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2000 | OriginalPaper | Hoofdstuk

2. De motoriek van de foetus en de pasgeborene

Auteurs : M. Hadders-Algra, T. Dirks

Gepubliceerd in: De motorische ontwikkeling van de zuigeling

Uitgeverij: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

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Abstract

Dankzij echografisch onderzoek weten we dat de foetus in de 7de tot 8ste zwangerschapsweek1 begint te bewegen (Ianniruberto & Tajani, 1981; De Vries e.a., 1982). De allereerste bewegingen bestaan uit langzame extensiebewegingen van de nek (Prechtl, 1997). Nadat de foetus eerst enkele dagen alleen deze bewegingen heeft gemaakt, verschijnen de zogenaamde ‘startles’ en gegeneraliseerde bewegingen (afb. 2.1). Zowel bij de startle als bij de gegeneraliseerde beweging zijn alle onderdelen van het lichaam betrokken. De startle bestaat uit een kortdurende, fasische contractie van vele spieren van lijf en ledematen, waardoor een beweging ontstaat die vergelijkbaar is met de plotselinge contractie van een ‘slaapschok’ of de plotselinge beweging die mensen maken wanneer zij erg schrikken. De gegeneraliseerde beweging (General Movement) bestaat uit een langer durende beweging waaraan alle onderdelen van het lichaam meedoen in een ingewikkeld en moeilijk voorspelbaar bewegingspatroon. De aanwezigheid van beweeglijkheid voor de leeftijd van 8 weken betekent dat de eerste bewegingen ontstaan voordat de spinale reflexboog is voltooid. De eerste complete spinale reflexbogen verschijnen in week 8 (Windle & Fitzgerald, 1937; Okado & Kojima, 1984). Dit betekent dat de eerste bewegingen van de mens, net als die van het kippenembryo (Hamburger e.a., 1966), zonder afferente informatie totstandkomen. Dit benadrukt het belang van het spontane karakter van de eerste bewegingen en weerlegt het hardnekkige axioma dat stelt dat het gedrag van het jonge, ‘primitieve’ zenuwstelsel reflexmatig van aard is (Humphrey, 1969).
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Metagegevens
Titel
De motoriek van de foetus en de pasgeborene
Auteurs
M. Hadders-Algra
T. Dirks
Copyright
2000
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-7059-7_2