Abstract
What is meant by the terms ‘motivation’ and ‘emotion’? How do we distinguish between them and what is their relationship? If we assign both processes to animals, we need to ask about their emergence in evolution. Do we require both concepts or can we subsume one under the other?
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams DB: Ventromedial tegmental lesions abolish offense without disturbing predation or defense. Physiology and Behaviour, 38, 165–168. 1986.
Alcock J: Animal Behaviour — An Evolutionary Approach. Sunderland: Sinauer, 1979.
Archer J: The organization of aggression and fear in vertebrates. In “Perspectives in Ethology, Vol.2” (Eds. P.P.G.Bateson and P.Klopfer). (New York: Plenum Press), pp.231–298, 1976.
Barnard CJ: Animal Behaviour — Ecology and Evolution. London: Croom Helm, 1983.
Bindra D: A unified interpretation of emotion and motivation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 159, 1071–1083, 1969.
Bindra D: Emotion and behaviour theory: Current research in historical perspective. In “Physiological Correlates of Emotion” (Ed. P.Black). New York: Academic Press, pp.3–20, 1970.
Bindra D: How adaptive behaviour is produced: a perceptual-motivational alternative to response-reinforcement. The Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 1, 41–91, 1978.
Bitterman ME: The comparative analysis of learning. Science, 188, 699–709, 1975.
Blass EM: Functional interaction between the positive affect of sweet and the negative affect of pain and distress. Appetite, 7, 243, 1986.
Bolles RC: Theory of Motivation. New York: Harper and Row, 1975.
Booth DA: How to measure learned control of food or water intake. In “Methods and Techniques to Study Feeding and Drinking Behaviour” (Eds. F.M.Toates and N.Rowland). (Elsevier, Amsterdam), in press.
Bower GH: Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129–148, 1981.
Bower GH and Cohen PR: Emotional influences in memory and thinking: Data and theory. In “Affect and Cognition” (Eds. MS Clark and ST Fiske) (Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale). pp.291–331, 1982.
Broom DM: Biology of Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Brown JS, Kalish HI and Farber IE Conditioned fear as revealed by magnitude of startle response to an auditory stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41, 317–328, 1951.
Clark MS A role for arousal in the link between feeling states, judgments and behaviour. In “Affect and Cognition” (Eds. MS Clark and ST Fiske). (Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum), pp.263–289, 1982.
Crespi LP: Quantitative variation of incentive and performance in the white rat. The American Journal of Psychology, 55, 467–517, 1942.
Davis H and Kreuter C: Conditioned suppression of an avoidance response by a stimulus paired with food. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behaviour, 17, 277–285, 1972.
Delamater AR, LoLordo VM and Berridge KC: Control of fluid palatability by exteroceptive Pavlovian signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 143–152, 1986.
Delgado JMR: Animal and human emotionality. The Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 5, 425–426, 1982.
Deutsch JA: The Structural Basis of Behaviour. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1960.
Dewsbury DA: Description of sexual behaviour in research on hormone- behaviour interactions. In “Endocrine Control of Sexual Behaviour” (Ed. C. Beyer). (New York: Raven Press). pp.3–32, 1979.
Dickinson A: Contemporary Animal Learning Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
Dickinson A and Dearing MF: Appetitive-aversive interactions and inhibitory processes. In “Mechanisms of Learning and Motivation” (Eds. A Dickinson and RA Boakes). (Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum), pp.203–231, 1979.
Duffy E: An explanation of “emotional” phenomena without the use of the concept “emotion”. Journal of General Psychology, 25, 283–293, 1941.
Epstein AN: Instinct and motivation as explanations for complex behaviour. In “The Physiological Mechanisms of Motivation” (Ed. DW Pfaff). (New York: Springer), pp.25–58, 1982.
Estes WK: Outline of a theory of punishment. In “Punishment and Aversive Behaviour” (Eds. BA Campbell and RM Church), (New York: Appleton- Century-Crofts), pp.57–82, 1969.
Feather NT: Mowrer’s revised two-factor theory and the motive-expectancy-value model. Psychological Review, 70, 500–515, 1963.
