10-06-2016 | Original Article | Uitgave 1/2017 Open Access

Cognitive Bias as a Mediator in the Relation Between Fear-Enhancing Parental Behaviors and Anxiety Symptoms in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study
- Tijdschrift:
- Child Psychiatry & Human Development > Uitgave 1/2017
Introduction
Method
Participants
Child Measures
Parent Measures
Procedure
Statistical Analyses
Results
General Results
Mothers
|
α
|
Fathers
|
α
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Children
|
||||
PEAC modeling
|
10.77 (3.14)
a
|
.65
|
9.39 (2.82)
b
|
.66
|
PEAC threat info
|
22.94 (4.96)
a
|
.80
|
21.14 (5.44)
b
|
.84
|
Parents
|
||||
PEAC modeling
|
9.40 (2.69)
b
|
.77
|
9.19 (2.46)
b
|
.68
|
PEAC threat info
|
20.24 (4.27)
b
|
.81
|
20.97 (3.54)
b
|
.72
|
STAI trait anxiety
|
31.90 (8.12)
|
.92
|
31.86 (8.88)
|
.94
|
POM overprotection
|
24.12 (10.40)
|
.88
|
25.06 (10.08)
|
.87
|
Correlation Analysis
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
(6)
|
(7)
|
(8)
|
(9)
|
(10)
|
(11)
|
(12)
|
(13)
|
(14)
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child
|
||||||||||||||
1. Confirmation bias
|
||||||||||||||
2. Interpretation bias
|
.20**
|
|||||||||||||
3. PEAC modeling M
|
.18**
|
.27**
|
||||||||||||
4. PEAC modeling F
|
.17**
|
.20**
|
.70**
|
|||||||||||
5. PEAC threat info M
|
.33**
|
.25**
|
.47**
|
.37**
|
||||||||||
6. PEAC threat info F
|
.29**
|
.26**
|
.31**
|
.44**
|
.83**
|
|||||||||
7. SCARED total anxiety
|
.31**
|
.49**
|
.37**
|
.36**
|
.33**
|
.32**
|
||||||||
Mother
|
||||||||||||||
8. STAI Trait anxiety
|
.06
|
.02
|
.00
|
−.03
|
.00
|
−.04
|
.02
|
|||||||
9. POM overprotection
|
.00
|
.05
|
.14*
|
.16*
|
.08
|
.06
|
.12
|
.20**
|
||||||
10. PEAC Modeling
|
−.05
|
.06
|
.25**
|
.06
|
.09
|
−.08
|
.11
|
.28**
|
.20**
|
|||||
11. PEAC threat info
|
.07
|
.04
|
.14*
|
.11
|
.15*
|
.10
|
.17*
|
.14*
|
.60**
|
.40**
|
||||
Father
|
||||||||||||||
12. STAI trait anxiety
|
−.13
|
−.03
|
.00
|
.11
|
−.16
|
−.12
|
−.06
|
.20*
|
−.02
|
−.05
|
−.12
|
|||
13. POM overprotection
|
.04
|
−.14
|
−.11
|
.03
|
.09
|
.15
|
.05
|
.10
|
.38*
|
−.13
|
.10
|
.06
|
||
14. PEAC modeling
|
.04
|
−.03
|
.16
|
.28**
|
.09
|
.10
|
.03
|
−.08
|
−.04
|
.12
|
.04
|
.23*
|
.06
|
|
15. PEAC threat info
|
.09
|
−.04
|
−.12
|
−.08
|
.11
|
.13
|
−.05
|
−.01
|
.17
|
−.08
|
.15
|
.04
|
.55**
|
.14
|
The Mediating Role of Cognitive Biases
IV
|
M
|
Effect of IV on M
|
Effect of M on DV
|
Direct effect
|
Indirect effect
|
Total effect
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mothers
|
||||||
Threat information
|
Confirmation bias
|
.31***
|
.17**
|
.09
|
.05ª
|
.20**
|
Interpretation bias
|
.16*
|
.39***
|
.16ª
|
|||
Modeling
|
Confirmation bias
|
.03
|
.17**
|
.19**
|
.01
|
.28***
|
Interpretation bias
|
.20**
|
.39***
|
.08ª
|
|||
Fathers
|
||||||
Threat information
|
Confirmation bias
|
.26***
|
.18**
|
.06
|
.05ª
|
.20**
|
Interpretation bias
|
.21**
|
.42***
|
.09ª
|
|||
Modeling
|
Confirmation bias
|
.05
|
.18**
|
.21***
|
.01
|
.27***
|
Interpretation bias
|
.11
|
.42***
|
.05
|
Discussion
Summary
Appendix
Father
|
Mother
|
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not at all true (0)
|
Somewhat true (1)
|
True (2)
|
Very true (3)
|
Not at all true (0)
|
Somewhat true (1)
|
True (2)
|
Very true (3)
|
|
1. This parent warns me about potential dangers, to prevent accidents from happening
|
||||||||
2. When I am anxious to do something, this parent cannot conceal his/her worries
|
||||||||
3. This parent explicitly warns me that I should be careful when I leave home
|
||||||||
4. This parent warns me that I should never talk to strangers because of bad things that might happen
|
||||||||
5. When this parent is scared, his/her body language reveals his/her fear (e.g., fidgeting hands, sweating, trembling, touching neck or face)
|
||||||||
6. This parent shows when he/she is in panic in my presence
|
||||||||
7. When this parent is scared, he/she has a fearful expression on his/her face in my presence
|
||||||||
8. This parent shows me that he/she is afraid to do certain things
|
||||||||
9. This parent warns me explicitly that I should avoid dangerous situations
|
||||||||
10. This parent tells me that the world is not always a safe place
|
||||||||
11. Even if this parent tries to hide his/her fear, I can still see that he/she is anxious
|
||||||||
12. When I do something new or go to a new place, this parent warns me about the things that could go wrong
|
||||||||
13. This parent points out to me that an accident can always happen
|
||||||||
14. This parent warns me explicitly not to go along with unfamiliar people
|