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19-02-2018 | Artikel

De ziekte van Alzheimer bij mensen met het syndroom van Down

Alzheimer’s disease in people with Down syndrome

Auteurs: Alain D. Dekker, Peter P. De Deyn

Gepubliceerd in: Neuropraxis | Uitgave 2/2018

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Samenvatting

Mensen met het syndroom van Down (trisomie 21) hebben een bijzonder hoog risico op het ontwikkelen van dementie door de ziekte van Alzheimer. Op 65-jarige leeftijd heeft 68–80 % van hen dementie ontwikkeld, tegen 8–11 % van de mensen in de algemene bevolking (zonder downsyndroom). Dit hoge risico wordt grotendeels verklaard door de aanwezigheid van het gen voor het amyloïd voorlopereiwit (APP) op chromosoom 21. Het gevolg is dat bij mensen met downsyndroom een overmatige hoeveelheid bèta-amyloïd wordt gevormd, een eiwit dat gemakkelijk samenklontert in extracellulaire plaques, een van de twee karakteristieke pathologische alzheimerkenmerken. Hoewel uitgebreide alzheimerpathologie aanwezig is vanaf 40-jarige leeftijd, kan het nog vele jaren duren voordat klinische dementiesymptomen optreden. Bij de ene persoon treden symptomen vroegtijdig op, terwijl anderen tot op hogere leeftijd symptoomvrij blijven. De zeer variabele tijdspanne waarin symptomen optreden, maakt het voorspellen van het ziekteverloop bijzonder lastig. Ten opzichte van de algemene bevolking, wordt dementiediagnostiek bij downsyndroom verder gecompliceerd door de (levenslange) aanwezigheid van een verstandelijke beperking, evenals karakteristiek gedrag en comorbiditeiten die dementieachtige symptomen kunnen geven. Dit artikel beschrijft de genetische link tussen het syndroom van Down en de ziekte van Alzheimer, diagnostische aspecten en het belang van dementiegerelateerde gedragsveranderingen. Hoewel bij dementie meestal direct wordt gedacht aan cognitieve problematiek, blijkt uit ons onderzoek dat gedragsveranderingen bij mensen met downsyndroom én dementie veel voorkomen. Specifieke gedragsveranderingen zijn mogelijk vroege alarmsignalen. Vroegsignalering van tekenen van dementie is van het allergrootste belang om de zorg tijdig aan te passen, de kwaliteit van leven zo lang mogelijk op peil te houden en het lijden tot een minimum te beperken.
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Metagegevens
Titel
De ziekte van Alzheimer bij mensen met het syndroom van Down
Alzheimer’s disease in people with Down syndrome
Auteurs
Alain D. Dekker
Peter P. De Deyn
Publicatiedatum
19-02-2018
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
Gepubliceerd in
Neuropraxis / Uitgave 2/2018
Print ISSN: 1387-5817
Elektronisch ISSN: 1876-5785
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12474-018-0182-y