Skip to main content

Promoting Resilience and Well-being with Wisdom and Wisdom Therapy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Increasing Psychological Well-being in Clinical and Educational Settings

Part of the book series: Cross-Cultural Advancements in Positive Psychology ((CAPP,volume 8))

Abstract

Life is full of burdens and problems. If there is no unambiguous solution, wisdom is a psychological capacity to “solve unsolvable problems” in life. There is a large body of research showing that wisdom is given to everybody, is an important resilience factor, is associated with well-being, and can be described, similar to assertiveness, as a multidimensional psychological capacity. Constituents are change of perspective, empathy, perception and acceptance of emotions, serenity and humor, factual knowledge and procedural knowledge, contextualism, value relativism, uncertainty acceptance, long-term perspective, self distance and relativation of oneself, relativation of aspiration. Wisdom can be learned and trained. Wisdom psychotherapy is a structured approach to help patients with severe and prolonged adjustment disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Achenbaum, A. W., & Orwoll, L. (1991). Becoming wise: A psycho-gerontological interpretation of the book of job. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 32, 21–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antonovsky, A. (1997). Salutogenese – Zur Entmystifizierung der Gesundheit. Tübingen: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Verhaltenstherapie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardelt, M. (1997). Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age. Journal of Gerontology, 52B, 15–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Ageing, 25(3), 275–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ardelt, M. (2004). Wisdom as expert knowledge system: A critical review of a contemporary operationalization of an ancient concept. Human Development, 47, 257–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ardelt, M. (2005). How wise people cope with crises and obstacles in life. ReVision: A Journal of Consciousness and Transformation, 28(1), 7–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Assmann, A. (Hrsg.). (1991). Weisheit. München: Fink.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assmann, A. (1994). Wholesome knowledge: Concepts of wisdom in a historical and cross-cultural perspective. In D. L. Featherman, R. M. Lerner, & M. Perlmutter (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 12, pp. 187–224). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baclear, W. T. (1998). Age differences in adult cognitive complexity: The role of life experiences and personality. Doctoral Dissertation. New Brunswick: Rutgers University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J. (1990). Weisheit und Weisheitsentwicklung: Prolegomena zu einer psychologischen Weisheitstheorie. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 22, 95–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55, 122–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B., Glück, J., & Kunzmann, U. (2002). Wisdom: Its structure and function in regulating successful life span development. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 327–347). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basoglu, M., & Mineka, S. (1992). The role of uncontrollable and unpredictable stress in posttraumatic stress responses in torture survivors. In M. Basoglu (Ed.), Torture and its consequences: Current treatment approaches (pp. 182–225). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumann, K., & Linden, M. (2008). Weisheitskompentenzen und Weisheitstherapie. Lengerich: Pabst.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bluck, S., & Glück, J. (2004). Making things better and learning a lesson: Experiencing wisdom across lifespan. Journal of Personality, 72, 3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Böhmig-Krumhaar, S. A., Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2002). Mehr Toleranz tut Not: Lässt sich wert-relativierendes Wissen und Urteilen mit Hilfe einer wissensaktivierenden Gedächtnisstrategie verbessern? Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 34, 30–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradfield, M., & Aquino, K. (1999). The effects of blame attributions and offender likeableness on forgiveness and revenge in the workplace. Journal of Management, 25, 607–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brent, O. G., & Watson, D. (1980). Aging and wisdom: Individual and collective aspects. San Francisco: Meetings of the Gerontological Society of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, R. B. (1963). Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 54, 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, R. B. (1971). Abilities – Their structure, growth and action. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, V. P., & Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the life-span: A reexamination of an ancient topic. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 103–135). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dörner, D., & Schölkopf, J. (1991). Controlling complex systems: Or Expertise als “grandmother’s know-how”. In K. A. Ericsson & J. Smith (Eds.), Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ericson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1984). Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. (1959). Identity in the life cycle. Psychological issues. New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. H., Erikson, J. M., & Kivnick, H. Q. (1986). Vital involvement in old age: The experience of old age in our time. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fava, G. A., & Ruini, C. (2003). Development and characteristics of a well-being enhancing psychotherapy strategy: Well-being therapy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 45–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fava, G. A., Rafanelli, C., Cazzaro, M., Conti, S., & Grandi, S. (1998). Well-being therapy. Psychological Medicine, 28, 475–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, P. (2001). Persönlichkeitsstörungen (5 Aufl). Weinheim: Beltz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goleman, D. (1999). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books; deutsch. (1999). Emotionale Intelligenz (10 Aufl). München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckhausen, H. (2006). Motivation und Handeln. Lehrbuch der Motivationspsychologie. Berlin: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Herrman, H., Stewart, D. E., Diaz-Granados, N., Berger, E. L., Jackson, B., & Yuen, T. (2011). What is resilience? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56, 258–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holliday, S. G., & Chandler, M. J. (1986). Wisdom: Explorations in adult competence. In J. A. Meacham (Ed.), Contributions to human development (Vol. 17, pp. 1–96). Basel: Karger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T. F. (1995). Aging well in contemporary society. American Behavioral Scientist, 39, 120–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. P., & Baker, S. R. (2004). Implications of coping repertoire as predictors of men’s stress, anxiety and depression following pregnancy, childbirth and miscarriage: A longitudinal study. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 25, 87–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalra, G., Christodoulou, G., Jenkins, R., Tsipas, V., Christodoulou, N., Lecic-Tosevski, D., Mezzich, J., & Bhugra, D. (2012). Mental health promotion: Guidance and strategies. European Psychiatry, 27(2), 81–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchener, K. S., & Brenner, H. G. (1990). Wisdom and reflective judgment: Knowing in the face of uncertainty. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, D. A. (2000). Wisdom as a classical source of human strength: Conceptualization and empirical inquiry. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 83–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1999). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. London: Free Association Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linden, M. (2006). Minimal emotional dysfunctions (MED) in personality disorders. European Psychiatry, 21, 325–332.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linden, M. (2008). Posttraumatic embitterment disorder and wisdom therapy. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 22, 4–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linden, M. (2012). Embitterment in a cultural context. In S. Barnow (Ed.), Cultural variations in emotion regulation and treatment of psychiatric patients. Stuttgart: Hogrefe Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linden, M., & Hautzinger, M. (Eds.). (2011). Verhaltenstherapie. Techniken, Einzelverfahren und Behandlungsanleitungen. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linden, M., Baumann, K., Lieberei, B., Lorenz, C., & Rotter, M. (2011). Treatment of posttraumatic embitterment disorder with cognitive behaviour therapy based on wisdom psychology and hedonia strategies. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 80, 199–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyster, T. L. (1996). A nomination approach to the study of wisdom in old age. Doctoral Dissertation, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. Psychological Inquiry, 3, 197–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKee, P., & Barber, C. (1999). On defining wisdom. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 49, 149–164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meacham, J. A. (1990). The loss of wisdom. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom, its nature, origins, and development (pp. 181–212). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, A., Barber, C., & McKee, P. (2002). A phenomenological study of wisdom in later life. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 54, 139–159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1972). Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oser, F., & Reich, K. H. (1987). The challenge of competing explanations: The development of thinking in terms of complementarity of “theories”. Human Development, 30, 178–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panikkar, R. (2002). Einführung in die Weisheit. Freiburg: Herder.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasupathi, M., Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1999). The emergence of wisdom-related knowledge and judgement during adolescence. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for Human Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pejušković, B., Lečić-Toševski, D., Priebe, S., & Tošković, O. (2011). Burnout syndrome among physicians – The role of personality dimensions and coping strategies. Psychiatria Danubina, 23, 389–395.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, K. D., Constans, J. I., & Mathews, A. (2011). Experimental modification of attribution processes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 168–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1948). Psychologie der Intelligenz. Zürich: Rascher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Exploration on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1996). Psychological well-being: Meaning, measurement and implication for psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 65, 14–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sachdeva, S., Singh, P., & Medin, D. (2011). Culture and the quest for universal principles in moral reasoning. International Journal of Psychology, 46, 161–176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sander, A. (2002). Menschen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Werkausgabe in 7 Bänden. Hrsg.: Die Photographische Sammlung/SK Stiftung Kultur, Köln, bearbeitet von Susanne Lange, Gabriele Conrath-Scholl und Gerd Sander. München: Schirmer/Mosel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (1995). Helplessness. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shoda, Y., Mischel, W., & Peake, P. K. (1990). Predicting adolescent cognitive and self-regulatory competencies from preschool delay of gratification. Developmental Psychology, 26(6), 978–986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1996). Weisheit als Gegenstand psychologischer Forschung. Psychologische Rundschau, 47, 57–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staudinger, U. M., & Glück, J. (2011). Psychological wisdom research: Commonalities and differences in a growing field. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 215–241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staudinger, U. M., Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (1994). Handbuch zur Erfassung von weisheitsbezogenem Wissen (Materialien aus der Bildungsforschung Nr. 46). Berlin: Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staudinger, U. M., Lopez, D., & Baltes, P. B. (1997). The psychometric location of wisdom-related performance: Intelligence, personality, and more? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1200–1214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 607–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.). (1990). Wisdom, its nature, origins, and development. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoeber, J., & Janssen, D. P. (2011). Perfectionism and coping with daily failures: Positive reframing helps achieve satisfaction at the end of the day. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 24, 477–497.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tausch, R. (2004). Sinn in unserem Leben. In A. E. Auhagen (Hrsg.), Positive Psychologie. Weinheim: Beltz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth, conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ullrich de Muynck, R., & Ullrich, R. (2011). Aufbau sozialer Kompetenz. In M. Linden & M. Hautzinger (Hrsg.), Verhaltenstherapie. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade, N. G. (2005). In search of a common core: A content analysis of interventions to promote forgiveness. Psychotherapy, 42(2), 160–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development, 10, 13–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E. L. (Ed.). (1998). Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives. Philadelphia: Templeton Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E. L. J. R. (2001). Five steps to forgiveness: The art and science of forgiving. New York: Crown Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Linden .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Linden, M. (2014). Promoting Resilience and Well-being with Wisdom and Wisdom Therapy. In: Fava, G., Ruini, C. (eds) Increasing Psychological Well-being in Clinical and Educational Settings. Cross-Cultural Advancements in Positive Psychology, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8669-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics