Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-02-2008 | Original Article

Depressive Rumination and Directed Forgetting: An Examination of Encoding Style

Auteurs: Amanda C. M. Wong, Michelle L. Moulds

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 1/2008

Abstract

The present study investigated the impact of depressive rumination on encoding style using the item-cued directed forgetting procedure. High dysphoric (N = 40) and low dysphoric (N = 40) students were randomly allocated to either a rumination or distraction induction. Participants were shown intermixed negative, positive, and neutral words on a computer screen that were followed by instructions to remember or forget each word. High dysphoric participants in both the rumination and distraction conditions exhibited standard directed forgetting effects; i.e., better recall of to-be-remembered than to-be-forgotten words, for all word types. These findings do not support the proposal that rumination enhances the encoding of negative information in high dysphoric participants. Findings are discussed with reference to the contribution of retrieval processes, and with consideration of the application of the directed forgetting paradigm to affective disorders.

volgende artikel Thought Suppression Confronting a Reminder Stimulus: An Effective Strategy for the Management of Intrusive Thoughts?

Consistent with earlier clinical studies with this paradigm (e.g., McNally et al., 1998; Moulds & Bryant, 2002), recognition data are not presented because of a lack of directly relevant results

Using Cohen’s formula, power for this design is estimated to be 87%, entering the parameters of 20 participants per group, effect size at 1.0 (large), and alpha at P = .05 (effect size based on those observed by Moulds & Bryant, 2002).

Basden, B. H., Basden, D. R., & Gargano, G. J. (1993). Directed forgetting in implicit and explicit memory tests: A comparison of methods. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 603–616.CrossRef

Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1990). Manual for the revised Beck Anxiety Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

Blaney, P. H. (1986). Affect and memory: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 229–246.PubMedCrossRef

Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., & Lee, S. C. (1997). Attentional biases for negative information in induced and naturally occurring dysphoria. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 911–927.PubMedCrossRef

Dalgleish, T., Spinks, H., Golden, A. M., & du Toit, P. (2004). Processing of emotional information in seasonal depression across different cognitive measures. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 116–126.PubMedCrossRef

Dalgleish, T., & Watts, F. N. (1990). Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 589–604.CrossRef

Denny, E. B., & Hunt, R. R. (1992). Affective valence and memory in depression: Dissociation of recall and fragment completion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 575–580.PubMedCrossRef

Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319–345.PubMedCrossRef

Francis, W. N., & Kucera, H. (1982). Frequency analysis of English usage: Lexicon and grammar. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Johnson, H. M. (1994). Processes of successful intentional forgetting. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 274–292.CrossRef

Just, N., & Alloy, L. B. (1997). The response styles theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 221–229.PubMedCrossRef

Lyubomirsky, S., Caldwell, N. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Effects of ruminative and distracting responses to depressed mood on retrieval of autobiographical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 166–177.PubMedCrossRef

Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 176–190.PubMedCrossRef

Mathews, A., Ridgeway, V., & Williamson, D. A. (1996). Evidence for attention to threatening stimuli in depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 695–705.PubMedCrossRef

McNally, R. J., Metzger, L. J., Lasko, N. B., Clancy, S. A., & Pitman, R. K. (1998). Directed forgetting of trauma cues in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 596–601.PubMedCrossRef

Moulds, M. L., & Bryant, R. A. (2002). Directed forgetting in acute stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 175–179.PubMedCrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569–582.PubMedCrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504–511.PubMedCrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115–121.PubMedCrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1993). Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 561–570.CrossRef

Power, M. J., Dalgleish, T., Claudio, V., Tata, P., & Kentish, J. (2000). The directed forgetting task: Application to emotionally valent material. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57, 147–157.PubMedCrossRef

Siegle, G. J., Steinhauer, S. R., Carter, C. S., Ramel, W., & Thase, M. E. (2003). Do the seconds turn into hours? Relationships between sustained pupil dilation in response to emotional information and self-reported rumination. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 365–382.CrossRef

Watkins, E., & Moulds, M. (2005). Distinct modes of ruminative self-focus: Impact of abstract versus concrete rumination on problem solving in depression. Emotion, 5, 319–328.PubMedCrossRef

Watkins, E., & Teasdale, J. D. (2004). Adaptive and maladaptive self-focus in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 1–8.PubMedCrossRef

Watkins, E., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, R. M. (2000). Decentring and distraction reduce over general autobiographical memory in depression. Psychological Medicine, 30, 911–920.PubMedCrossRef

Wilhelm, S., McNally, R. J., Baer, L., & Florin, I. (1996). Directed forgetting in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 633–641.PubMedCrossRef

Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1997). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley & Sons.

Titel: Depressive Rumination and Directed Forgetting: An Examination of Encoding Style
Auteurs: Amanda C. M. Wong
Michelle L. Moulds
Publicatiedatum: 01-02-2008
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 1/2008
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9107-9

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2008

Thought Suppression Confronting a Reminder Stimulus: An Effective Strategy for the Management of Intrusive Thoughts?

Differences in Automatic Thoughts Presented During Sexual Activity Between Sexually Functional and Dysfunctional Men and Women

Post-Event Processing in Social Anxiety Disorder: Idiosyncratic Priming in the Course of CBT

A Multi-wave Web-based Evaluation of Cognitive Content Specificity for Depression, Anxiety, and Anger

An Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Consequences of Worry Scale (COWS)

An Examination of Anxiety Sensitivity as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Smoking Level and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Trauma-Exposed Adults