Top

Gepubliceerd in:

04-01-2022 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Compassion Protects Mental Health and Social Safeness During the COVID-19 Pandemic Across 21 Countries

Auteurs: Marcela Matos, Kirsten McEwan, Martin Kanovský, Júlia Halamová, Stanley R. Steindl, Nuno Ferreira, Mariana Linharelhos, Daniel Rijo, Kenichi Asano, Margarita G. Márquez, Sónia Gregório, Sara P. Vilas, Gonzalo Brito-Pons, Paola Lucena-Santos, Margareth da Silva Oliveira, Erika Leonardo de Souza, Lorena Llobenes, Natali Gumiy, Maria Ileana Costa, Noor Habib, Reham Hakem, Hussain Khrad, Ahmad Alzahrani, Simone Cheli, Nicola Petrocchi, Elli Tholouli, Philia Issari, Gregoris Simos, Vibeke Lunding-Gregersen, Ask Elklit, Russell Kolts, Allison C. Kelly, Catherine Bortolon, Pascal Delamillieure, Marine Paucsik, Julia E. Wahl, Mariusz Zieba, Mateusz Zatorski, Tomasz Komendziński, Shuge Zhang, Jaskaran Basran, Antonios Kagialis, James Kirby, Paul Gilbert

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 4/2022

Abstract

Objectives

The COVID-19 pandemic is having an unprecedented detrimental impact on mental health in people around the world. It is important therefore to explore factors that may buffer or accentuate the risk of mental health problems in this context. Given that compassion has numerous benefits for mental health, emotion regulation, and social relationships, this study examines the buffering effects of different flows of compassion (for self, for others, from others) against the impact of perceived threat of COVID-19 on depression, anxiety, and stress, and social safeness.

Methods

The study was conducted in a sample of 4057 adult participants from the general community population, collected across 21 countries from Europe, Middle East, North America, South America, Asia, and Oceania. Participants completed self-report measures of perceived threat of COVID-19, compassion (for self, for others, from others), depression, anxiety, stress, and social safeness.

Results

Perceived threat of COVID-19 was associated with higher scores in depression, anxiety, and stress, and lower scores in social safeness. Self-compassion and compassion from others were associated with lower psychological distress and higher social safeness. Compassion for others was associated with lower depressive symptoms. Self-compassion moderated the relationship between perceived threat of COVID-19 on depression, anxiety, and stress, whereas compassion from others moderated the effects of fears of contracting COVID-19 on social safeness. These effects were consistent across all countries.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the universal protective role of compassion, in particular self-compassion and compassion from others, in promoting resilience by buffering against the harmful effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and social safeness.

vorige artikel Situating Mindfulness, Part 2: Early Buddhist Soteriology

volgende artikel Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Intervention and Emotional Recovery in Borderline Personality Features: Evidence from Psychophysiological Assessment

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Akin, A., & Akin, U. (2015). Self-compassion as a predictor of social safeness in Turkish university students. Revista Latinoamericana De Psicología, 47(1), 43–49.CrossRef

Al van Tilburg, M., Edlynn, E., Maddaloni, M., van Kempen, K., Díaz-González de Ferris, M., & Thomas, J. (2020). High levels of stress due to the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic among parents of children with and without chronic conditions across the USA. Children (Basel, Switzerland), 7(10), 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7100193CrossRef

Armstrong, B. F., Nitschke, J. P., Bilash, U., & Zuroff, D. C. (2020). An affect in its own right: Investigating the relationship of social safeness with positive and negative affect. Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109670CrossRef

Barnier, J., Briatte, F., & Larmarange, J. (2017). Functions to make surveys processing easier. package ‘questionr’, version 0.6.2. Retrieved from: https://juba.github.io/questionr/

Barton, K. (2015) Package ‘MuMIn’. Model selection and model averaging based on information criteria. R package version 1.15.11.

Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48.CrossRef

Bitan, D. T., Grossman-Giron, A., Bloch, Y., Mayer, Y., Shiffman, N., & Mendlovic, S. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113100CrossRef

Blackie, R. A., & Kocovski, N. L. (2019). Trait self-compassion as a buffer against post-event processing following performance feedback. Mindfulness, 10, 923–932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1052-7CrossRef

Brown, S. L., & Brown, R. M. (2017). Compassionate neurobiology and health. In E. M. Seppälä, E. Simon-Thomas, S. L. Brown, M. C. Worline, C. D. Cameron, & J. R. Doty (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science (pp. 159–172). Oxford University Press.

Cacioppo, J. T., & Patrick, W. (2008). Loneliness. Norton.

Carter, C. S. (2014). Oxytocin pathways and the evolution of human behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 17–39. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115110CrossRefPubMed

Carter, S., Bartal, I. B., & Porges, E. (2017). The roots of compassion: An evolutionary and neurobiological perspective. In E. M. Seppälä, E. Simon-Thomas, S. L. Brown, M. C. Worline, C. D. Cameron, & J. R. Doty (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science (pp. 173–188). Oxford University Press.

Carvalho, S. A., Skvarc, D., Barbosa, R., Tavares, T., Santos, D., & Trindade, I. A. (2021). A pilot randomized controlled trial of online acceptance and commitment therapy versus compassion-focused therapy for chronic illness. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2643CrossRef

Cheli, S., Cavalletti, V., & Petrocchi, N. (2020). An online compassion-focused crisis intervention during COVID-19 lockdown: A cases series on patients at high risk for psychosis. Psychosis. https://doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2020.1786148CrossRef

Cohen, S. (2021). Psychosocial vulnerabilities to upper respiratory infectious illness: Implications for susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(1), 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620942516CrossRefPubMed

Cozolino, L. (2007). The neuroscience of human relationships: Attachment and the developing brain. Norton.

Craig, C., Hiskey, S., & Spector, A. (2020). Compassion focused therapy: A systematic review of its effectiveness and acceptability in clinical populations. Expert Review Neurotherapeutics, 385–400, 1746184. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2020.1746184CrossRef

Crocker, J., & Canevello, A. (2012). Consequences of self-image and compassionate goals. In P. G. Devine & A. Plant (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 229–277). Elsevier.

Dunbar, R. I. M. (2016b). The social brain hypothesis and human evolution. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.44CrossRef

Dunbar, R. I. M. (2016). The social brain hypothesis and human evolution. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology (pp. 1–33). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.44

Edwards, L. J., Muller, K. E., Wolfinger, R. D., Qaqish, B. F., & Schabenberger, O. (2008). An R2 statistic for fixed effects in the linear mixed model. Statistics in Medicine, 27(29), 6137–6157. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3429CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ferreira, C., Barreto, M., & Oliveira, S. (2021). The link between major life events and quality of life: The role of compassionate abilities. Community Mental Health Journal, 57, 219–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00638-zCrossRefPubMed

Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C., & Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and the mental health consequences in America. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, S17–S21. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000924CrossRef

Fredrickson, B. L., Grewen, K. M., Coffey, K. A., Algoe, S. B., Firestine, A. M., Arevalo, J., Ma, J., & Cole, S. W. (2013). A functional genomic perspective on human well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(33), 13684–13689. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305419110CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gilbert, P. (2009). The compassionate mind: A new approach to the challenge of life. Constable & Robinson.

Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12043CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, P. (2019). Explorations into the nature and function of compassion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.002CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, P. (2020). Compassion: From its evolution to a psychotherapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3123. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586161CrossRef

Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 351–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.507CrossRef

Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Mitra, R., Franks, L., Richter, A., & Rockliff, H. (2008). Feeling safe and content: A specific affect regulation system? Relationship to depression, anxiety, stress, and self-criticism. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(3), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760801999461CrossRef

Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84, 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310X526511CrossRef

Gilbert, P., Catarino, F., Duarte, C., Matos, M., Kolts, R., Stubbs, J., Ceresatto, L., Duarte, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Basran, J. (2017). The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others. Journal of Compassionate Health Care, 4(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40639-017-0033-3CrossRef

Gloster, A. T., Lamnisos, D., Lubenko, J., Presti, G., Squatrito, V., Constantinou, M., Nicolaou, C., Papacostas, S., Aydın, G., Chong, Y. Y., Chien, W. T., Cheng, H. Y., Ruiz, F. J., Garcia-Martin, M. B., Obando-Posada, D. P., Segura-Vargas, M. A., Vasiliou, V. S., McHugh, L., ..., Karekla, M. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health: An international study. PLoS ONE, 15(12), e0244809. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244809

Gooding, H., Stedmon, J., & Crix, D. (2020). ‘All these things don’t take the pain away but they do help you to accept it’: Making the case for compassion-focused therapy in the management of persistent pain. British Journal of Pain, 14(1), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463719857099CrossRefPubMed

Green, P., MacLeod, C. J., & Alday, P. (2016). Package ‘simr’.

Heath, P. J., Brenner, R. E., Lannin, D. G., & Vogel, D. L. (2018). Self-compassion moderates the relationship of perceived public and anticipated self-stigma of seeking help. Stigma and Health, 3, 65–68. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000072CrossRef

Hermanto, N., Zuroff, D. C., Kopala-Sibley, D. C., Kelly, A. C., Matos, M., & Gilbert, P. (2016). Ability to receive compassion from others buffers the depressogenic effect of self-criticism: A cross-cultural multi-study analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 324–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.055CrossRef

Holmes, E. A., O’Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., Ballard, C., Christensen, H., Silver, R. C., Everall, I., Ford, T., John, A., Kabir, T., King, K., Madan, I., Michie, S., Przybylski, A. K., Shafran, R., Sweeney, A., ..., Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, 547–560, 30168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1

Hox, J. J., Moerbeek, M., & Van de Schoot, R. (2017). Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications (3rd ed.). Routledge.CrossRef

Irons, C., & Heriot-Maitland, C. (2020). Compassionate Mind Training: An 8-week group for the general public. Theory, Research and Practice. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12320CrossRef

Jaeger, B. C., Edwards, L. J., Das, K., & Sen, P. K. (2016). An R2 statistic for fixed effects in the generalized linear mixed model. Journal of Applied Statistics, 44(6), 1086–1105.CrossRef

Jiménez, O., Sánchez-Sánchez, L. C., & García-Montes, J. M. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 confinement and its relationship with meditation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 6642. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2016.1193725CrossRefPubMedCentral

Kanovsky, M., & Halamová, J. (2020). Perceived threat of the coronavirus and the role of trust in safeguards: A case study in Slovakia. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 554160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554160CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kavaklı, M., Ak, M., Uğuz, F., & Türkmen, O. O. (2020). The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between perceived COVID-19 threat and death anxiety. Turkish Journal Od Clinical Psychiatry, 23, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.59862CrossRef

Kelly, A. C., & Dupasquier, J. (2016). Social safeness mediates the relationship between recalled parental warmth and the capacity for self-compassion and receiving compassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.017CrossRef

Kelly, A. C., Zuroff, D. C., Leybman, M. J., & Gilbert, P. (2012). Social safeness, received social support, and maladjustment: Testing a tripartite model of affect regulation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(6), 815–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9432-5CrossRef

Kim, J. J., Parker, S. L., Doty, J. R., Cunnington, R., Gilbert, P., & Kirby, J. N. (2020). Neurophysiological and behavioural markers of compassion. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63846-3CrossRef

Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Steindl, S. R. (2017). A meta-analysis of compassion-based interventions: Current state of knowledge and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 48(6), 778–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.06.003CrossRefPubMed

Kirby, J. N., Day, J., & Sagar, V. (2019). The ‘Flow’ of compassion: A meta-analysis of the fears of compassion scales and psychological functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 70, 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.03.001CrossRefPubMed

Kirby., J. & Gilbert, P. (2017). The emergence of the compassion focused therapies. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Concepts, Research and Applications (pp. 258–285). Routledge.CrossRef

Klimecki, O. M., Leiberg, S., Ricard, M., & Singer, T. (2014). Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training. SOcial Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(6), 873–879. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst060CrossRefPubMed

