Style, and Child Adaptive Behavior

Open Access
Original Article

Predictors of Parent Behavioral Engagement in Youth Suicide Discharge Recommendations: Implications for Family-Centered Crisis Interventions

Original Article