Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 7/2016

08-03-2016 | Original Paper

Classifying Autism Spectrum Disorders by ADI-R: Subtypes or Severity Gradient?

Auteurs: Hannah Cholemkery, Juliane Medda, Thomas Lempp, Christine M. Freitag

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 7/2016

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

To reduce phenotypic heterogeneity of Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and add to the current diagnostic discussion this study aimed at identifying clinically meaningful ASD subgroups. Cluster analyses were used to describe empirically derived groups based on the Autism Diagnostic Interview-revised (ADI-R) in a large sample of n = 463 individuals with ASD aged 3–21. Three clusters were observed. Most severely affected individuals regarding all core symptoms were allocated to cluster 2. Cluster 3 comprised moderate symptom severity of social communication impairments (SCI) and less stereotyped repetitive behavior (RRB). Minor SCI and relatively more RRB characterized cluster 1. This study offers support for both, a symptom profile, and a gradient model of ASD within the spectrum due to the sample included.
Literatuur
go back to reference Achenbach, T. M. (1998). Elternfragebogen über das Verhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen; Deutsche Bearbeitung der Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/4-18). Köln: Arbeitsgruppe Kinder-, Jugend- und Familiendiagnostik. Achenbach, T. M. (1998). Elternfragebogen über das Verhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen; Deutsche Bearbeitung der Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/4-18). Köln: Arbeitsgruppe Kinder-, Jugend- und Familiendiagnostik.
go back to reference Aster, M., Neubauer, A., & Horn, R. (2006). Wechsler Intelligenztest für Erwachsene (WIE). Frankfurt a. Main: Harcourt Test Services. Aster, M., Neubauer, A., & Horn, R. (2006). Wechsler Intelligenztest für Erwachsene (WIE). Frankfurt a. Main: Harcourt Test Services.
go back to reference Bölte, S., Crecelius, K., & Poustka, F. (2000). Der Fragebogen über Verhalten und soziale Kommunikation: psychometrische Eigenschaften eines Autismus-Screening-Instruments für Forschung und Praxis. Diagnostica, 46, 149–155.CrossRef Bölte, S., Crecelius, K., & Poustka, F. (2000). Der Fragebogen über Verhalten und soziale Kommunikation: psychometrische Eigenschaften eines Autismus-Screening-Instruments für Forschung und Praxis. Diagnostica, 46, 149–155.CrossRef
go back to reference Bölte, S., & Poustka, F. (2006). Fragebogen zur Sozialen Kommunikation—Autismus Screening (FSK). Deutsche Fassung des Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ). Bern: Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG. Bölte, S., & Poustka, F. (2006). Fragebogen zur Sozialen Kommunikation—Autismus Screening (FSK). Deutsche Fassung des Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ). Bern: Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG.
go back to reference Bölte, S., & Poustka, F. (2008). Skala zur Erfassung Sozialer Reaktivität (SRS). Bern: Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG. Bölte, S., & Poustka, F. (2008). Skala zur Erfassung Sozialer Reaktivität (SRS). Bern: Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG.
go back to reference Bölte, S., Poustka, F., & Constantino, J. N. (2008). Assessing autistic traits: Cross-cultural validation of the social responsiveness scale (SRS). Autism Research, 1, 354–363.CrossRefPubMed Bölte, S., Poustka, F., & Constantino, J. N. (2008). Assessing autistic traits: Cross-cultural validation of the social responsiveness scale (SRS). Autism Research, 1, 354–363.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bölte, S., Rühl, D., Schmötzer, G., & Poustka, F. (2006). Diagnostisches Interview für Autismus—Revidiert. Deutsche Fassung des Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised von Michael Rutter, Ann LeCouteur und Catherine Lord; 1. Auflage. Bern: Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG. Bölte, S., Rühl, D., Schmötzer, G., & Poustka, F. (2006). Diagnostisches Interview für Autismus—Revidiert. Deutsche Fassung des Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised von Michael Rutter, Ann LeCouteur und Catherine Lord; 1. Auflage. Bern: Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG.
go back to reference Brennan, L., Barton, M., Chen, C.-M., Green, J., & Fein, D. (2014). Detecting subgroups in children with pervasive developmental disorders—not otherwise specified. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 45(5), 1329–1344.CrossRef Brennan, L., Barton, M., Chen, C.-M., Green, J., & Fein, D. (2014). Detecting subgroups in children with pervasive developmental disorders—not otherwise specified. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 45(5), 1329–1344.CrossRef
go back to reference Bulheller, S., & Häcker, H. O. (Eds.). (2002). Coloured progressive matrices (CPM). Deutsche Bearbeitung und Normierung nach J. C. Raven. Frankfurt: Pearson Assessment. Bulheller, S., & Häcker, H. O. (Eds.). (2002). Coloured progressive matrices (CPM). Deutsche Bearbeitung und Normierung nach J. C. Raven. Frankfurt: Pearson Assessment.
go back to reference Constantino, J. N., Gruber, C. P., Davis, S., Hayes, S., Passanante, N., & Przybeck, T. (2004). The factor structure of autistic traits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(4), 719–726.CrossRefPubMed Constantino, J. N., Gruber, C. P., Davis, S., Hayes, S., Passanante, N., & Przybeck, T. (2004). The factor structure of autistic traits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(4), 719–726.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Döpfner, M., Schmeck, K., & Berner, W. (1994). Handbuch: Elternfragebogen über das Verhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Forschungsergebnisse zur deutschen Fassung der Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/4-18). Köln: Arbeitsgruppe Kinder-, Jugend- und Familiendiagnostik (KJFD). Döpfner, M., Schmeck, K., & Berner, W. (1994). Handbuch: Elternfragebogen über das Verhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Forschungsergebnisse zur deutschen Fassung der Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/4-18). Köln: Arbeitsgruppe Kinder-, Jugend- und Familiendiagnostik (KJFD).
go back to reference Duku, E., Szatmari, P., Vaillancourt, T., Georgiades, S., Thompson, A., Liu, X.-Q., et al. (2013). Measurement equivalence of the autism symptom phenotype in children and youth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(12), 1346–1355.CrossRefPubMed Duku, E., Szatmari, P., Vaillancourt, T., Georgiades, S., Thompson, A., Liu, X.-Q., et al. (2013). Measurement equivalence of the autism symptom phenotype in children and youth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(12), 1346–1355.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, D. M. (2007). Peabody picture vocabulary test (4th ed.). Pearson Assessments: San Antonio, TX. Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, D. M. (2007). Peabody picture vocabulary test (4th ed.). Pearson Assessments: San Antonio, TX.
go back to reference Eaves, L. C., Ho, H. H., & Eaves, D. M. (1994). Subtypes of autism by cluster analysis. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 24(1), 3–22.CrossRefPubMed Eaves, L. C., Ho, H. H., & Eaves, D. M. (1994). Subtypes of autism by cluster analysis. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 24(1), 3–22.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fein, D., Stevens, M., Dunn, M., Waterhouse, L., Allen, D., & Rapin, I. (1999). Subtypes of pervasive developmental disorder: Clinical characteristics. Child Neuropsychology, 5, 1–23.CrossRef Fein, D., Stevens, M., Dunn, M., Waterhouse, L., Allen, D., & Rapin, I. (1999). Subtypes of pervasive developmental disorder: Clinical characteristics. Child Neuropsychology, 5, 1–23.CrossRef
go back to reference Georgiades, S., Szatmari, P., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Brian, J., Roberts, W., et al. (2013). A prospective study of autistic-like traits in unaffected siblings of probands with autism spectrum disorders. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(1), 42–48.CrossRefPubMed Georgiades, S., Szatmari, P., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Brian, J., Roberts, W., et al. (2013). A prospective study of autistic-like traits in unaffected siblings of probands with autism spectrum disorders. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(1), 42–48.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Gotham, K., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2009). Standardized ADOS scores for a measure of severity in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 39(5), 693–705.CrossRefPubMed Gotham, K., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2009). Standardized ADOS scores for a measure of severity in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 39(5), 693–705.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Greaves-Lord, K., Eussen, M. L., Verhulst, F. C., Minderaa, R. B., Mandy, W., Hudziak, J. J., et al. (2012). Empirically based phenotypic profiles of children with pervasive developmental disorders: Interpretation in the light of the DSM-5. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 43(8), 1784–1797.CrossRef Greaves-Lord, K., Eussen, M. L., Verhulst, F. C., Minderaa, R. B., Mandy, W., Hudziak, J. J., et al. (2012). Empirically based phenotypic profiles of children with pervasive developmental disorders: Interpretation in the light of the DSM-5. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 43(8), 1784–1797.CrossRef
go back to reference Hair, J. F., & Black, W. C. (2000). Cluster analysis. In L. G. Grimm & P. R. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and understanding more multivariate statistics (pp. 147–205). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Hair, J. F., & Black, W. C. (2000). Cluster analysis. In L. G. Grimm & P. R. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and understanding more multivariate statistics (pp. 147–205). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
go back to reference Horn, R. (Ed.). (2009). Standard progressive matrices (SPM). Deutsche Bearbeitung und Normierung nach J. C. Raven (2nd ed.). Frankfurt: Pearson Assessment. Horn, R. (Ed.). (2009). Standard progressive matrices (SPM). Deutsche Bearbeitung und Normierung nach J. C. Raven (2nd ed.). Frankfurt: Pearson Assessment.
go back to reference Hu, V. W., & Steinberg, M. E. (2009). Novel clustering of items form the Autism diagnostic interview-revised to define phenotypes within autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research, 2(2), 67–77.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hu, V. W., & Steinberg, M. E. (2009). Novel clustering of items form the Autism diagnostic interview-revised to define phenotypes within autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research, 2(2), 67–77.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Hus, V., Gotham, K., & Lord, C. (2014). Standardizing ADOS domain scores: separating severity of social affect and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2400–2412.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hus, V., Gotham, K., & Lord, C. (2014). Standardizing ADOS domain scores: separating severity of social affect and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2400–2412.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Hus, V., & Lord, C. (2013). Effects of child characteristics on the autism diagnostic interview-revised: Implications as a measure of ASD severity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(2), 371–381.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hus, V., & Lord, C. (2013). Effects of child characteristics on the autism diagnostic interview-revised: Implications as a measure of ASD severity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(2), 371–381.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Hus, V., & Lord, C. (2014). The autism diagnostic observation schedule, module 4: Revised algorithm and standardized severity scores. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 1996–2012.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hus, V., & Lord, C. (2014). The autism diagnostic observation schedule, module 4: Revised algorithm and standardized severity scores. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 1996–2012.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Hus, V., Pickles, A., Cook, E. H., Risi, S., & Lord, C. (2007). Using the autism diagnostic interview-revised to increase phenotypic homogeneity in genetic studies of autism. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 438–448.CrossRefPubMed Hus, V., Pickles, A., Cook, E. H., Risi, S., & Lord, C. (2007). Using the autism diagnostic interview-revised to increase phenotypic homogeneity in genetic studies of autism. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 438–448.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Jansen, R., Ceulemans, E., Grauwels, J., Maljaars, J., Zink, I., Steyaert, J., & Noens, I. (2013). Young children with language difficulties: A dimensional approach of subgrouping. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(11), 4115–4124.CrossRefPubMed Jansen, R., Ceulemans, E., Grauwels, J., Maljaars, J., Zink, I., Steyaert, J., & Noens, I. (2013). Young children with language difficulties: A dimensional approach of subgrouping. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(11), 4115–4124.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2012). Combining information from multiple sources for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders for toddlers and young preschoolers from 12 to 47 months of age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(2), 143–151.CrossRefPubMed Kim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2012). Combining information from multiple sources for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders for toddlers and young preschoolers from 12 to 47 months of age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(2), 143–151.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kim, S. H., Thurm, A., Shumway, S., & Lord, C. (2013). Multisite study of new autism diagnostic interview-revised (ADI-R) algorithms for toddlers and young preschoolers. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 43(7), 1527–1538.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kim, S. H., Thurm, A., Shumway, S., & Lord, C. (2013). Multisite study of new autism diagnostic interview-revised (ADI-R) algorithms for toddlers and young preschoolers. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 43(7), 1527–1538.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Lord, C., & Bishop, S. L. (2015). Recent advances in autism research as reflected in DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 53–70.CrossRefPubMed Lord, C., & Bishop, S. L. (2015). Recent advances in autism research as reflected in DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 53–70.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lord, C., Petkova, E., Hus, V., & Risi, S. (2012). A multi-site study of the clinical diagnosis of different autism spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(3), 306–313.CrossRefPubMed Lord, C., Petkova, E., Hus, V., & Risi, S. (2012). A multi-site study of the clinical diagnosis of different autism spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(3), 306–313.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Mandy, W., Charman, T., Gilmour, J., & Skuse, D. (2011). Toward specifying pervasive developmental disorders-not otherwise specified. Autism Research, 4(2), 121–131.CrossRefPubMed Mandy, W., Charman, T., Gilmour, J., & Skuse, D. (2011). Toward specifying pervasive developmental disorders-not otherwise specified. Autism Research, 4(2), 121–131.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Melchers, P., & Preuß, U. (2009). Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, dt. Version (K-ABC). Frankfurt/M: Pearson Assessment. Melchers, P., & Preuß, U. (2009). Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, dt. Version (K-ABC). Frankfurt/M: Pearson Assessment.
go back to reference Obafemi-Ajayi, T., Miles, J. H., Takahashi, T. N., Qi, W., Aldridge, K., Zhang, M., et al. (2014). Facial structure analysis separates autism spectrum disorders into meaningful clinical subgroups. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 45(5), 1302–1317.CrossRef Obafemi-Ajayi, T., Miles, J. H., Takahashi, T. N., Qi, W., Aldridge, K., Zhang, M., et al. (2014). Facial structure analysis separates autism spectrum disorders into meaningful clinical subgroups. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 45(5), 1302–1317.CrossRef
go back to reference Pearson, D. A., Loveland, K. A., Lachar, D., Lane, D. M., Reddoch, S. L., Mansour, R., & Cleveland, L. A. (2006). A comparison of behavioral and emotional functioning in children and adolescents with Autistic Disorder and PDD-NOS. Child Neuropsychology, 12(4–5), 321–333.CrossRefPubMed Pearson, D. A., Loveland, K. A., Lachar, D., Lane, D. M., Reddoch, S. L., Mansour, R., & Cleveland, L. A. (2006). A comparison of behavioral and emotional functioning in children and adolescents with Autistic Disorder and PDD-NOS. Child Neuropsychology, 12(4–5), 321–333.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Petermann, F., & Petermann, U. (2010). Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest für Kinder-IV. Bern: Hans Huber. Petermann, F., & Petermann, U. (2010). Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest für Kinder-IV. Bern: Hans Huber.
go back to reference Ring, H., Woodbury-Smith, M., Watson, P., Wheelwright, S., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2008). Clinical heterogeneity among people with high functioning autism spectrum conditions: evidence favouring a continuous severity gradient. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 4(11), 1–6.CrossRef Ring, H., Woodbury-Smith, M., Watson, P., Wheelwright, S., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2008). Clinical heterogeneity among people with high functioning autism spectrum conditions: evidence favouring a continuous severity gradient. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 4(11), 1–6.CrossRef
go back to reference Risi, S., Lord, C., Gotham, K., Corsello, C., Chrysler, C., Szatmari, P., et al. (2006). Combining information of multiple sources in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(9), 1094–1103.CrossRef Risi, S., Lord, C., Gotham, K., Corsello, C., Chrysler, C., Szatmari, P., et al. (2006). Combining information of multiple sources in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(9), 1094–1103.CrossRef
go back to reference Rühl, D., Bölte, S., Feineis-Matthews, S., & Poustka, F. (2004). Diagnostische Beobachtungsskala für Autistische Störungen. Deutsche Fassung der Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Bern: Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG. Rühl, D., Bölte, S., Feineis-Matthews, S., & Poustka, F. (2004). Diagnostische Beobachtungsskala für Autistische Störungen. Deutsche Fassung der Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Bern: Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG.
go back to reference Rutter, M., Bailey, A., & Lord, C. (2001). Social communication questionnaire (SCQ). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services. Rutter, M., Bailey, A., & Lord, C. (2001). Social communication questionnaire (SCQ). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
go back to reference Rutter, M., LeCouteur, A., & Lord, C. (2003). Autism diagnostic interview-revised (ADI-R). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services. Rutter, M., LeCouteur, A., & Lord, C. (2003). Autism diagnostic interview-revised (ADI-R). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
go back to reference Schopler, E., Reichler, R., & Rochen, Renner B. (1988). The childhood autism rating scale. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services. Schopler, E., Reichler, R., & Rochen, Renner B. (1988). The childhood autism rating scale. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
go back to reference Sevin, J., Matson, J., Coe, D., Love, S., Matese, M., & Benavidez, D. (1995). Empirically derived subtypes of pervasive developmental disorders: A cluster analytic study. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 25, 561–578.CrossRefPubMed Sevin, J., Matson, J., Coe, D., Love, S., Matese, M., & Benavidez, D. (1995). Empirically derived subtypes of pervasive developmental disorders: A cluster analytic study. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 25, 561–578.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Siegel, B., Anders, T., Ciaranello, R., Bienenstock, B., & Kramer, H. (1986). Empirically derived sub-classification of the autistic syndrome. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 16, 275–294.CrossRefPubMed Siegel, B., Anders, T., Ciaranello, R., Bienenstock, B., & Kramer, H. (1986). Empirically derived sub-classification of the autistic syndrome. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 16, 275–294.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Snow, A. V., & Lecavalier, L. (2011). Comparing autism, PDD-NOS, and other developmental disabilities on parent-reported behavior problems: Little evidence for ASD subtype validity. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 41, 302–310.CrossRefPubMed Snow, A. V., & Lecavalier, L. (2011). Comparing autism, PDD-NOS, and other developmental disabilities on parent-reported behavior problems: Little evidence for ASD subtype validity. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 41, 302–310.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Spiker, D., Lotspeich, L. J., Dimiceli, S., Myers, R. M., & Risch, N. (2002). Behavioral phenotypic variation in autism multiplex families: Evidence for a continuous severity gradient. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 114, 129–136.CrossRefPubMed Spiker, D., Lotspeich, L. J., Dimiceli, S., Myers, R. M., & Risch, N. (2002). Behavioral phenotypic variation in autism multiplex families: Evidence for a continuous severity gradient. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 114, 129–136.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Steinhausen, D., & Langer, K. (1977). Clusteranalyse: Einführung in Methoden und Verfahren der automatischen Klassifikation. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRef Steinhausen, D., & Langer, K. (1977). Clusteranalyse: Einführung in Methoden und Verfahren der automatischen Klassifikation. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRef
go back to reference Stevens, M. C., Fein, D. A., Dunn, M., Allen, D., Waterhouse, L. H., Feinstein, C., & Rapin, I. (2000). Subgroups of children with autism by cluster analysis: A longitudinal examination. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(3), 346–352.CrossRefPubMed Stevens, M. C., Fein, D. A., Dunn, M., Allen, D., Waterhouse, L. H., Feinstein, C., & Rapin, I. (2000). Subgroups of children with autism by cluster analysis: A longitudinal examination. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(3), 346–352.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Veatch, O. J., Veenstra-Vanderweele, J., Potter, M., Pericak-Vance, M. A., & Haines, J. L. (2014). Genetically meaningful phenotypic subgroups in autism spectrum disorders. Genes Brain Behavior, 13(3), 276–285.CrossRef Veatch, O. J., Veenstra-Vanderweele, J., Potter, M., Pericak-Vance, M. A., & Haines, J. L. (2014). Genetically meaningful phenotypic subgroups in autism spectrum disorders. Genes Brain Behavior, 13(3), 276–285.CrossRef
go back to reference Verté, S., Geurts, H. M., Roeyers, H., Rosseel, Y., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2006). Can the children’s communication checklist differentiate autism spectrum disorders? Autism, 10(3), 266–287.CrossRefPubMed Verté, S., Geurts, H. M., Roeyers, H., Rosseel, Y., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2006). Can the children’s communication checklist differentiate autism spectrum disorders? Autism, 10(3), 266–287.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Weiss, R. H. (2006). CFT 20-R: Grundintelligenz Skala 2-Revision. Göttingen: Hogrefe. Weiss, R. H. (2006). CFT 20-R: Grundintelligenz Skala 2-Revision. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
go back to reference Wiggins, L. D., Robins, D. L., Adamson, L. B., Bakeman, R., & Henrich, C. C. (2012). Support for a dimensional view of autism spectrum disorders in toddlers. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 42(2), 191–200.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wiggins, L. D., Robins, D. L., Adamson, L. B., Bakeman, R., & Henrich, C. C. (2012). Support for a dimensional view of autism spectrum disorders in toddlers. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 42(2), 191–200.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference World Health Organisation. (1992). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems Rev. 10. Geneva: World Health Organisation. World Health Organisation. (1992). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems Rev. 10. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
Metagegevens
Titel
Classifying Autism Spectrum Disorders by ADI-R: Subtypes or Severity Gradient?
Auteurs
Hannah Cholemkery
Juliane Medda
Thomas Lempp
Christine M. Freitag
Publicatiedatum
08-03-2016
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 7/2016
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2760-2

Andere artikelen Uitgave 7/2016

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 7/2016 Naar de uitgave