Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

20-04-2018 | Original Article

Conflict modification: predictable production of congruent situations facilitates responding in a stroop task

Auteurs: Constantin Schmidts, Anna Foerster, Wilfried Kunde

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 8/2019

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Humans cope with cognitive conflict in various ways, such as focusing on task-relevant instead of task-irrelevant information or avoiding situations where conflict is likely. These adaptations to conflict resemble those used to cope with negative affect. We examined whether situation modification, a strategy derived from the extended process model of emotion regulation, may influence responding in cognitive conflict tasks. This should be evident by a facilitation of actions that consistently modify situations towards congruent (positive) situations rather than to incongruent (negative) situations. In four experiments, participants modified stimuli in a color-word Stroop task towards congruent or incongruent stimuli of (un)predictable identity. A modification effect emerged insofar as participants were faster when they foreseeably produced congruent stimuli of predictable identity than when they produced incongruent stimuli or stimuli of unpredictable identity. Our results add to the body of evidence connecting affect and cognitive conflict, and reveal a constraint when using situation modification as a means to regulate cognitive conflict.
Literatuur
go back to reference Beckers, T., De Houwer, J., & Eelen, P. (2002). Automatic integration of non-perceptual action effect features: the case of the associative affective Simon effect. Psychological Research, 66(3), 166–173.CrossRef Beckers, T., De Houwer, J., & Eelen, P. (2002). Automatic integration of non-perceptual action effect features: the case of the associative affective Simon effect. Psychological Research, 66(3), 166–173.CrossRef
go back to reference Botvinick, M. (2007). Conflict monitoring and decision making: reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 356–366.CrossRef Botvinick, M. (2007). Conflict monitoring and decision making: reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 356–366.CrossRef
go back to reference Chetverikov, A., & Kristjánsson, Á (2016). On the joys of perceiving: Affect as feedback for perceptual predictions. Acta Psychologica, 169, 1–10.CrossRef Chetverikov, A., & Kristjánsson, Á (2016). On the joys of perceiving: Affect as feedback for perceptual predictions. Acta Psychologica, 169, 1–10.CrossRef
go back to reference Dignath, D., & Eder, A. B. (2015). Stimulus conflict triggers behavioral avoidance. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 15(4), 822–836.CrossRef Dignath, D., & Eder, A. B. (2015). Stimulus conflict triggers behavioral avoidance. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 15(4), 822–836.CrossRef
go back to reference Dignath, D., Kiesel, A., & Eder, A. B. (2015). Flexible conflict management: conflict avoidance and conflict adjustment in reactive cognitive control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41(4), 975–988.PubMed Dignath, D., Kiesel, A., & Eder, A. B. (2015). Flexible conflict management: conflict avoidance and conflict adjustment in reactive cognitive control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41(4), 975–988.PubMed
go back to reference Dreisbach, G., & Fischer, R. (2012). Conflicts as aversive signals. Brain and Cognition, 78(2), 94–98.CrossRef Dreisbach, G., & Fischer, R. (2012). Conflicts as aversive signals. Brain and Cognition, 78(2), 94–98.CrossRef
go back to reference Eder, A. B., Rothermund, K., De Houwer, J., & Hommel, B. (2015). Directive and incentive functions of affective action consequences: an ideomotor approach. Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung, 79(4), 630–649.CrossRef Eder, A. B., Rothermund, K., De Houwer, J., & Hommel, B. (2015). Directive and incentive functions of affective action consequences: an ideomotor approach. Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung, 79(4), 630–649.CrossRef
go back to reference Egner, T. (2017). Conflict adaptation: Past, present, and future of the congruency sequence effect as an index of cognitive control. In T. Egner (Ed.), The Wiley Handbook of Cognitive Control (pp. 64–78). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.CrossRef Egner, T. (2017). Conflict adaptation: Past, present, and future of the congruency sequence effect as an index of cognitive control. In T. Egner (Ed.), The Wiley Handbook of Cognitive Control (pp. 64–78). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.CrossRef
go back to reference Friston, K. (2010). The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 127–138.CrossRef Friston, K. (2010). The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 127–138.CrossRef
go back to reference Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299.CrossRef Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299.CrossRef
go back to reference Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26.CrossRef Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26.CrossRef
go back to reference Gyurak, A., Gross, J. J., & Etkin, A. (2011). Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a dual-process framework. Cognition and Emotion, 25(3), 400–412.CrossRef Gyurak, A., Gross, J. J., & Etkin, A. (2011). Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a dual-process framework. Cognition and Emotion, 25(3), 400–412.CrossRef
