Skip to main content

Forgiveness and Physical Health in Healthy Populations

  • Chapter
Forgiveness and Health

Abstract

Significant research has assessed associations of forgiveness and related constructs to health. Whereas forgiveness is letting go of negative and embracing of positive thoughts and behaviors, unforgivingness has been conceptualized as a response toward a transgressor consisting of multiple negative emotions. Research has shown that various measures of health including self-rated physical health, physical health symptoms and somatic symptoms, and cumulative health outcomes are associated with forgivingness and unforgivingness. Evidence suggests that among healthy adults, forgivingness of others and the self is associated with better physical health and unforgivingness of others is associated with poorer health. Theoretical foundations, limitations, and implications of this research are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Berry, J. W., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2001). Forgivingness, relationship quality, stress while imagining relationship events, and physical and mental health. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(4), 447–455. doi:10.1037//0022-0167.48.4.447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(2), 113–124. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunkel Schetter, C., & Dolbier, C. (2011). Resilience in the context of chronic stress and health in adults. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(9), 634–652. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00379.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Enright, R. D., Freedman, S., & Rique, J. (1998). The psychology of interpersonal forgiveness. In R. D. Enright & J. North (Eds.), Exploring forgiveness (pp. 46–62). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Losada, M. F. (2005). Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing. American Psychologist, 60(7), 678–686. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.7.678.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9(1), 139–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, M., Decourville, N., & Sadava, S. (2013). Positive affect, negative affect, stress, and social support as mediators of the forgiveness-health relationship. Journal of Social Psychology, 152(13), 288–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C. (2006). Stress generation in expression: Reflections on origins, research, and future directions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(9), 1065–1082. doi:10.1002/jclp.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, A. H. S., & Thoresen, C. E. (2005). Forgiveness, unforgiveness, health, and disease. In E. L. Worthington (Ed.), The handbook of forgiveness (pp. 321–334). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez, D. H., Larkin, K. T., & Whited, M. C. (2009). Cardiovascular response to interpersonal provocation and mental arithmetic among high and low hostile young adult males. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 34(1), 27–35. doi:10.1007/s10484-009-9076-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Idler, E. (1992). Self-assessed health and mortality: A review of studies. In S. Maes, H. Leventhal, & M. Johnston (Eds.), International review of health psychology (pp. 33–54). New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Idler, E., & Benyamini, Y. (1997). Self-rated health and mortality: A review of twenty-seven community studies. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38, 21–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krause, N., & Ellison, C. G. (2003). Forgiveness by god, forgiveness of others, and psychological well-being in late life. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42(1), 77–94.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler, K. A., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L., Billington, E., Jobe, R., Edmondson, K., & Jones, W. H. (2003). A change of heart: cardiovascular correlates of forgiveness in response to interpersonal conflict. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26(5), 373–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawler, K. A., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L., Jobe, R. L., Edmondson, K. A., & Jones, W. H. (2005). The unique effects of forgiveness on health: An exploration of pathways. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28(2), 157–167.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler-Row, K. A. (2010). Forgiveness as a mediator of the religiosity—Health relationship. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2(1), 1–16. doi:10.1037/a0017584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler-Row, K. A., Karremans, J. C., Scott, C., Edlis-Matityahou, M., & Edwards, L. (2008). Forgiveness, physiological reactivity and health: The role of anger. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 68(1), 51–58. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.01.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803–855. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maltby, J., Macaskill, A., & Day, L. (2001). Failure to forgive self and others: A replication and extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability and general health. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(5), 881–885. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00080-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E. (2000). Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement, and links to well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 43–55. doi:10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McFarland, M., Smith, C., Toussaint, L., & Thomas, P. (2012). The relationship between forgiveness of others and health: Do race and neighborhood matter? Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 67B, 66–75. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNulty, J. K. (2011). The dark side of forgiveness: The tendency to forgive predicts continued psychological and physical aggression in marriage. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(6), 770–783. doi:10.1177/0146167211407077.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merolla, A. J. (2008). Communicating forgiveness in friendships and dating relationships. Communication Studies, 59(2), 114–131. doi:10.1080/10510970802062428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, T. Q., Smith, T. W., Turner, C. W., Guijarro, M. L., & Hallet, A. J. (1996). A meta-analytic review of research on hostility and physical health. Psychological Bulletin, 119(2), 322–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strelan, P., & Covic, T. (2006). A review of forgiveness process models and a coping framework to guide future research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(10), 1059–1085.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thoresen, C. E., Harris, A. H. S., & Luskin, F. (2000). Forgiveness and health: An unanswered question. In M. E. McCullough & K. I. Pargament (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 254–280). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, L., & Cheadle, A. C. D. (2009). Unforgiveness and the broken heart: Unforgiving tendencies, problems due to unforgiveness, and 12-month prevalence of cardiovascular health conditions. In M. T. Evans & E. D. Walker (Eds.), Religion and psychology. New York, NY: Nova Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, L., & Cheadle, A. C. D. (2010, April). Forgiveness and physical health in elderly adults: A prospective study [Abstract]. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 39, 2010 Supplement (p. s149).

    Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, L. L., Williams, D. R., Musick, M. A., & Everson, S. A. (2001). Forgiveness and health: Age differences in a U. S. probability sample. Journal of Adult Development, 8(4), 249–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, L. L., Owen, A. D., & Cheadle, A. (2012). Forgive to live: Forgiveness, health, and longevity. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35(4), 375–386.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uchino, B. N. (2009). Understanding the links between social support and physical health: A life-span perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(3), 236–255. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01122.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oyen Witvliet, C. (2001). Forgiveness and health: Review and reflections on a matter of faith, feelings, and physiology. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 29(3), 212–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade, N. G., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Meyer, J. E. (2005). But do they really work? A meta-analysis of group interventions to promote forgiveness. In E. L. Worthington Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 423–439). New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, H. M., Exline, J. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2008). Interpersonal consequences of forgiveness: Does forgiveness deter or encourage repeat offenses? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(2), 453–460. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.02.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walrond-Skinner, S. (1998). The function and role of forgiveness in working with couples and families: Clearing the ground. Journal of Family Therapy, 20(1), 3–20. doi:10.1111/1467-6427.00065.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ware, J. E., Snow, K. K., Kosinski, M., & Gandek, B. (1993). SF-36 health survey: Manual and interpretation guide. Lincoln, RI: QualityMetric Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, J. R., Toussaint, L., & Conway-Williams, E. (2012). Forgiveness and health: Psycho-spiritual integration and the promotion of better healthcare. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 18(1–2), 57–73. doi:10.1080/08854726.2012.667317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, T., Milosevic, A., Carroll, M., Hart, K., & Hibbard, S. (2008). Physical health status in relation to self-forgiveness and other-forgiveness in healthy college students. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(6), 798–803. doi:10.1177/1359105308093863.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witvliet, C. V. O., Ludwig, T. E., & Vander Laan, K. L. (2001). Granting forgiveness or harboring grudges: Implications for emotion, physiology, and health. Psychological Science, 12(2), 117–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2001). Unforgiveness, forgiveness, and reconciliation in societies. In R. G. Helmick & R. L. Petersen (Eds.), Forgiveness and reconciliation: Religion, public policy, and conflict transformation (pp. 161–182). Philadelphia, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2006). Forgiveness and reconciliation: Theory and application. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2013). Moving forward: Six steps to forgiving yourself and breaking free from the past. Colorado Springs, CO: Waterbrook Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Langberg, D. (2012). Religious considerations and self-forgiveness in treating complex trauma and moral injury in present and former soldiers. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 40(4), 274–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E. L., Jr., Sandage, S. J., & Berry, J. W. (2000). Group interventions to promote forgiveness: What researchers and clinicians out to know. In M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament, & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research and practice (pp. 228–253). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: Theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology & Health, 19(3), 385–405. doi:10.1080/0887044042000196674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Wade, N. G. (1999). The social psychology of unforgiveness and forgiveness and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18, 385–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E. L., Jr., Witvliet, C. V. O., Pietrini, P., & Miller, A. J. (2007). Forgiveness, health, and well-being: A review of evidence for emotional versus decisional forgiveness, dispositional forgivingness, and reduced unforgiveness. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(4), 291–302. doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9105-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Alyssa C. D. Cheadle M.A., MTS or Loren L. Toussaint Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cheadle, A.C.D., Toussaint, L.L. (2015). Forgiveness and Physical Health in Healthy Populations. In: Toussaint, L., Worthington, E., Williams, D. (eds) Forgiveness and Health. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9993-5_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics