Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research 4/2017

16-01-2017 | Brief Report

Cognitive Control in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Relation of Inhibition Impairments to Worry and Anxiety Severity

Auteurs: Lauren S. Hallion, David F. Tolin, Michal Assaf, John Goethe, Gretchen J. Diefenbach

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 4/2017

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Cognitive models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) propose that cognitive control, broadly construed, and inhibition specifically, play a role in the maintenance of GAD symptoms. However, few studies have explicitly investigated inhibition, and in particular “cold” (non-emotional) inhibition, and its relation to worry and anxiety severity in GAD. Adults with GAD (n = 35) and healthy controls (n = 21) completed computerized Stroop and Go/NoGo tasks, two widely-used tests of inhibition. GAD status predicted significantly worse (slower and less accurate) performance on the Stroop but not the Go/NoGo task. Clinician-rated anxiety severity predicted slower and less accurate Stroop performance over and above the effect of GAD diagnosis but did not predict Go/NoGo performance. Trait worry did not incrementally predict performance on either task. These findings provide qualified support for theoretical models of inhibition impairments in GAD and suggest that inhibition could be a promising target for novel neurocognitive interventions.
Literatuur
go back to reference Abramovitch, A., Abramowitz, J. S., & Mittelman, A. (2013). The neuropsychology of adult obsessive–compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), 1163–1171.CrossRefPubMed Abramovitch, A., Abramowitz, J. S., & Mittelman, A. (2013). The neuropsychology of adult obsessive–compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), 1163–1171.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Abramovitch, A., Shaham, N., Levin, L., Bar-Hen, M., & Schweiger, A. (2015). Response inhibition in a subclinical obsessive-compulsive sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 46, 66–71.CrossRefPubMed Abramovitch, A., Shaham, N., Levin, L., Bar-Hen, M., & Schweiger, A. (2015). Response inhibition in a subclinical obsessive-compulsive sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 46, 66–71.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 49–58.CrossRefPubMed Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 49–58.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77–108). New York: The Guilford Press. Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77–108). New York: The Guilford Press.
go back to reference Borkovec, T. D., & Inz, J. (1990). The nature of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: A predominance of thought activity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(2), 153–158.CrossRefPubMed Borkovec, T. D., & Inz, J. (1990). The nature of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: A predominance of thought activity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(2), 153–158.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Brown, T. A., Antony, M. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1992). Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30(1), 33–37.CrossRefPubMed Brown, T. A., Antony, M. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1992). Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30(1), 33–37.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Brown, T. A., DiNardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., & Campbell, L. A. (2001). Reliability of DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: Implications for the classification of emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(1), 49–58.CrossRefPubMed Brown, T. A., DiNardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., & Campbell, L. A. (2001). Reliability of DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: Implications for the classification of emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(1), 49–58.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference De Lissnyder, E., Koster, E. H., Derakshan, N., & De Raedt, R. (2010). The association between depressive symptoms and executive control impairments in response to emotional and non-emotional information. Cognition and Emotion, 24(2), 264–280.CrossRef De Lissnyder, E., Koster, E. H., Derakshan, N., & De Raedt, R. (2010). The association between depressive symptoms and executive control impairments in response to emotional and non-emotional information. Cognition and Emotion, 24(2), 264–280.CrossRef
go back to reference Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (2002). Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(2), 225–236.CrossRefPubMed Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (2002). Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(2), 225–236.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Doniger, G. (2011). Mindstreams: Survey Responses. In support of P. J. Snyder, C. E. Jackson, R. C. Petersen, A. S. Khachaturian, J. Kaye, M. Albert, S. Weintraub (2011). The PAD2020 Survey of Cognitive Instruments for the Study of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association. Retrieved from http://www.pad2020.org/CTCR/CTCRSummaries/. Doniger, G. (2011). Mindstreams: Survey Responses. In support of P. J. Snyder, C. E. Jackson, R. C. Petersen, A. S. Khachaturian, J. Kaye, M. Albert, S. Weintraub (2011). The PAD2020 Survey of Cognitive Instruments for the Study of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association. Retrieved from http://​www.​pad2020.​org/​CTCR/​CTCRSummaries/​.
go back to reference Doniger, G. M., Simon, E. S., & Schweiger, A. (2008). Adjustment of cognitive scores with a co-normed estimate of premorbid intelligence: Implementation using Mindstreams computerized testing. Applied Neuropsychology, 15, 250–263.CrossRefPubMed Doniger, G. M., Simon, E. S., & Schweiger, A. (2008). Adjustment of cognitive scores with a co-normed estimate of premorbid intelligence: Implementation using Mindstreams computerized testing. Applied Neuropsychology, 15, 250–263.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Dwolatzky, T., Whitehead, V., Doniger, G. M., Simon, E. S., Schweiger, A., Jaffe, D., & Chertkow, H. (2003). Validity of a novel computerized cognitive battery for mild cognitive impairment. BMC Geriatrics, 3, 4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dwolatzky, T., Whitehead, V., Doniger, G. M., Simon, E. S., Schweiger, A., Jaffe, D., & Chertkow, H. (2003). Validity of a novel computerized cognitive battery for mild cognitive impairment. BMC Geriatrics, 3, 4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Enright, S. J., & Beech, A. R. (1993). Reduced cognitive inhibition in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32(1), 67–74.CrossRefPubMed Enright, S. J., & Beech, A. R. (1993). Reduced cognitive inhibition in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32(1), 67–74.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Eysenck, M. W., & Derakshan, N. (2011). New perspectives in attentional control theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 955–960.CrossRef Eysenck, M. W., & Derakshan, N. (2011). New perspectives in attentional control theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 955–960.CrossRef
go back to reference Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion (Washington, D. C.), 7(2), 336–353.CrossRef Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion (Washington, D. C.), 7(2), 336–353.CrossRef
go back to reference Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2004). The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(1), 101–135.CrossRef Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2004). The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(1), 101–135.CrossRef
go back to reference Guy, W. (1976). Assessment manual for psychopharmacology: US Government Printing Office. Guy, W. (1976). Assessment manual for psychopharmacology: US Government Printing Office.
go back to reference Hallion, L. S., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive bias modification on anxiety and depression. Psychological Bulletin, 137(6), 940–958.CrossRefPubMed Hallion, L. S., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive bias modification on anxiety and depression. Psychological Bulletin, 137(6), 940–958.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hallion, L. S., & Ruscio, A. M. (2013). Should uncontrollable worry be removed from the definition of GAD? A test of incremental validity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(2), 369–375.CrossRefPubMed Hallion, L. S., & Ruscio, A. M. (2013). Should uncontrollable worry be removed from the definition of GAD? A test of incremental validity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(2), 369–375.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hallion, L.S., Ruscio, A. M., & Jha, A. P. (2014). Fractionating the role of executive control in control over worry: A preliminary investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 54, 1–6.CrossRefPubMed Hallion, L.S., Ruscio, A. M., & Jha, A. P. (2014). Fractionating the role of executive control in control over worry: A preliminary investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 54, 1–6.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hayes, S., Hirsch, C., & Mathews, A. (2008). Restriction of working memory capacity during worry. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(3), 712–717.CrossRefPubMed Hayes, S., Hirsch, C., & Mathews, A. (2008). Restriction of working memory capacity during worry. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(3), 712–717.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hegedish, O., Doniger, G. M., & Schweiger, A. (2012). Detecting response bias on the MindStreams Battery. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 19(2), 262–281.CrossRef Hegedish, O., Doniger, G. M., & Schweiger, A. (2012). Detecting response bias on the MindStreams Battery. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 19(2), 262–281.CrossRef
go back to reference Joormann, J. (2006). Differential effects of rumination and dysphoria on the inhibition of irrelevant emotional material: Evidence from a negative priming task. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 149–160.CrossRef Joormann, J. (2006). Differential effects of rumination and dysphoria on the inhibition of irrelevant emotional material: Evidence from a negative priming task. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 149–160.CrossRef
go back to reference Joormann, J. (2010). Cognitive inhibition and emotion regulation in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(3), 161–166.CrossRef Joormann, J. (2010). Cognitive inhibition and emotion regulation in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(3), 161–166.CrossRef
go back to reference Joormann, J., Hertel, P. T., LeMoult, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009). Training forgetting of negative material in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 34–43.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Joormann, J., Hertel, P. T., LeMoult, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009). Training forgetting of negative material in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 34–43.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Jorm, A. F. (2000). Does old age reduce the risk of anxiety and depression? A review of epidemiological studies across the adult life span. Psychological Medicine, 30(01), 11–22.CrossRefPubMed Jorm, A. F. (2000). Does old age reduce the risk of anxiety and depression? A review of epidemiological studies across the adult life span. Psychological Medicine, 30(01), 11–22.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kindt, M., Bierman, D., & Brosschot, J. F. (1996). Stroop versus Stroop: Comparison of a card format and a single-trial format of the standard color-word Stroop task and the emotional Stroop task. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(5), 653–661.CrossRef Kindt, M., Bierman, D., & Brosschot, J. F. (1996). Stroop versus Stroop: Comparison of a card format and a single-trial format of the standard color-word Stroop task and the emotional Stroop task. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(5), 653–661.CrossRef
go back to reference Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Weiller, E., Amorim, P., Bonora, I., Dunbar, G. C., et al. (1997). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: Reliability and validity according to the CIDI. European Psychiatry, 12(5), 224–231.CrossRef Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Weiller, E., Amorim, P., Bonora, I., Dunbar, G. C., et al. (1997). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: Reliability and validity according to the CIDI. European Psychiatry, 12(5), 224–231.CrossRef
go back to reference Leigh, E., & Hirsch, C. R. (2011). Worry in imagery and verbal form: Effect on residual working memory capacity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(2), 99–105.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Leigh, E., & Hirsch, C. R. (2011). Worry in imagery and verbal form: Effect on residual working memory capacity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(2), 99–105.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202.CrossRef Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202.CrossRef
go back to reference López-Pina, J. A., Sánchez-Meca, J., & Rosa-Alcázar, A. I. (2009). The Hamilton rating scale for depression: A meta-analytic reliability generalization study. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 9, 143–159. López-Pina, J. A., Sánchez-Meca, J., & Rosa-Alcázar, A. I. (2009). The Hamilton rating scale for depression: A meta-analytic reliability generalization study. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 9, 143–159.
go back to reference Mathews, A. (1990). Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 455–468.CrossRefPubMed Mathews, A. (1990). Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 455–468.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference McNally, R. J. (1995). Automaticity and the anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(7), 747–754.CrossRefPubMed McNally, R. J. (1995). Automaticity and the anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(7), 747–754.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487–495.CrossRefPubMed Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487–495.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100.CrossRefPubMed Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2005). Attentional bias in generalized anxiety disorder versus major depressive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(1), 29–45.CrossRef Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2005). Attentional bias in generalized anxiety disorder versus major depressive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(1), 29–45.CrossRef
go back to reference Nee, D. E., Wager, T. D., & Jonides, J. (2007). Interference resolution: Insights from a meta-analysis of neuroimaging tasks. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(1), 1–17.CrossRef Nee, D. E., Wager, T. D., & Jonides, J. (2007). Interference resolution: Insights from a meta-analysis of neuroimaging tasks. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(1), 1–17.CrossRef
go back to reference Nigg, J. T. (2000). On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 126(2), 220–246.CrossRefPubMed Nigg, J. T. (2000). On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 126(2), 220–246.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424.CrossRefPubMed Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Owen, A. M., Hampshire, A., Grahn, J. A., Stenton, R., Dajani, S., Burns, A. S., Howard, R. J., & Ballard, C. G. (2010). Putting brain training to the test. Nature, 465(7299), 775–778.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Owen, A. M., Hampshire, A., Grahn, J. A., Stenton, R., Dajani, S., Burns, A. S., Howard, R. J., & Ballard, C. G. (2010). Putting brain training to the test. Nature, 465(7299), 775–778.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Peers, P. V., & Lawrence, A. D. (2009). Attentional control of emotional distraction in rapid serial visual presentation. Emotion (Washington, D. C.), 9(1), 140–145.CrossRef Peers, P. V., & Lawrence, A. D. (2009). Attentional control of emotional distraction in rapid serial visual presentation. Emotion (Washington, D. C.), 9(1), 140–145.CrossRef
go back to reference Price, R. B., & Mohlman, J. (2007). Inhibitory control and symptom severity in late life generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2628–2639.CrossRefPubMed Price, R. B., & Mohlman, J. (2007). Inhibitory control and symptom severity in late life generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2628–2639.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Raven, J., Raven, J. C., & Court, J. H. (2003). Manual for Raven’s progressive matrices and vocabulary scales. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment. Raven, J., Raven, J. C., & Court, J. H. (2003). Manual for Raven’s progressive matrices and vocabulary scales. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
go back to reference Riccio, C. A., Reynolds, C. R., & Lowe, P. A. (2001). Clinical applications of continuous performance tests: Measuring attention and impulsive responding in children and adults. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Riccio, C. A., Reynolds, C. R., & Lowe, P. A. (2001). Clinical applications of continuous performance tests: Measuring attention and impulsive responding in children and adults. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
go back to reference Roberts, R. J., Hager, L. D., & Heron, C. (1994). Prefrontal cognitive processes: Working memory and inhibition in the antisaccade task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123(4), 374–393.CrossRef Roberts, R. J., Hager, L. D., & Heron, C. (1994). Prefrontal cognitive processes: Working memory and inhibition in the antisaccade task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123(4), 374–393.CrossRef
go back to reference Schweiger, A., Abramovitch, A., Doniger, G. M., & Simon, E. S. (2007). A clinical construct validity study of a novel computerized battery for the diagnosis of ADHD in young adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29(1), 100–111.CrossRefPubMed Schweiger, A., Abramovitch, A., Doniger, G. M., & Simon, E. S. (2007). A clinical construct validity study of a novel computerized battery for the diagnosis of ADHD in young adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29(1), 100–111.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Shear, M. K., Vanderbilt, J., Rucci, P., Endicott, J., Lydiard, B., Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., Chandler, L., Williams, J., Alli, A., & Frank, B. M. (2001). Reliability and validity of a structured guard for the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (SIGH-A). Anxiety, 13, 166–178.CrossRefPubMed Shear, M. K., Vanderbilt, J., Rucci, P., Endicott, J., Lydiard, B., Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., Chandler, L., Williams, J., Alli, A., & Frank, B. M. (2001). Reliability and validity of a structured guard for the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (SIGH-A). Anxiety, 13, 166–178.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Keskiner, A., et al. (1997). The validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) according to the SCID-P and its reliability. European Psychiatry, 12(5), 232–241.CrossRef Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Keskiner, A., et al. (1997). The validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) according to the SCID-P and its reliability. European Psychiatry, 12(5), 232–241.CrossRef
go back to reference Snyder, H. R. (2013). Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: A meta-analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 81–132.CrossRefPubMed Snyder, H. R. (2013). Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: A meta-analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 81–132.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Stange, J. P., Connolly, S. L., Burke, T. A., Hamilton, J. L., Hamlat, E. J., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2016). Inflexible cognition predicts first onset of major depressive episodes in adolescence. Depression and Anxiety,1–8. Stange, J. P., Connolly, S. L., Burke, T. A., Hamilton, J. L., Hamlat, E. J., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2016). Inflexible cognition predicts first onset of major depressive episodes in adolescence. Depression and Anxiety,1–8.
go back to reference Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 643–662.CrossRef Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 643–662.CrossRef
go back to reference Tempesta, D., Mazza, M., Serroni, N., Moschetta, F. S., Di Giannanto, M., Ferrara, M., & De Berardis, D. (2013). Neuropsychological functioning in young subjects with generalized anxiety disorder with and without pharmacotherapy. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 45, 236–241.CrossRefPubMed Tempesta, D., Mazza, M., Serroni, N., Moschetta, F. S., Di Giannanto, M., Ferrara, M., & De Berardis, D. (2013). Neuropsychological functioning in young subjects with generalized anxiety disorder with and without pharmacotherapy. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 45, 236–241.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference West, R. L. (1996). An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychological Bulletin, 120(2), 272–292.CrossRefPubMed West, R. L. (1996). An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychological Bulletin, 120(2), 272–292.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Williams, J. B. (1988). A structured interview guide for the Hamilton depression rating scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45(8), 742–747.CrossRefPubMed Williams, J. B. (1988). A structured interview guide for the Hamilton depression rating scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45(8), 742–747.CrossRefPubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Cognitive Control in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Relation of Inhibition Impairments to Worry and Anxiety Severity
Auteurs
Lauren S. Hallion
David F. Tolin
Michal Assaf
John Goethe
Gretchen J. Diefenbach
Publicatiedatum
16-01-2017
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 4/2017
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-017-9832-2

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2017

Cognitive Therapy and Research 4/2017 Naar de uitgave