Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Phonological codes as early sources of constraint in Chinese word identification: A review of current discoveries and theoretical accounts

  • Chapter
Cognitive Processing of the Chinese and the Japanese Languages

Part of the book series: Neuropsychology and Cognition ((NPCO,volume 14))

Abstract

A written Chinese character has a more direct connection with its meaning than a written word in English does. Moreover, because there is no unit in the writing system that encodes single phonemes, grapheme-phoneme mappings are impossible. These unique features have led some researchers to speculate that phonological processing does not occur in visual identification of Chinese words or that meaning is activated earlier than phonology. This hypothesis, however, has been challenged by more recent discoveries that suggest that phonology in Chinese, just as in English, is central to the visual recognition system. The present paper reviews the literature on phonological codes as early sources of constraint in Chinese word identification and considers the specific aspects of phonological and orthographic processing in Chinese that may differ from those in English. It emphasizes that early phonological processes and phonological mediation are two different questions in the identification-withphonology hypothesis. ‘Mediation’ and ‘prelexical phonology’, two very important concepts in the literature on phonological computation in reading English, are both misleading in Chinese.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baron, J. & Strawson, C. (1976). Use of orthographic and word-specific knowledge in reading words aloud, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2: 386–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, T. H. & Pollatsek, A. (1985). Recognizing printed words: A look at current models. In: D. Besner, T. G. Waller & E. MacKinnon (eds.), Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, Vol. 5 (pp. 1–82 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H.-C., Flores d’Arcais, G. B. & Cheung, S.-L. (1995). Orthographic and phonological activation in recognizing Chinese characters, Psychological Research 58: 144–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M. J., Yung, Y. E. & Ng, T. W. (1988). The effect of context on the perception of Chinese characters. In: I. M. Liu, H.-C. Chen & M. J. Chen (eds.), Cognitive aspects of the Chinese language (pp. 27–39 ). Hong Kong: Asian Research Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, C. M. (1982). Analysis of present-day Mandarin, Journal of Chinese Linguistics 10: 281–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, C. M. & Shih, S. I. (1988). The nature of lexical access in Chinese: Evidence from experiments on visual and phonological priming in lexical judgment. In: L M. Liu, H.-C. Chen & M. J. Chen (eds.), Cognitive aspects of the Chinese language (pp. 1–14 ). Hong Kong: Asian Research Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coltheart, M. (1978). Lexical access in simple reading tasks. In: G. Underwood (ed.), Strategies of information processing (pp. 151–216 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeFrancis, J. (1989). Visual speech: The diverse oneness of writing systems. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, K. Y. (1986). Graphic symbols of Chinese characters. Paper presented at the symposium on Chinese character modernization, Beijing, China (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, K. Y., Gao, J. Y. & Ao, X. P. (1984). Pronunciation principles of Chinese characters and alphabetic writing scripts, Hanzi gaige [Chinese Character Reform] 3: 23–27 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, S. P., Horng, R. Y. & Tzeng, O. J. L. (1986). Consistency effects in the Chinese character and pseudo-character naming tasks. In: H. S. R. Kao & R. Hoosain (eds.), Linguistics, psychology, and the Chinese language (pp. 11–21 ). Hong Kong: Center of Asian Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, L. & Siok, W. T. T. (1997). The role of component function in visual recognition of Chinese characters, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23: 776–781.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrand, L. & Grainger, J. (1992). Phonology and orthography in visual word recognition: Evidence from masked nonword priming, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33A: 325–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrand, L. & Grainger, J. (1994). Effects of orthography are independent of phonology in masked form priming, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 47A: 325–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, K. (1993). Phonologically mediated priming in spoken and printed word recognition, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19: 272–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, R. (1994). Prelexical and postlexical strategies in reading: Evidence from a deep and a shallow orthography, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20: 116–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, R. (1995). Phonological computation and missing vowels: Mapping lexical involvement in reading, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21: 398–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, R. (1998). Toward a strong phonological theory of visual word recognition: True issues and false trails, Psychological Bulletin 123: 71–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frost, R., Katz, L. & Bentin, S. (1987). Strategies for visual word recognition and orthographic depth: A multilingual comparison, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 13: 104–115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoosain, H. (1981). Processing of English and Chinese words. In: H. S. R. Kao & C. M. Cheng (eds.), The psychological research into the Chinese language. Taiwan: Wen Hoe Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoosain, R. (1991). Psycholinguistic implications for linguistic relativity: A case study of Chinese. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoosain, R. & Osgood, C. E. (1983). Information processing times for English and Chinese words, Perception and Psychophysics 34: 573–577.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, J. T. (1986). Visual integration process in recognizing fragmented Chinese characters. In: H. S. R. Kao & R. R. Hoosain (eds.), Linguistic, psychology, and the Chinese language (pp. 45–54 ). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung, D. L. & Tzeng, O. J. L. (1981). Orthographic variations and visual information processing, Psychological Bulletin 90: 377–414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hung, D. L., Tzeng, O. J. L. & Tzeng, A. K. Y. (1992). Automatic activation of linguistic information in Chinese character recognition. In: R. Frost & L. Katz (eds.), Orthography, phonology, morphology, and meaning (pp. 119–130 ). Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin, J. H. (1985). On the Chinese character, Hanzi gaige [Chinese Character Reform] 4: 44–50 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kao, H. S. R. & Cheng, C. M. (1981). The psychological research into the Chinese language. Taiwan: Wen Hoe Press (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kao, H. S. R. & Hoosain, R. (1986). Linguistics, psychology, and the Chinese language. Hong Kong: Center of Asian Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kayamoto, Y., Yamada, J. & Takashima, H. (1996). The consistency of multiple-pronunciation effects in reading: The case of Japanese logographs. Manuscript, Hiroshima University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucera, H. & Francis, W. N. (1967). Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lam, A., Perfetti, C. A. & Bell, L. (1991). Automatic phonetic transfer in bidialectal reading, Applied Psycholinguistics 12: 299–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leck, K. J., Weekes, B. S. & Chen, M. J. (1995). Visual and phonological pathways to the lexicon: Evidence from Chinese readers, Memory and Cognition 23: 468–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. K. (1973). Reading in Chinese with reference to reading practices in Hong Kong. In: J. Downing (ed.), Comparative reading: Cross-national studies of behavior and processes in reading and writing (pp. 383–402 ). New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. K. (1997). Paradigmatic analysis of Chinese word reading: Research findings and classroom practices. In: C. K. Leong & R. M. Joshi (eds.), Cross-language studies of learning to reading and spell: Phonological and orthographic processing (pp. 379417 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. K., Cheng, P. W. & Mulcahy, R. (1987). Automatic processing of morphemic orthography by mature readers, Language and Speech 30: 181–196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. K. & Tamaoka, K. (1995). Use of phonological information in processing kanji and katakana by skilled and less-skilled Japanese readers, Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal 7: 377–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lesch, M. F. & Pollatsek, A. (1993). Automatic access of semantic information by phonological codes in visual word recognition, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19: 285–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, P. & Yip, C. W. (1996). Lexical ambiguity and context effects in spoken word recognition: Evidence from Chinese. In: G. Cottrell (ed.), Proceedings of 18th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ: Eribaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, I.-M. (1988). Context effects on word/character naming: Alphabetic versus logographic languages. In: I.-M. Liu, H.-C. Chen & M. J. Chen (eds.), Cognitive aspects of the Chinese language (pp. 81–92 ). Hong Kong: Asian Research Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, I.-M. (1995). Script factors that affect literacy: Alphabetic vs. logographic languages. In: I. Taylor & D. R. Olson (eds.), Scripts and literacy (pp. 145–162 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, I.-M. Wu, J.-T. & Chou, T.-L. (1996). Encoding operation and transcoding as the major loci of the frequency effect, Cognition 59: 142–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, I. M., Chuang, C. J. & Wang, S. C. (1975). Frequency count of 40,000 Chinese words. Taipei: Lucky Books (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukatela, G. & Turvey, M. T. (1993). Similar attentional, frequency, and associative effects for pseudohomophones and words, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 19: 166–178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lukatela, G. & Turvey, M. T. (1996). Inhibition of naming by rhyming primes, Perception and Psychophysics 58: 823–835.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, C. R. (1996). How is word meaning accessed in reading? Evidence from the phonologically mediated interference effect, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22: 883–895.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattingly, I. C. (1987). Morphological structure and segmental awareness, Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive 7: 488–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattingly, I. G. (1992). Linguistic awareness and orthographic form. In: R. Frost & L. Katz (eds.), Orthography, phonology, morphology, and meaning (pp. 11–26 ). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Modern Chinese frequency dictionary (1986). Beijing, China: Beijing Language Institute Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monsell, S., Patterson, K., Graham, A., Hughes, C. H. & Milroy, R. (1992). Lexical and sub-lexical translation of spelling to sound: Strategic anticipation of lexical status, Journal

    Google Scholar 

  • of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18: 452–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naish, P. (1980). The effects of graphemic and phonemic similarity between targets and masks in a backward visual masking paradigm, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 32: 57–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, D. L., Guo, D. J. & Zhang, S. L. (1985). The retrieval of information of Chinese characters in making similarity judgment under recognition condition, Acta Psychologica Sinica 17: 227–234 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Perfetti, C. A. & Bell, L. (1991). Phonemic activation during the first 40 ms of word identification: Evidence from backward masking and masked priming, Journal of Memory and Language 30: 473–485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perfetti, C. A., Bell, L. & Delaney, S. (1988). Automatic phonetic activation in silent word reading: Evidence from backward masking, Journal of Memory and Language 27: 5970.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perfetti, C. A. & Tan, L. H. (1996). Are there structural principles in sentence understanding across languages Paper presented at the Psychonomic meeting, Chicago, November 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perfetti, C. A. & Tan, L. H. (1998a). The time course of graphic, phonological, and semantic activation in visual Chinese character identification, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 24: 101–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perfetti, C. A. & Tan, L. H. (1998b). The constituency model of Chinese character identification. In: J. Wang, A. Inhoff & H.-C. Chen (eds.), Reading Chinese script: A cognitive analysis Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Perfetti, C. A. & Zhang, S. (1991). Phonemic processes in reading Chinese words, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17: 633–643.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perfetti, C. A. & Zhang, S. (1995a). The universal word identification reflex. In: D. Medin (ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation, Vol. 33 (pp. 159–189 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perfetti, C. A. & Zhang, S. (1995b). Very early phonological activation in Chinese reading, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21: 24–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perfetti, C. A., Zhang, S. & Berent, I. (1992). Reading in English and Chinese: Evidence for a ‘universal’ phonological principle. In: R. Frost & L. Katz (eds.), Orthography, phonology, morphology, and meaning (pp. 227–248 ). Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peter, M. & Turvey, M. (1994). Phonological codes are early sources of constraint in visual semantic categorization, Perception and Psychophysics 55: 497–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollatsek, A., Lesch, M., Morris, R. K. & Rayner, K. (1992). Phonological codes are used in integrating information across saccades in word identification and reading, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18: 148–162.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M. & Carr, T. (1992). Lexical access and the brain: Anatomical constraints on cognitive models of word recognition, American Journal of Psychology 105: 1–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rayner, K., Sereno, S. C., Lesch, M. F. & Pollatsek, A. (1995). Phonological codes are automatically activated during reading: Evidence from an eye movement priming paradigm, Psychological Science 6: 26–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seidenberg, M. S. (1985). The time course of phonological code activation in two writing systems, Cognition 19: 1–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E (1985). Reading without nonsense, 2nd edn. New York: Teachers College Press. Stone, G. O. & Van Orden, G. C. (1994). Building a resonance framework for word recogni-tion using design and systems principles, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 20: 1248–1268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taft, M., Huang, J. & Zhu, X. (1994). The influence of character frequency on word recognition responses in Chinese. In: H. W. Chang, J. T. Hung, C. W. Hue & O. Tzeng (eds.), Advances in the study of Chinese language processing (pp. 59–73 ). Taipei: National Taiwan University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taft, M. & Zhu, X. (1997). Sub-morphemic processing in reading Chinese, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23: 761–775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, L. H., Hoosain, R. & Peng, D.-L. (1995). Role of early presemantic phonological code in Chinese character identification, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21: 43–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, L. H., Hoosain, R. & Siok, W. W. T. (1996). The activation of phonological codes before access to character meaning in written Chinese, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22: 865–883.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, L. H. & Peng, D.-L. (1991). Visual recognition process of Chinese characters, Acta Psychologica Sinica 23: 272–278 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, L. H. & Perfetti, C. A. (1997a). Visual Chinese character recognition: Does phonological information mediate access to meaning, Journal of Memory and Language 37: 41–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, L. H. & Perfetti, C. A. (1997b). Phonology as a constituent of word identification: Evidence from reading Chinese two-character words. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, L. H. & Perfetti, C. A. (1998). Phonological and associative inhibition in the early stages of English word identification: Evidence from backward masking, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Treiman, R. A., Baron, J. & Luk, K. (1981). Speech recoding in silent reading: A comparison of Chinese and English, Journal of Chinese Linguistics 9: 116–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzeng, O. J. L. & Hung, D. L. (1978). Reading the Chinese character: Some basic research, Acta Psychologica Taiwanica 20: 45–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzeng, O. J. L. & Hung, D. L. (1981). Linguistic determinism: A written language perspective. In: O. J. L. Tzeng & H. Singer (eds.), Perception of print:: Reading research in experimental psychology (pp. 237–255 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzeng, O. J. L., Hung, D. L. & Wang, W. S.-Y. (1977). Speech recoding in reading Chinese characters, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Memory and Language 3: 621–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Orden, G. C. (1987). A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling, sound and reading, Memory and Cognition 15: 181–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Orden, G. C. & Goldinger, S. D. (1994). Interdependence of form and function in cognitive systems explains perception of printed words, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 20: 1269–1291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Orden, G. C., Pennington, B. E & Stone, G. O. (1990). Word identification in reading and the promise of subsymbolic psycholinguistics, Psychological Review 97: 488–522.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verstaen, A., Humphreys, G. W., Olson, A. & d’Ydewalle, G. (1995). Are phonemic effects in backward masking evidence for automatic prelexical phonemic activation in visual word recognition?, Journal of Memory and Language 34: 335–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W. S.-Y. (1973). The Chinese language, Scientific American 228: 50–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wydell, T. N., Butterworth, B. & Patterson, K. E. (1995). The inconsistency of consistency effects in reading: The case of Japanese Kanji, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21: 1155–1168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Y. (1991). Depth of phonological recoding in short-term memory, Memory and Cognition 19: 263–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, N. C. (1989). Pre-lexical phonological activation in silent reading of Chinese Unpublished master’s thesis, the University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yik, W. F. (1978). The effect of visual and acoustic similarity on short-term memory for Chinese words, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 30: 487–494.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, B. Y. & Peng, D. L. (1991). Decomposed representations of Chinese compound words. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Educational Psychology Society, Changsha, China, May 1991 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H. & Shu, H. (1989). Effects of phonetic components on naming compound characters, Acta Psychologica Sinica 21: 284–289 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S. & Perfetti, C. A. (1993). The tongue-twister effects in reading Chinese, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19: 1082–1093.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S. & Perfetti, C. A. (1997). Whole-word phonology in reading Chinese Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, W. T. & Feng, L. (1992). Processes of reading Chinese words and pinyin: A comparison. In: P. Kuang & J. Zhang (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th international symposium on cognitive aspects of the Chinese language (pp. 72–76 ). Beijing, China: Science Press (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, W. T., Feng, L. & He, H. D. (1994). The activation of phonological and semantic information in Chinese character recognition. In: H.-W. Chang, J.-T. Huang, C.-W. Hue & O. J. L. Tzeng (eds.), Advances in the study of Chinese language processing (pp. 185198 ). Taiwan: National Taiwan University (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Y. (1978). To what degree are the ‘phonetics’ of present-day Chinese characters still phonetic?, Zhongguo Yuwen 146: 172–177 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, X. & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1996). Direct visual access is the only way to access the Chinese mental lexicon. In: G. Cottrell (ed.), Proceedings of 18th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 714–719 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, X. (1988). Analysis of cueing function of phonetic components in modem Chinese. In: X. Yuan (ed.), Proceedings of the symposium on the Chinese language and characters (pp. 260–288 ). Beijing, China: Guang Ming Daily Press (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, X. & Taft, M. (1994). The influence of perceptual experience on Chinese character processing. In: H. W. Chang, J. T. Huang, C. W. Hue & O. Tzeng (eds.), Advances in the study of Chinese language processing (pp. 85–100 ). Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, J. C. & Jacobs, A. M. (1995). Phonological information provides early sources of constraint in the processing of letter strings, Journal of Memory and Language 34: 567593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, J. C., Montant, M. & Jacobs, A. M. (1997). The feedback consistency effect in lexical decision and naming, Journal of Memory and Language 37: 533–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, USA

    Charles A. Perfetti

  2. Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, 3939 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA

    Dr Li-Hai Tan

Authors
  1. Dr Li-Hai Tan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Charles A. Perfetti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Li-Hai Tan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Saskatchewan, Canada

    Che Kan Leong  & Katsuo Tamaoka  & 

  2. Hiroshima University, Japan

    Che Kan Leong  & Katsuo Tamaoka  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tan, LH., Perfetti, C.A. (1998). Phonological codes as early sources of constraint in Chinese word identification: A review of current discoveries and theoretical accounts. In: Leong, C.K., Tamaoka, K. (eds) Cognitive Processing of the Chinese and the Japanese Languages. Neuropsychology and Cognition, vol 14. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9161-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9161-4_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5140-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9161-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation