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Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 6/2017

14-11-2016

Controlled Social Interaction Tasks to Measure Self-Perceptions: No Evidence of Positive Illusions in Boys with ADHD

Auteurs: Yuanyuan Jiang, Charlotte Johnston

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 6/2017

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Abstract

Studies have suggested that children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) possess a Positive Illusory Bias (PIB) where they have higher self-perceptions of competence than more objective measures of their competence. However, recent research calls into question the primary methodology of these studies, that is, difference scores. This study investigated the PIB in boys with ADHD within the social domain using a novel methodology that refrains from using difference scores. Eighty-one 8- to 12-year-old boys with and without ADHD completed social interaction tasks where their actual social performance was made comparable, allowing for tests of between-group differences in self-perceptions that do not rely on difference scores. In addition, to examine whether clarity of social feedback moderates the presence of the PIB, the social tasks presented unclear, clear positive, or clear negative feedback. Boys rated how well they performed in each social interaction task, and these ratings were compared between ADHD and non-ADHD groups. Compared to the non-ADHD group, boys with ADHD did not show a PIB in their ratings of performance on the social tasks. There also was no moderation of boys’ ratings by type of feedback received. In contrast, when the PIB was calculated using difference scores based on child and parent ratings of child competence, boys with ADHD showed a PIB compared to boys without ADHD. These findings call attention to the need to re-examine the phenomenon of the PIB using methodologies outside of difference scores.
Voetnoten
1
Three boys included in the study were missing teacher ratings of impairment, but met all other research criteria for ADHD. Results did not differ depending on whether these three boys were included in analyses.
 
2
Pilot testing of the believability, valence, clarity, and social skill of the interactions was conducted by evaluating the response options and texts from the computerized peers using four 7-point Likert scales with anchors of 1 (not at all believable) to 7 (extremely believable) for believability, 1 (extremely negative to participant) to 7 (extremely positive to participant) for valence, 1 (not at all clear in conveying like/dislike) to 7 (extremely clear in conveying like/dislike) for clarity of feedback, and 1 (not at all equal in social skill/appropriateness) to 7 (extremely equal in social skill/appropriateness) for social skill. Pilot testing was conducted with undergraduate and graduate students with experience working with children. Texts were high on believability (average rating was 6.32), differed appropriately in valence (average ratings for the Negative, Unclear, and Positive conditions were 1.34, 3.89, and 7.00, respectively) and clarity of feedback (average ratings for the Positive and Negative conditions were at or above 6.56, and average rating for the Unclear condition was 2.82), and did not vary meaningfully in social skill (average rating was 6.78).
 
3
Three (7 %) families in the non-ADHD group and four (11 %) families in the ADHD group participated in their homes. As well, 16 (35 %) families in the non-ADHD group and 18 (51 %) families in the ADHD group participated in this study while participating in a larger study at the lab. The remaining families in both groups participated at the lab, and only in the current study. Context of participation did not appear to influence the pattern of results.
 
4
As previous studies have suggested that ADHD comorbidities are related to the PIB (e.g., Jiang and Johnston 2013), we also conducted these comparisons controlling for child aggressive (measured with the Child Behavior Checklist; Achenbach and Rescorla 2001) and depressive symptoms (measured with the Children’s Depression Inventory 2; Kovacs 2010). It was especially important to control for depressive symptoms in this analysis due to bivariate correlations showing that depressive symptoms were associated with social interaction self-evaluations. The pattern of significant results did not change with these covariates included.
 
5
Controlling for aggressive symptoms reduced group differences in standardized difference scores, F(1, 78) = 2.01, p = 0.16, partial η2 = 0.03, but controlling for depressive symptoms did not change the significance of results.
 
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Metagegevens
Titel
Controlled Social Interaction Tasks to Measure Self-Perceptions: No Evidence of Positive Illusions in Boys with ADHD
Auteurs
Yuanyuan Jiang
Charlotte Johnston
Publicatiedatum
14-11-2016
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 6/2017
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0232-y

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