Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Violence in Adolescence

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Development of Aggression and Violence in Adolescence

Abstract

Contrary to the developmental increase in aggressive behaviors in early adolescence noted in the previous chapter, although violent behaviors increase from mid-adolescence onward into the emerging adulthood years this is followed by a decrease in prevalence in the later 20s. There is a well-documented, inverted U-shaped curvilinear association between violent behaviors and age found in longitudinal studies such as the Pittsburgh Youth Study, and in official records of crime gathered from law enforcement agencies across the USA. The prevalence of violent behavior peaks at somewhat different ages depending on, among other factors, gender, the calendar year in which the data were collected (i.e., whether during a high crime or low crime period in recent history), and whether the group observed is a high-risk sample or not.

Recent research on developmental pathways or trajectories from childhood to emerging adulthood have consistently identified the distinctive characteristics of chronically aggressive youth. They typically comprise less than 10% of boys and girls. These at-risk youth experience a “cascade” or accumulation of risk factors from childhood through early adolescence, each of which independently increases the probability of later violence. The most severely disadvantaged group appears to be largely those who are aggressive or violent rather than property or covert offenders. Personality risk factors for violence include similar but more extreme characteristics than those of aggressive children, such as limited intelligence, substance use, sensation seeking, poor management of anger, and extreme deficits in empathy and remorse. Situational risk factors increasing the probability of violent behavior are, for example, the presence of weapons, a social ecology of danger, and personal experiences with violence (e.g., victimization or witnessing violence). Secondary and tertiary prevention, starting early in life, appear to interrupt progress toward violence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Psychological Association. (1993). Violence & youth: Summary report of the American Psychological Association commission on violence and youth, Volume 1. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, C. A., Ihori, S. A., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., Rothstein, H. R., et al. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bierman, K. L., & Wargo, J. B. (1995). Predicting the longitudinal course associated with aggressive-rejected, aggressive (non-rejected), and rejected (non-aggressive) status. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 669–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blonigan, D. (2010). Explaining the relationship between age and crime: Contributions from the development literature on personality. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 89–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borduin, C., Mann, B., Cone, L., Henggeler, S., Fucci, B. R., Blaske, D. M., et al. (1995). Multisystemic treatment of serious juvenile offenders: Long-term prevention of criminality and violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 569–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borum, R., Bartel, P., & Forth, A. (2002). Manual for the structured assessment of violence risk in youth (SAVRI). Consultation version. Tampa, FL: Forida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borum, R., Bartel, P., & Forth, A. (2003). Structured assessment of violence risk in Youth: professional manual (SAVRY). Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borum, R., Bartel, P., & Forth, A. E. (2006). Manual for the structured assessment of violent risk in youth (SAVRY). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, I. R., & Moore, S. C. (2009). Weapons and violence: A review of theory and research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(3), 215–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broidy, L., Nagin, D., Tremblay, R., Bates, J., Brame, B., Dodge, K., et al. (2003). Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive disorders and adolescent delinquency: A six-site, cross-national study. Developmental Psychology, 39, 222–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2016). U.S. Arrest Estimates 1980–2012. Retrieved from http://www.bjs/gov/index.cfm?ty=datool&surl=/arrests/index.cfm

  • Bushman, B., Newman, K., Calvert, S. L., Downey, G., Dredze, M., Gottfredson, M., et al. (2016). Youth violence: What we know and what we need to know. American Psychologist, 71(1), 17–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016a). Mortality data for 2014. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/deaths

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016b). 10 leading causes of injury deaths by age group highlighting unintentional injury deaths, United States, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/injury/images/lc-charts/

  • Chermack, S., & Giancola, P. (1997). The relation between alcohol and aggression: An integrated biopsychosocial conceptualization. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 621–649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coie, J. D., & Dodge, K. A. (1998). Aggression and antisocial behavior. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, volume 3: Social, emotional and personality development (pp. 779–862). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, P. J., & Laub, J. H. (1998). The unprecedented epidemic in youth violence. Crime and Justice, 24, 27–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, P. J., & Ludwig, J. (2004). Does gun policy prevalence affect teen gun carrying after all? Criminology, 42(1), 27–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M., Wood, P., Orcutt, H., & Albino, A. (2003). Personality and the predisposition to engage in risk or problem behaviors during adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 390–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, N. M., Ronan, K. R., & Borduin, C. M. (2004). Multi-systemic treatment: A meta-analysis of outcome studies. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(3), 411–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Decker, S. H. (1996). Collective and normative features of gang violence. Justice Quarterly, 13(2), 243–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Decker, S. H. (2007). Youth gangs and violent behavior. In D. Flannery, A. Vazsonyi, & I. Waldman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior (pp. 388–402). New York: Cambridge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Decker, S. H., & VanWinkle, B. (1996). Life in the gang: Family, friends, and violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Derzon, J. (2001). Antisocial behavior and the prediction of violence: A meta-analysis. Psychology in the Schools, 38, 93–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Bates, J., & Pettit, G. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678–1683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Greenberg, M. T., Malone, P. S., & the Conduct Problems Research Group. (2008). Testing an idealized dynamic cascade model of the development of serious violence in adolescence. Child Development, 79(4), 1907–1927.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisner, M., & Malti, T. (2015). Aggressive and violent behavior. In M. E. Lamb (Vol. Ed.) & R. M. Lerner (Series Ed.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science, Vol. 3: Social, emotional and personality development (7th ed., pp. 795–884). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, D. S. (1994). Serious violent offenses: Onset, developmental course, and termination-The American Society of Criminology 1993 Presidential Address. Criminology, 32, 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Morse, B. J. (1986). Self-reported violent offending: A descriptive analysis of juvenile violent offenders and their offending careers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1, 472–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyberg, S. M., Boggs, S. R., & Algina, J. (1995). Parent-child interaction therapy: A psychosocial model for the treatment of young children with conduct problem behavior and their families. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 31(1), 83–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, J., & Wilkinson, D. (1998). Guns, youth violence, and social identity in inner cities. In M. Tonry & M. Moore (Eds.), Youth violence: Crime and justice, Volume 24 (Crime and justice: A review of research) (pp. 373–456). University of Chicago Press Journals.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D., Piquero, A. R., & Jennings, W. G. (2013). Offending from childhood to late middle age: Recent results from the Cambridge study in delinquent development. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D. P. (1991). Childhood aggression and adult violence: Early precursors and life outcomes. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhool aggression (pp. 5–93). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., & Jolliffe, D. (2008). The age–crime curve in reported offending. In R. Loeber, D. P. Farrington, M. Stouthamer-Loeber, & H. R. White (Eds.), Violence and serious theft: Development and prediction from childhood to adulthood (pp. 77–104). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontaine, N. M., LaCourse, E., Vitaro, F., & Tremblay, R. E. (2014). Links between trajectories of self-reported violent and nonviolent offending and official offending during adolescence and adulthood. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 24, 277–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, A., Glick, B., & Gibbs, J. (1998). Aggression replacement training: A comprehensive intervention for aggressive youth (Rev. ed.). Champaign, IL: Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, P. J. (1985). The drugs/violence nexus: A tripartite conceptual framework. Journal of Drug Issues, 39, 143–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorman-Smith, D., & Loeber, R. (2005). Are developmental pathways in disruptive behaviors the same for girls and boys? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14(1), 15–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., Kosterman, R., Abbott, R., & Hill, K. G. (1999). Preventing adolescent healt-risk behaviors by strengthening protection during childhood. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 153, 226–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, B., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T., & Silva, P. (1996). Temperamental and familial predictors of violent and nonviolent criminal convictions: Age 3 to age 18. Developmental Psychology, 32, 614–623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoaken, P. N. S., & Stewart, S. H. (2003). Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 1533–1534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder, L. O. (1984). Stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology, 20(6), 1120–1134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huesmann, L. R., & Kerwill, L. (2007). Why observing violence increases the risk of violent behavior. In D. J. Flannery, A. T. Vazsonyi, & I. D. Waldman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression (pp. 545–570). New York: Cambridge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Huesmann, L. R., & Moise, J. (1999). Stability and continuity of aggression from early childhood to young adulthood. In D. Flannery & C. Huff (Eds.), Youth violence: Prevention, intervention, and social policy (pp. 73–95). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huey, S., Henggeler, S., Brondino, M., & Pickrel, S. (2000). Mechanisms of change in multisystemic therapy: Reducing delinquent behavior through therapist adherence and improved family and peer functioning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 451–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, W. G., & Gonzales, J. M. R. (2016). Gangs. In K. Heilbrun (Ed.), APA handbook of psychology and Juvenile justice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, W. G., & Reingle, J. M. (2012). On the number and shape of the developmental/life-course violence, aggression, and delinquency trajectories: A state-of-the-art review. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 472–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2015: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor, Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2009). A systematic review of the relationship between childhood impulsiveness and later violence. In M. McMurren & R. Howard (Eds.), Personality, personality disorders and violence: An evidence based approach (pp. 41–61). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, D. S. (2008). The neighborhood context of racial and ethnic disparaties in arrest. Demography, 45(1), 55–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, B. K. E., Gilman, A. B., Hill, K. G., & Hawkins, J. D. (2016). Examining protective factors against violence among high-risk youth: Findings from the Seattle social development project. Journal of Criminal Justice, 45, 19–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacourse, E., Dupere, V., & Loeber, R. (2008). Developmental trajectories of violence and theft. In R. Loeber, D. P. Farrington, M. Stouthamer-Loeber, & H. R. White (Eds.), Violence and serious theft: Development and prediction from childhood to adulthood (pp. 231–268). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, G., & Profilet, S. (1996). The child behavior scale: A teacher-report measure of young children’s aggressive, withdrawn, and prosocial behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, 1008–1024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landenberger, N. A., & Lipsey, M. W. (2005). The positive effects of cognitive-behavioral programs for offenders: A meta-analysis of factors associated with effective treatment. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1, 451–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, J. M., Gaither, J. R., & Sege, R. (2014). Hospitalizations due to firearm injuries in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 133(2), 219–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipsey, M. W. (2009). The primary factors that characterize effective interventions with juvenile offenders: A meta-analytic overview. Victims and Offenders, 4, 124–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipsey, M. W., Wilson, D. B., Cohen, M. A., & Derzon, J. H. (1997). Is there are causal relationship between alcohol use and violence? A synthesis of evidence. In M. Galanter (Ed.), Recent developments on alcoholism, Alcohol and violence (Vol. 13, pp. 245–282). New York, NY: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsey, M., & Derzon, J. (1999). Predictors of violent or serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood. In R. Loeber & D. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offender (pp. 86–105). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. (2011). Young homicide offenders and victims: Development, risk factors, and prediction from childhood. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., Farrington, D., & Jolliffe, D. (2008). Comparing arrests and convictions with reported offending. In R. Loeber, D. P. Farrington, M. Stouthamer-Loeber, & H. R. White (Eds.), Violence and serious theft: Development and prediction from childhood to adulthood (pp. 105–136). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., Lacourse, E., & Homish, D. L. (2005). Homicide, violence, and developmental trajectories. In R. E. Tremblay, W. W. Hartup, & J. Archer (Eds.), Development origins of aggression (pp. 202–220). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., Menting, B., Lynam, D. R., Moffitt, T. E., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Stallings, R., et al. (2012). Findings from the Pittsburgh Youth Study: Cognitive impulsivity and intelligence as predictors of the age–crime curve. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 1136–1149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1998). Development of juvenile aggression and violence: Some common misconceptions and controversies. American Psychologist, 53, 242–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynne-Landsman, S. D., Graber, J. A., Nichols, T. R., & Boivin, G. J. (2011). Is sensation seeking a stable trait or does it change over time? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(1), 48–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, R. F. (2007). Aggression and violence in adolescence. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, R. F. (2009). Cross-sectional study of violence in emerging adulthood. Aggressive Behavior, 35(2), 188–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, R. F. (2015). Substance use and violence in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Science in the Courtroom, 1(5), 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, R. F., & Jamison, E. (2011). Violence in emerging adulthood: A developmental perspective. In M. Paludi (Ed.), The psychology of teen violence and victmization (pp. 23–35). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markie-Dadds, C., & Sanders, M. R. (2006). Self-directed Triple P (Positive parenting program) for mothers with children at-risk of developing conduct problems. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 34(3), 259–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S., & Cichetti, D. (2010). Developmental cascades. Development and Psychopathology, 22(3), 491–495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGloin, J. M. (2008). Gang involvement and predatory crime. In M. DeLisi & P. J. Conis (Eds.), Violent offenders: Theory, research, public policy, and practice (pp. 141–154). Sudbury, UK: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGloin, J. M., & Decker, S. H. (2010). Theories of gang behavior and public policy. In H. Barlow & S. H. Decker (Eds.), Criminology and public policy: Putting theory to work (pp. 150–165). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melde, C., & Esbensen, F. (2013). Gangs and violence: Disentangling the impact of gang membership on the level and nature of offending. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 29, 143–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michie, C., & Cooke, D. J. (2006). The structure of violent behavior: A hierarchical model. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33(6), 706–737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller-Johnson, S., Coie, J., Maumary-Gremaud, A., Lochman, J., & Terry, R. (1999). Relationship between childhood peer rejection and aggression and adolescent delinquency severity and type among African American youth. Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders, 7, 137–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 701–774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2014). National vital statistics system, National Center for health statistics. Hyattsville, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Corrections. (1996). Cognitive intervention program: Think. National Institute of corrections information center, U.S. Department of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institutes of Health. (2006). National Institutes of Health state-of-the-science conference statement. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 34, 457–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odgers, C. L., Moffitt, T. E., Broadbent, J. M., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., et al. (2008). Female and male antisocial trajectories from childhood origins to adult outcomes. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 673–716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, D. W. (1998). Drugs, alcohol and adolescent violence. Institute of Behavioral Science, Boulder: CO: Regents of the University of Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G., DeBaryshe, B., & Ramsey, E. (1989). A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 44, 329–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, W., Craig, W., Harel, Y., Cunningham, J., Simpson, K., Molcho, M., et al. (2005). Cross-national study of fighting and weapon carrying as determinants of adolescent injury. Pediatrics, 116(6), 855–863.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piquero, A. R. (2008). Taking stock of developmental trajectories of criminal activity over the life course. In A. M. Liberman (Ed.), The long view of crime: A synthesis of longitudinal research (pp. 23–78). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., Welsh, B. C., Tremblay, R., & Jennings, W. G. (2009). Effects of early family/parent training programs on antisocial behavior and delinquency. Journal of Experimental Crimonology, 5, 83–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poulin, F., & Boivin, M. (2000). The role of proactive and reactive aggression in the formation and development of boys’ friendships. Developmental Psychology, 36, 233–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pulkkinen, L. (1982). Self-control and continuity from childhood to late adolescence. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim (Eds.), Lifespan development and behavior (pp. 63–85). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Moffitt, T., Caspi, A., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Lynam, D. (2005). Neurocognitive impairments in boys on the life-course persistent antisocial path. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 38–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, E. G., & Hemmenway, D. (2011). Homicide, suicide, and unintentional firearm fatality: Comparing the United States with other high-income countries, 2003. Journal of Trauma, 70(1), 238–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, R. J., Morenoff, J. D., & Raudenbush, S. (2005). Social anatomy of racial and ethnic disparities in violence. American Journal of Public Health, 95(2), 224–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaeffer, C., & Borduin, C. (2005). Long-term follow-up to a randomized clinical trial of multisystemic therapy with serious and violent juvenile offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 445–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulman, E. P., Steinberg, L. D., & Piquero, A. R. (2013). The age–crime curve in adolescence and early adulthood in not due to age differences in economic status. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 848–860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shetgiri, R., Boots, D. P., Lin, H., & Cheng, T. L. (2014). Predictors of weapon-related behaviors among African American, Latino, and White Youth. The Journal of Pediatrics, 171, 277–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, J. P., Graun, M., & Fazel, S. (2011). A comparative study of violence risk assessment tools: A systematic review and metaregression analysis of 68 studies involving 25,980 participants. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 499–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P., Gendreau, P., & Swartz, K. (2009). Validating the principles of effective intervention: A systematic review of the contributions of meta-analysis in the field of corrections. Victims and Offenders, 4, 148–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stattin, H., & Magnusson, D. (1989). The role of early aggressive behavior in the frequency, seriousness, and types of later crime. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 710–718.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., Smith, C. A., & Tobin, K. (2003). Gangs and delinquency in developmental perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolan, P., & Gorman-Smith, D. (1999). Development of serious and violent offending careers. In R. Loeber & D. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders (pp. 68–85). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tolan, P., & Thomas, P. (1995). The implications of age of onset for delinquency risk II: Longitudinal data. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 157–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuma, F., Loeber, R., & Lochman, J. (2006). Introduction to special section on the National Institute of Health State of the science Report on violence prevention. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 451–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2002). Crime in the United States, 2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulmer, J. T., & Steffensmeier, D. (2014). The age and crime relationship: Social variation, social explanations. In K. M. Beaver, J. C. Barnes, & B. B. Boutwell (Eds.), The nurture versus biosocial debate in criminology: On the origins of criminal behavior and criminality (pp. 377–396). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Youth violence: A report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD: U.S.Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2013). Youth risk behavior survey. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/YRBSS

  • White, H., Lee, D., Mun, E., & Loeber, R. (2012). Developmental patterns of alcohol use in relation to persistence and desistance of serious violent offending among African American and Caucasian young men. Criminology, 50(2), 391–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, H. R., Fite, P., Pardini, D., Mun, E., & Loeber, R. (2013). Moderators of the dynamic link between alcohol use and aggressive behavior among adolescent males. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 211–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, H. R., Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. (2008). Substance use, drug dealing, gang membership, and gun carrying and their predictive associations with serious violence and serious theft. In R. Loeber, D. P. Farrington, M. Stouthamer-Loeber, & H. R. White (Eds.), Violence and serious theft: Development and prediction from childhood to adulthood (pp. 137–166). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, D., & Fagan, J. (2001). What we know about gun use among adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4(2), 109–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, S. J., & Lipsey, M. W. (2007). School-based interventions for aggressive and disruptive behavior: Update of a meta-analysis. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(2 Suppl), S130–S143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA

    Robert F. Marcus

Authors
  1. Robert F. Marcus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Marcus, R.F. (2017). Violence in Adolescence. In: The Development of Aggression and Violence in Adolescence. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54563-3_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54563-3_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-54562-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-54563-3

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation