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01-10-2012 | Original Article

Depressive Primes Stimulate Initial Avoidance of Angry Faces: An Eye-Tracking Study of Paranoid Ideation

Auteurs: María Provencio, Carmelo Vázquez, Carmen Valiente, Gonzalo Hervas

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 5/2012

Abstract

Cognitive models of paranoia posit the existence of specific information-processing biases, such as attentional biases, that are related to persecutory beliefs. The nature of these biases remains unclear. Some models propose depression to be at the core of paranoid ideation, while other models propose anxiety. In this study we tested whether attentional biases towards angry or neutral faces were facilitated by 300-ms presentation of an emotional prime word (positive, depressive, paranoid, neutral) in normal participants high in paranoid beliefs (HPB, N = 52) or low in paranoid beliefs (LPB, N = 43). Analyses of first fixation patterns in visual scanpaths revealed that paranoid words made all participants avoid angry faces, though this tendency reached significance only in the LPB group. In contrast, depressive words triggered significant avoidance of angry faces in the HPB group. These findings suggest that activation of depressive cognitive schemas facilitates attentional biases specifically in participants with subclinical paranoia, which would favor the depression-based model of paranoia. We discuss the importance of priming methodologies and visual scan measures for revealing specific cognitive processes in psychopathology and testing competing etiological models of paranoia.

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The correlation between BDI-II scores and the initial orientation index in the depressive prime condition was not significant (r = -.06).

As a parallel statistical strategy, regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between paranoid ideation (PS) and initial orientation bias for each prime condition. To control for the possible effect of depressive symptoms (BDI) and a negative view of oneself (BCSS-NS) on initial orientation, these two variables were also entered into the equation. Our analyses revealed that PS significantly predicted initial orientation bias only in the depressive prime condition (Paranoid ideation, β = −.33, P < .05), which was consistent with the ANOVA approach. Furthermore, following studies with similar samples (Combs et al. 2003), we created two extreme groups using the 70th and the 30th percentiles on the PS, to form the high paranoia group, and the low paranoia group, respectively. As with the median split procedure, a significant interaction was found for the effect of group by prime condition on the initial orientation index (Wilks’ λ = .87, F (3, 60) = 2.87, P = .04).

Although the interest of this study focused on analyzing automatic attentional patterns (i.e., bias in the initial orientation of attention), an index of the global preference of attention was also analyzed. This index measures the total time spent on one face (neutral vs. angry) for each prime condition. A 2 × 4 mixed ANOVA with one between-subjects variable of group (2: HPB and LPB) and one within-subjects variable of prime condition (4: neutral, positive, depressive and threatening) on the global preferences index yielded a significant main effect for prime condition (Wilks’ Lambda = .85, F (3, 91) = 5.18, P = .01) but the interaction was not significant (Wilks’ Lambda = .97, F (3, 91) = 0.90, P = .45).

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Titel: Depressive Primes Stimulate Initial Avoidance of Angry Faces: An Eye-Tracking Study of Paranoid Ideation
Auteurs: María Provencio
Carmelo Vázquez
Carmen Valiente
Gonzalo Hervas
Publicatiedatum: 01-10-2012
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 5/2012
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9388-5

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