LaHuis, D. M., Hartman, M. J., Hakoyama, S., & Clark, P. C. (2014). Explained variance measures for multilevel models. Organizational Research Methods, 17(4), 433–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114541701CrossRef

Lau, B.H.-P., Chan, C.L.-W., & Ng, S.-M. (2020). Self-compassion buffers the adverse mental health impacts of COVID-19-related threats: Results from a cross-sectional survey at the first peak of Hong Kong’s outbreak. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 585270. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.585270CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Leaviss, J., & Uttley, L. (2015). Psychotherapeutic benefits of compassion-focused therapy: An early systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 45, 927–945. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714002141CrossRefPubMed

Lee, C. M., Cadigan, J. M., & Rhew, I. C. (2020). Increases in loneliness among young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and association with increases in mental health problems. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 67(5), 714–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.009CrossRef

Li, A., Wang, S., Cai, M., Sun, R., & Liu, X. (2021). Self-compassion and life-satisfaction among Chinese self-quarantined residents during COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation model of positive coping and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, 110457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110457CrossRefPubMed

Lindsey, S. (2017). Examining the psychometric properties of the compassionate engagement and action scales in the general population. University of Essex.

Liu, D., Baumeister, R. F., & Zhou, Y. (2021). Mental health outcomes of coronavirus infection survivors: A rapid meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 137, 542–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.015CrossRefPubMed

Lopez, A., Sanderman, R., Ranchor, A. V., & Schroevers, M. J. (2018). Compassion for others and self-compassion: Levels, correlates, and relationship with psychological well-being. Mindfulness, 9, 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0777-zCrossRefPubMed

Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Psychology Foundation.

Lüdecke, D. (2018). sjPlot: Data visualization for statistics in social science. (R package version 2.6.1). Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package =sjPlot

Luo, X., Qiao, L., & Che, X. (2018). Self-compassion modulates heart rate variability and negative affect to experimentally induced stress. Mindfulness, 9, 1522–1528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0900-9CrossRef

MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 545–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003CrossRefPubMed

Madison, A. A., Shrout, M. R., Renna, M. E., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2021). Psychological and behavioral predictors of vaccine efficacy: Considerations for COVID-19. Perspectives on Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691621989243CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mascaro, J. S., Florian, M. P., Ash, M. J., Palmer, P. K., Frazier, T., Condon, P., & Raison, C. (2020). Ways of knowing compassion: How do we come to know, understand, and measure compassion when we see it? Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 547241. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.547241CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Matos, M., Duarte, C., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2015). Constructing a self protected against shame: The importance of warmth and safeness memories and feelings on the association between shame memories and depression. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 15, 317–335.

Matos, M., Duarte, C., Duarte, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Petrocchi, N., Basran, J., & Gilbert, P. (2017). Psychological and physiological effects of compassionate mind training: A pilot randomized controlled study. Mindfulness, 8(6), 1699–1712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0745-7CrossRef

Matos, M., McEwan, K., Kanovský, M., Halamová, J., Steindl, S., Ferreira, N., Linharelhos, M., Rijo, D., Asano, K., Gregório, S., Márquez, M., Vilas, S., Brito-Pons, G., Lucena-Santos, P., Oliveira, M., Souza, E., Llobenes, L., Gumiy, N., Costa, M., ..., Gilbert, P. (2021). Fears of compassion magnify the harmful effects of threat of COVID-19 on mental health and social safeness across 21 countries. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2601

Mayseless, O. (2016). The caring motivation: An integrated theory. Oxford University Press.CrossRef

Miller, J. G., Kahle, S., Lopez, M., & Hastings, P. D. (2015). Compassionate love buffers stress-reactive mothers from fight-or-flight parenting. Developmental Psychology, 51(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038236CrossRefPubMed

Muris, P., & Petrocchi, N. (2017). Protection or vulnerability? A meta-analysis of the relations between the positive and negative components of self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 24, 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2005CrossRefPubMed