go back to reference Hommel, B. (2004). Coloring an action: Intending to produce color events eliminates the Stroop effect. Psychological Research, 68(2–3), 74–90.CrossRef Hommel, B. (2004). Coloring an action: Intending to produce color events eliminates the Stroop effect. Psychological Research, 68(2–3), 74–90.CrossRef
go back to reference Hommel, B., Alonso, D., & Fuentes, L. (2003). Acquisition and generalization of action effects. Visual Cognition, 10(8), 965–986.CrossRef Hommel, B., Alonso, D., & Fuentes, L. (2003). Acquisition and generalization of action effects. Visual Cognition, 10(8), 965–986.CrossRef
go back to reference Jost, K., Wendt, M., Luna-Rodriguez, A., Löw, A., & Jacobsen, T. (2017). Strategic control over extent and timing of distractor-based response activation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 43(2), 326–333.PubMed Jost, K., Wendt, M., Luna-Rodriguez, A., Löw, A., & Jacobsen, T. (2017). Strategic control over extent and timing of distractor-based response activation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 43(2), 326–333.PubMed
go back to reference Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 863.CrossRef Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 863.CrossRef
go back to reference Levy, N., Harmon-Jones, C., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2017). Dissonance and discomfort: Does a simple cognitive inconsistency evoke a negative affective state? Motivation Science. Advance online publication. Levy, N., Harmon-Jones, C., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2017). Dissonance and discomfort: Does a simple cognitive inconsistency evoke a negative affective state? Motivation Science. Advance online publication.
go back to reference Ogawa, H., & Watanabe, K. (2011). Implicit learning increases preference for predictive visual display. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 73(6), 1815–1822.CrossRef Ogawa, H., & Watanabe, K. (2011). Implicit learning increases preference for predictive visual display. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 73(6), 1815–1822.CrossRef
go back to reference Phaf, H., & Rotteveel, M. (2012). Affective monitoring: A generic mechanism for affect elicitation. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 47.CrossRef Phaf, H., & Rotteveel, M. (2012). Affective monitoring: A generic mechanism for affect elicitation. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 47.CrossRef
go back to reference Proulx, T., Inzlicht, M., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2012). Understanding all inconsistency compensation as a palliative response to violated expectations. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(5), 285–291.CrossRef Proulx, T., Inzlicht, M., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2012). Understanding all inconsistency compensation as a palliative response to violated expectations. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(5), 285–291.CrossRef
go back to reference Saunders, B., Milyavskaya, M., & Inzlicht, M. (2015). Variation in cognitive control as emotion regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 108–115.CrossRef Saunders, B., Milyavskaya, M., & Inzlicht, M. (2015). Variation in cognitive control as emotion regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 108–115.CrossRef
go back to reference Schouppe, N., De Houwer, J., Ridderinkhof, R., K., & Notebaert, W. (2012). Conflict: run! Reduced stroop interference with avoidance responses. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(6), 1052–1058.CrossRef Schouppe, N., De Houwer, J., Ridderinkhof, R., K., & Notebaert, W. (2012). Conflict: run! Reduced stroop interference with avoidance responses. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(6), 1052–1058.CrossRef
go back to reference Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643–662.CrossRef Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643–662.CrossRef
go back to reference Trapp, S., Shenhav, A., Bitzer, S., & Bar, M. (2015). Human preferences are biased towards associative information. Cognition and Emotion, 29(6), 1054–1068.CrossRef Trapp, S., Shenhav, A., Bitzer, S., & Bar, M. (2015). Human preferences are biased towards associative information. Cognition and Emotion, 29(6), 1054–1068.CrossRef
go back to reference Wendt, M., Luna-Rodriguez, A., & Jacobsen, T. (2012). Conflict-induced perceptual filtering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(3), 675–686.PubMed Wendt, M., Luna-Rodriguez, A., & Jacobsen, T. (2012). Conflict-induced perceptual filtering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(3), 675–686.PubMed
go back to reference Wühr, P., & Kunde, W. (2008). Precueing spatial SR correspondence: is there regulation of expected response conflict? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34(4), 872–883.PubMed Wühr, P., & Kunde, W. (2008). Precueing spatial SR correspondence: is there regulation of expected response conflict? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34(4), 872–883.PubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Conflict modification: predictable production of congruent situations facilitates responding in a stroop task
Auteurs
Constantin Schmidts
Anna Foerster
Wilfried Kunde
Publicatiedatum
20-04-2018
Uitgeverij
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in
Psychological Research / Uitgave 8/2019
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-1021-8