Top

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

03-01-2021 | Original Paper

Comparison of Serum VEGF, IGF-1, and HIF-1α Levels in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Healthy Controls

Auteurs: Fulya Şimşek, Ümit Işık, Evrim Aktepe, Faruk Kılıç, Fevziye Burcu Şirin, Mustafa Bozkurt

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 10/2021

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine whether serum VEGF, IGF-1, and HIF-1α levels differed between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) patients and healthy controls. A total of 40 children with ASD and 40 healthy controls aged 4–12 years were included. Serum levels of VEGF, IGF-1, and HIF-1α were measured using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Serum IGF-1 levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in the ASD group than in the control group. Serum HIF-1α levels were borderline significantly lower in the ASD group. There was no statistically significant difference in serum VEGF levels between the two groups. IGF-1 and HIF-1α may play a potential role in the etiopathogenesis of ASD.

vorige artikel Enhancing Social Initiations Using Naturalistic Behavioral Intervention: Outcomes from a Randomized Controlled Trial for Children with Autism

volgende artikel Alterations in Rapid Social Evaluations in Individuals with High Autism Traits

Aman, M. G., Singh, N. N., Stewart, A. W., & Field, C. J. (1985). The aberrant behavior checklist: a behavior rating scale for the assessment of treatment effects. American journal of mental deficiency, 89(5), 485–491. PubMed

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition: DSM-5. USA: American Psychiatric Association. CrossRef

Anlar, B., Oktem, F., Bakkaloglu, B., Haliloglu, M., Oguz, H., Unal, F., et al. (2007). Urinary Epidermal and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Excretion in Autistic Children. Neuropediatrics, 38(3), 151–153. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-990282. CrossRefPubMed

Ashwood, P., Krakowiak, P., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Hansen, R., Pessah, I., & Van de Water, J. (2011). Elevated plasma cytokines in autism spectrum disorders provide evidence of immune dysfunction and are associated with impaired behavioral outcome. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 25(1), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.003. CrossRefPubMed

Badawi, N., Dixon, G. S., Felix, J. F., Keogh, J. M., Petterson, B., Stanley, F. J., & Kurinczuk, J. J. (2006). Autism following a history of newborn encephalopathy: more than a coincidence? Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 48(2), 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1017/S001216220600020X. CrossRef

Beck, K. D., Powell-Braxtont, L., Widmer, H. R., Valverde, J., & Hefti, F. (1995). Igf1 gene disruption results in reduced brain size, CNS hypomyelination, and loss of hippocampal granule and striatal parvalbumin-containing neurons. Neuron, 14(4), 717–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(95)90216-3. CrossRefPubMed

Bozyczko-Coyne, D., Glicksman, M. A., Prantner, J. E., McKenna, B., Connors, T., Friedman, C., et al. (1993). IGF-I Supports the Survival and/or Differentiation of Multiple Types of Central Nervous System Neurons. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 692(1), 311–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26244.x. CrossRefPubMed

Brockington, A., Lewis, C., Wharton, S., & Shaw, P. J. (2004). Vascular endothelial growth factor and the nervous system. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 30(5), 427–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2990.2004.00600.x. CrossRefPubMed

Carmody, D. P., & Lewis, M. (2010). Regional white matter development in children with autism spectrum disorders. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(8), 755–763. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20471. CrossRefPubMed

Chalak, L. F., Nguyen, K. A., Prempunpong, C., Heyne, R., Thayyil, S., Shankaran, S., et al. (2018). Prospective research in infants with mild encephalopathy identified in the first six hours of life: neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18–22 months. Pediatric Research, 84(6), 861–868. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-018-0174-x. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Chavez, J. C., & LaManna, J. C. (2002). Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in the rat cerebral cortex after transient global ischemia: Potential role of insulin-like growth factor-1. Journal of Neuroscience, 22(20), 8922–8931. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.22-20-08922.2002. CrossRefPubMed

Chez, M. G., Dowling, T., Patel, P. B., Khanna, P., & Kominsky, M. (2007). Elevation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Autistic Children. Pediatric Neurology, 36(6), 361–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.01.012. CrossRefPubMed

Cioana, M., Michalski, B., & Fahnestock, M. (2020). Insulin-Like Growth Factor and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor Expression in Human Idiopathic Autism Fusiform Gyrus Tissue. Autism Research, 13(6), 897–907. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2291. CrossRefPubMed

D’Mello, S. R., Borodezt, K., & Soltoff, S. P. (1997). Insulin-like growth factor and potassium depolarization maintain neuronal survival by distinct pathways: Possible involvement of PI 3-kinase in IGF-1 signaling. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(5), 1548–1560. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.17-05-01548.1997. CrossRefPubMed

Driscoll, D. J. O., Felice, V. D., Kenny, L. C., Boylan, G. B., & O’Keeffe, G. W. (2018). Mild prenatal hypoxia-ischemia leads to social deficits and central and peripheral inflammation in exposed offspring. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 69, 418–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2018.01.001. CrossRef

Eftekharian, M. M., Ghafouri-Fard, S., Noroozi, R., Omrani, M. D., Arsang-jang, S., Ganji, M., et al. (2018). Cytokine profile in autistic patients. Cytokine, 108, 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.034. CrossRefPubMed

Emanuele, E., Orsi, P., Barale, F., di Nemi, S. U., Bertona, M., & Politi, P. (2010). Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in patients with severe autism. Clinical Biochemistry, 43(3), 317–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.10.005. CrossRefPubMed

Feldser, D., Agani, F., Iyer, N. V., Pak, B., Ferreira, G., & Semenza, G. L. (1999). Reciprocal positive regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha and insulin-like growth factor 2. Cancer Research, 59(16), 3915–3918. PubMed

Forsythe, J. A., Jiang, B. H., Iyer, N. V., Agani, F., Leung, S. W., Koos, R. D., & Semenza, G. L. (1996). Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 16(9), 4604–4613. https://doi.org/10.1128/mcb.16.9.4604. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fukuda, R., Hirota, K., Fan, F., Jung, Y. D., Ellis, L. M., & Semenza, G. L. (2002). Insulin-like growth factor 1 induces hypoxia-inducible factor 1-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor expression, which is dependent on MAP kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in colon cancer cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277(41), 38205–38211. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M203781200. CrossRef

Goines, P. E., & Ashwood, P. (2013). Cytokine dysregulation in autism spectrum disorders (ASD): Possible role of the environment. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 36, 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2012.07.006. CrossRefPubMed

Gokler, B., Unal, F., Pehlivanturk, B., Cengel Kultur, E., Akdemir, D., & Taner, Y. (2004). Reliability and Validity of Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version-Turkish Version (K-SADS-PL-T). Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health, 11(3), 109–116.

Görlach, A., Diebold, I., Schini-Kerth, V. B., Berchner-Pfannschmidt, U., Roth, U., Brandes, R. P., et al. (2001). Thrombin activates the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells role of the p22phox-containing NADPH oxidase. Circulation Research, 89(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1161/hh1301.092678. CrossRefPubMed

Hallmayer, J. (2011). Genetic Heritability and Shared Environmental Factors Among Twin Pairs With Autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(11), 1095. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Jin, K. L., Mao, X. O., & Greenberg, D. A. (2000). Vascular endothelial growth factor: Direct neuroprotective effect in in vitro ischemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(18), 10242–10247. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.18.10242. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Jung, Y.-J., Isaacs, J. S., Lee, S., Trepel, J., & Neckers, L. (2003a). IL-1β mediated up-regulation of HIF-lα via an NFkB/COX-2 pathway identifies HIF-1 as a critical link between inflammation and oncogenesis. The FASEB Journal, 17(14), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.03-0329fje. CrossRef

Jung, Y. J., Isaacs, J. S., Lee, S., Trepel, J., Liu, Z. G., & Neckers, L. (2003b). Hypoxia-inducible factor induction by tumour necrosis factor in normoxic cells requires receptor-interacting protein-dependent nuclear factor κB activation. Biochemical Journal, 370(3), 1011–1017. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20021279. CrossRefPubMedCentral

Juul, A. (2003). Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor I and its binding proteins in health and disease. Growth Hormone & IGF Research, 13(4), 113–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-6374(03)00038-8. CrossRef

Kaat, A. J., Lecavalier, L., & Aman, M. G. (2014). Validity of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(5), 1103–1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1970-0. CrossRefPubMed

Kajizuka, M., Miyachi, T., Matsuzaki, H., Iwata, K., Shinmura, C., Suzuki, K., et al. (2010). Serum levels of platelet-derived growth factor BB homodimers are increased in male children with autism. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 34(1), 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.10.017. CrossRefPubMed

Karabekiroglu, K., & Aman, M. G. (2009). Validity of the aberrant behavior checklist in a clinical sample of toddlers. Child psychiatry and human development, 40(1), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-008-0108-7. CrossRefPubMed

Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., et al. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021. CrossRefPubMed

Ke, Q., & Costa, M. (2006). Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1). Molecular Pharmacology, 70(5), 1469–1480. https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.106.027029. CrossRefPubMed

Kolevzon, A., Gross, R., & Reichenberg, A. (2007). Prenatal and Perinatal Risk Factors for Autism. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161(4), 326. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.161.4.326. CrossRef

Laron, Z. (2001). Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1): A growth hormone. Journal of Clinical Pathology - Molecular Pathology, 54(5), 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1136/mp.54.5.311. CrossRef

Liu, X. H., Kirschenbaum, A., Lu, M., Yao, S., Dosoretz, A., Holland, J. F., & Levine, A. C. (2002). Prostaglandin E2 induces hypoxia-inducible factor-1α stabilization and nuclear localization in a human prostate cancer cell line. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277(51), 50081–50086. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M201095200. CrossRef

Llorens-Martín, M., Torres-Alemán, I., & Trejo, J. L. (2009). Mechanisms mediating brain plasticity: IGF1 and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Neuroscientist, 15(2), 134–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858408331371. CrossRefPubMed

Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Baio, J., Washington, A., Patrick, M., DiRienzo, M., et al. (2020). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 Years-Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 Sites. United States, MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 69(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.SS6904A. CrossRef

McCloskey, D. P., Croll, S. D., & Scharfman, H. E. (2005). Depression of Synaptic Transmission by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Adult Rat Hippocampus and Evidence for Increased Efficacy after Chronic Seizures. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(39), 8889–8897. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2577-05.2005. CrossRefPubMed

Mills, J. L., Hediger, M. L., Molloy, C. A., Chrousos, G. P., Manning-Courtney, P., Yu, K. F., et al. (2007). Elevated levels of growth-related hormones in autism and autism spectrum disorder. Clinical Endocrinology, 67(2), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02868.x. CrossRefPubMed

Modabbernia, A., Velthorst, E., & Reichenberg, A. (2017). Environmental risk factors for autism: an evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Molecular Autism, 8(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-017-0121-4. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Newschaffer, C. J., Croen, L. A., Daniels, J., Giarelli, E., Grether, J. K., Levy, S. E., et al. (2007). The Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Annual Review of Public Health, 28(1), 235–258. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007. CrossRefPubMed

Nowacka, M. M., & Obuchowicz, E. (2012). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its role in the central nervous system: A new element in the neurotrophic hypothesis of antidepressant drug action. Neuropeptides, 46(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2011.05.005. CrossRefPubMed

Pecorelli, A., Cervellati, F., Belmonte, G., Montagner, G., Waldon, P., Hayek, J., et al. (2016). Cytokines profile and peripheral blood mononuclear cells morphology in Rett and autistic patients. Cytokine, 77, 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2015.10.002. CrossRefPubMed

Richard, D. E., Berra, E., & Pouyssegur, J. (2000). Nonhypoxic pathway mediates the induction of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in vascular smooth muscle cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275(35), 26765–26771. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M003325200. CrossRef

Riikonen, R., Makkonen, I., Vanhala, R., Turpeinen, U., Kuikka, J., & Kokki, H. (2006). Cerebrospinal fluid insulin-like growth factors IGF-1 and IGF-2 in infantile autism. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 48(9), 751–755. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162206001605. CrossRefPubMed

Rosen, C. J., & Pollak, M. (1999). Circulating IGF-I: New Perspectives for a New Century. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 10(4), 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-2760(98)00126-X. CrossRef

Ruiz de Almodovar, C., Lambrechts, D., Mazzone, M., & Carmeliet, P. (2009). Role and Therapeutic Potential of VEGF in the Nervous System. Physiological Reviews, 89(2), 607–648. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00031.2008. CrossRefPubMed

Russo, V. C., Gluckman, P. D., Feldman, E. L., & Werther, G. A. (2005). The Insulin-Like Growth Factor System and Its Pleiotropic Functions in Brain. Endocrine Reviews, 26(7), 916–943. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2004-0024. CrossRefPubMed

Sandau, K. B., Zhou, J., Kietzmann, T., & Brüne, B. (2001). Regulation of the Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α by the Inflammatory Mediators Nitric Oxide and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Contrast to Desferroxamine and Phenylarsine Oxide. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276(43), 39805–39811. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M107689200. CrossRef

Scharte, M., Han, X., Bertges, D. J., Fink, M. P., & Delude, R. L. (2003). Cytokines induce HIF-1 DNA binding and the expression of HIF-1-dependent genes in cultured rat enterocytes. American Journal of PhysiologyGastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 284(3), G373–G384. CrossRef

Schilling, C., Blum, W. F., Heuser, I., Paslakis, G., Wudy, S. A., & Deuschle, M. (2011). Treatment With Antidepressants Increases Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 31(3), 390–392. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182189d86. CrossRefPubMed

Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., DeVellis, R. F., & Daly, K. (1980). Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 10(1), 91–103. CrossRef

Semenza, G. L. (1998). Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: Master regulator of O2 homeostasis. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, 8(5), 588–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80016-6. CrossRefPubMed

Semenza, G. L. (2001). Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: oxygen homeostasis and disease pathophysiology. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 7(8), 345–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4914(01)02090-1. CrossRefPubMed

Shay, J. E. S., & Celeste Simon, M. (2012). Hypoxia-inducible factors: Crosstalk between inflammation and metabolism. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 23(4), 389–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.04.004. CrossRef

Shen, H.-Y., Huang, N., Reemmer, J., & Xiao, L. (2018). Adenosine Actions on Oligodendroglia and Myelination in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 12, 482. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2018.00482. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Shibata, T., Yamagata, H., Uchida, S., Otsuki, K., Hobara, T., Higuchi, F., et al. (2013). The alteration of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and its target genes in mood disorder patients. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 43, 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PNPBP.2013.01.003. CrossRefPubMed

Skogstrand, K., Hagen, C. M., Borbye-Lorenzen, N., Christiansen, M., Bybjerg-Grauholm, J., Bækvad-Hansen, M., et al. (2019). Reduced neonatal brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with autism spectrum disorders. Translational Psychiatry, 9(1), 252. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0587-2. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Stiehl, D. P., Jelkmann, W., Wenger, R. H., & Hellwig-Bürgel, T. (2002). Normoxic induction of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α by insulin and interleukin-1β involves the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. FEBS Letters, 512(1–3), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02247-0. CrossRefPubMed

Suzuki, K., Matsuzaki, H., Iwata, K., Kameno, Y., Shimmura, C., Kawai, S., et al. (2011). Plasma Cytokine Profiles in Subjects with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders. PLoS ONE, 6(5), e20470. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020470. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Swanson, M. R., & Hazlett, H. C. (2019). White matter as a monitoring biomarker for neurodevelopmental disorder intervention studies. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 11(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-019-9295-8. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Takahashi, H., & Shibuya, M. (2005). The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor system and its role under physiological and pathological conditions. Clinical Science, 109(3), 227–241. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20040370. CrossRefPubMed

Tang, C.-M., & Yu, J. (2013). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 as a therapeutic target in cancer. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 28(3), 401–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.12038. CrossRefPubMed

Treins, C., Giorgetti-Peraldi, S., Murdaca, J., Semenza, G. L., & Van Obberghen, E. (2002). Insulin stimulates hypoxia-inducible factor 1 through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/target of rapamycin-dependent signaling pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277(31), 27975–27981. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M204152200. CrossRef

Vanhala, R., Turpeinen, U., & Riikonen, R. (2001). Low levels of insulin-like growth factor-I in cerebrospinal fluid in children with autism. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43(09), 614. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0012162201001116. CrossRefPubMed

Vargas, D. L., Nascimbene, C., Krishnan, C., Zimmerman, A. W., & Pardo, C. A. (2005). Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Annals of Neurology, 57(1), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20315. CrossRefPubMed

Venkatasubramanian, G., Chittiprol, S., Neelakantachar, N., Shetty, T., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2010). Effect of antipsychotic treatment on Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and cortisol in schizophrenia: A longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Research, 119(1–3), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.033. CrossRefPubMed

Wolff, J. J., Gu, H., Gerig, G., Elison, J. T., Styner, M., Gouttard, S., et al. (2012). Differences in white matter fiber tract development present from 6 to 24 months in infants with autism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(6), 589–600. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11091447. CrossRef

Xu, N., Li, X., & Zhong, Y. (2015). Inflammatory Cytokines: Potential Biomarkers of Immunologic Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Mediators of Inflammation, 2015, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/531518. CrossRef

Ye, P., Li, L., Richards, R. G., DiAugustine, R. P., & D’Ercole, A. J. (2002). Myelination is altered in insulin-like growth factor-I null mutant mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 22(14), 6041–6051. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.22-14-06041.2002. CrossRefPubMed

Zakareia, F. A., Al-Ayadhi, L. Y., & Al-Drees, A. A. (2012). Study of dual angiogenic/neurogenic growth factors among Saudi autistic children and their correlation with the severity of this disorder. Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), 17(3), 213–218.

Zhou, J., Schmid, T., & Brüne, B. (2003). Tumor necrosis factor-α causes accumulation of a ubiquitinated form of hypoxia inducible factor-1α through a nuclear factor-κB-dependent pathway. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 14(6), 2216–2225. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E02-09-0598. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: Comparison of Serum VEGF, IGF-1, and HIF-1α Levels in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Healthy Controls
Auteurs: Fulya Şimşek
Ümit Işık
Evrim Aktepe
Faruk Kılıç
Fevziye Burcu Şirin
Mustafa Bozkurt
Publicatiedatum: 03-01-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 10/2021
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04820-w

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2021

A Distinct Three-Factor Structure of Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in an Epidemiologically Sound Sample of Preschool-Age Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Integrating Measurement-Based Care into Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Insights from a Community Clinic

Individual and Environmental Factors Affecting Adaptive Behavior of Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Role of Parents’ Socio-cultural Level

Policy and Practice Barriers to Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the California Early Intervention System

Autism in Australia: Community Knowledge and Autistic People’s Experiences

A Driver Training Program Intervention for Student Drivers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Multi-site Randomised Controlled Trial