Murphy, D., Williamson, C., Baumann, J., Busuttil, W., & Fear, N. T. (2020). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 and restrictions to daily living as a result of social distancing within veterans with pre-existing mental health difficulties. BMJ military health, bmjmilitary-2020–001622. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001622

Nakagawa, S., & Schielzeth, H. (2013). A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 4(2), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.xCrossRef

Napper, L. E., Fisher, D. G., & Reynolds, G. L. (2012). Development of the perceived risk of HIV scale. AIDS and Behavior, 16, 1075–1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-011-0003-2CrossRefPubMed

Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860390209035CrossRef

Nitschke, J. P., Forbes, P. A., Ali, N., Cutler, J., Apps, M. A., Lockwood, P. L., & Lamm, C. (2020). Resilience during uncertainty? Greater social connectedness during COVID-19 lockdown is associated with reduced distress and fatigue. British Journal of Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12485CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Oliveira, S., Trindade, I. A., & Ferreira, C. (2018). The buffer effect of body compassion on the association between shame and body and eating difficulties. Appetite, 125, 118–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.01.031CrossRefPubMed

Palgi, Y., Shrira, A., Ring, L., Bodner, E., Avidor, S., Bergman, Y., Cohen-Fridel, S., Keisari, S., & Hoffman, Y. (2020). The loneliness pandemic: Loneliness and other concomitants of depression, anxiety and their comorbidity during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 109–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.036CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Porges, S. W. (2007). The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology, 74, 116–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009CrossRefPubMed

Porges, S. W. (2017). Vagal pathways: portals to compassion i. In E. M. Seppälä, E. Simon-Thomas, S. L. Brown, M. C. Worline, C. D. Cameron, & J. R. Doty (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science (pp. 189–202). Oxford University Press.

Prout, T. A., Zilcha-Mano, S., Aafjes-van Doorn, K., Békés, V., Christman-Cohen, I., Whistler, K., Kui, T., & Di Giuseppe, M. (2020). Identifying predictors of psychological distress during COVID-19: A machine learning approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 586202. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586202CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Retrieved 15th January 2021 from http:/ /www.R-project.org/.

Ricard, M. (2015). Altruism: The power of compassion to change itself and the world. Atlantic Books.

Saltzman, L. Y., Hansel, T. C., & Bordnick, P. S. (2020). Loneliness, isolation, and social support factors in post-COVID-19 mental health. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, S55–S57. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000703CrossRef

Schnepper, R., Reichenberger, J., & Blechert, J. (2020). Being my own companion in times of social isolation – A 14-day mobile self-compassion intervention improves stress levels and Eating Behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 595806. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.595806CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Seppälä, E. M., Simon-Thomas, E., Brown, S. L., Worline, M. C., Cameron, C. D., & Doty, J. R. (Eds.). (2017). The Oxford handbook of compassion science. Oxford University Press.

Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(8), 531–537. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa201CrossRef

Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. J. (2012). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modelling (2nd ed.). Sage.

Steindl, S., Matos, M., & Creed, A. (2018). Early shame and safeness memories, and later depressive symptoms and safe affect: The mediating role of self-compassion. Current Psychology, 40(2), 761–771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9990-8CrossRef

Steindl, S., Yiu, R., Bauman, T., & Matos, M. (2020). Comparing compassion across cultures: Similarities and differences among Australians and Singaporeans. Australian Psychologist, 55(3), 208–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12433.CrossRef

Taquet, M., Geddes, J. R., Husain, M., Luciano, S., & Harrison, P. J. (2021). 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(5), 416–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00084-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Tingey, J. L., Bentley, J. A., & Hosey, M. M. (2020). COVID-19: Understanding and mitigating trauma in ICU survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S100. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000884CrossRef

Tu, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Zhao, Q., Bi, Y., Lu, X., Kong, Y., Wang, L., Lu, Z., & Hu, L. (2021). Post-traumatic stress symptoms in COVID-19 survivors: A self-report and brain imaging follow-up study. Molecular Psychiatry, 1–6. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01223-w

Vedhara, K., Ayling, K., Sunger, K., Caldwell, D. M., Halliday, V., Fairclough, L., Avery, A., Robles, L., Garibaldi, J., Welton, N. J., & Royal, S. (2019). Psychological interventions as vaccine adjuvants: A systematic review. Vaccine, 37(25), 3255–3266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.091CrossRefPubMed

Vinkers, C. H., van Amelsvoort, T., Bisson, J. I., Branchi, I., Cryan, J. F., Domschke, K., Howes, O. D., Manchia, M., Pinto, L., de Quervain, D., Schmidt, M. V., & van der Wee, N. (2020). Stress resilience during the coronavirus pandemic. European Neuropsychopharmacology: The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.05.003CrossRef

Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020a). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729CrossRefPubMedCentral

Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Ding, W., Meng, Y., Hu, H., Liu, Z., Zeng, X., & Wang, M. (2020b). Psychological distress and sleep problems when people are under interpersonal isolation during an epidemic: A nationwide multicenter cross-sectional study. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 63(1), e77. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.78CrossRef

Wong, C. C. Y., Mak, W. W. S., & Liao, K. Y. (2016). Self-compassion: A potential buffer against affiliate stigma experienced by parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Mindfulness, 7, 1385–1395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0580-2CrossRef

Wong, S., Zhang, D., Sit, R., Yip, B., Chung, R. Y., Wong, C., Chan, D., Sun, W., Kwok, K. O., & Mercer, S. W. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on loneliness, mental health, and health service utilisation: A prospective cohort study of older adults with multimorbidity in primary care. The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 70(700), e817–e824. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20X713021CrossRef

World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak. World Health Organization. Retrieved 20th January 2021 from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331490/WHO-2019-nCoV-MentalHealth-2020.1-eng.pdf

Worldometer – COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. Retrieved 20th January 2021. Available at: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/

Yarnell, L. M., & Neff, K. D. (2013). Self-compassion, interpersonal conflict resolutions, and well-being. Self and Identity, 12(2), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.649545CrossRef

Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., & Garbade, S. (2015). The relationship between self-compassion and well-being: A meta-analysis. Applied Psychology, 7, 340–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Compassion Protects Mental Health and Social Safeness During the COVID-19 Pandemic Across 21 Countries
Auteurs: Marcela Matos
Kirsten McEwan
Martin Kanovský
Júlia Halamová
Stanley R. Steindl
Nuno Ferreira
Mariana Linharelhos
Daniel Rijo
Kenichi Asano
Margarita G. Márquez
Sónia Gregório
Sara P. Vilas
Gonzalo Brito-Pons
Paola Lucena-Santos
Margareth da Silva Oliveira
Erika Leonardo de Souza
Lorena Llobenes
Natali Gumiy
Maria Ileana Costa
Noor Habib
Reham Hakem
Hussain Khrad
Ahmad Alzahrani
Simone Cheli
Nicola Petrocchi
Elli Tholouli
Philia Issari
Gregoris Simos
Vibeke Lunding-Gregersen
Ask Elklit
Russell Kolts
Allison C. Kelly
Catherine Bortolon
Pascal Delamillieure
Marine Paucsik
Julia E. Wahl
Mariusz Zieba
Mateusz Zatorski
Tomasz Komendziński
Shuge Zhang
Jaskaran Basran
Antonios Kagialis
James Kirby
Paul Gilbert
Publicatiedatum: 04-01-2022
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 4/2022
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01822-2

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2022

Mindfulness, Self-compassion, Self-injury, and Suicidal thoughts and Behaviors: a Correlational Meta-analysis

Adult Attachment and Sleep Disturbance: the Role of the Facets of Mindfulness

Interpersonal Mindfulness Questionnaire: Scale Development and Validation

A Biobehavioural Approach to Understand How Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Reduces Dispositional Negative Self-Bias in Recurrent Depression

Effects of a Mindfulness Program on Stress and Psychological Outcomes Among Cancer Survivors: a Quasi-Experimental Study

Women, Painful Sex, and Mindfulness