Frijda N: The Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Glickman SE and Schiff BB: A biological theory of reinforcement. Psychological Review, 74, 81–109, 1967.
Gray JA: The Psychology of Fear and Stress. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971.
Gray JA: The structure of the emotions and the limbic system. In “Physiology, Emotion and Psychosomatic Illness” (CIBA Foundation Symposium). (Amsterdam: Elsevier). pp.87–130, 1972.
Gray JA: On the classification of the emotions. The Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 5, 431–432, 1982.
Grill HJ and Berridge KC: Taste reactivity as a measure of the neural control of palatability. In “Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology, Vol.11” (Eds. JM Sprague and AN Epstein) (Orlando: Academic Press). pp.1–61, 1985.
Grossen NE, Kostansek DJ and Bolles RC: Effects of appetitive discriminative stimuli on avoidance behaviour. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 340–343, 1969.
Halliday TR and Slater PJB: Animal Behaviour. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1983.
Hamburg DA, Hamburg BA and Barchas JD: Anger and depression in perspective. In “Emotions — Their Parameters and Measurement” (Ed. L.L.Levi) (Raven Press, New York). pp.235–278, 1975.
Hinde RA: Animal Behaviour — A Synthesis of Ethology and Comparative Psychology, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966.
Hinde RA: Discussion on the chapter by Gray. In “Physiology, Emotion and Psychosomatic Illness” (CIBA Foundation Symposium). (Elsevier, Amsterdam). pp.120–122, 1972.
Hinde RA: Ethology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Hinde RA: Was ‘The Expression of the Emotions’ a misleading phrase? Animal Behaviour, 33, 985–992, 1985.
Hogan JA and Roper TJ: A comparison of the properties of different reinforcers. In “Advances in the Study of Behaviour, Vol.8” (Eds. JS Rosenblatt, RA Hinde, C Beer and MC Busnel). (Academic Press, London), pp.155–255, 1978.
Hollis KL: The biological function of Pavlovian conditioning: the best defense is a good offense. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Animal Behaviour Processes, 10, 413–425, 1984.
Isen AM, Means B, Patrick R and Nowicki G: Some factors influencing decision-making strategy and risk taking. In “Affect and Cognition” (Eds. M.S.Clark and S.T.Fiske). (Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale), 243–261, 1982.
Johnson MH and Magaro PA: Effects of mood and severity on memory processes in depression and mania. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 28–40, 1987.
Kalat JW: Biological Psychology. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1981.
Konorski J: Integrative Activity of the Brain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967.
Lazarus RS: Emotions and adaptation: conceptual and empirical relations. In “Nebraska Symposium on Motivation” (Ed. W.J.Arnold), (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln), pp.175–270, 1968.
Leeper RW: Some needed developments in the motivational theory of emotions. In “Nebraska Symposium on Motivation” (Ed. D.Levine) Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, pp.25–122, 1965.
Leeper RW: The motivational and perceptual properties of emotions as indicating their fundamental character and role. In “Feelings and Emotions” (Ed. M.B.Arnold). (Academic Press, New York). ppl51–168, 1970.
Leeper RW and Madison P: Toward Understanding Human Personalities. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959.
Le Magnen J: Hunger. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Livesey PJ: Learning and Emotion: A Biological Synthesis. Vol 1. Evolutionary Processes. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986.
Logan FA: The negative incentive value of punishment. In “Punishment and Aversive Behaviour” (Eds. BA Campbell and RM Church). (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts), pp.43–54, 1969.
Lyons W: Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
McClelland DC and Atkinson JW: The effect of different intensities of the hunger drive on perception. Journal of Psychology, 25, 205–222
McFarland DJ: Animal Behaviour. London: Pitman, 1985.
McFarland DJ and Sibly RM: The behavioural final common path. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 270, 265–293, 1975.
Mackintosh NJ: The Psychology of Animal Learning, London: Academic Press, 1974.
Mandler, G. 1964. The interruption of behaviour. In “Nebraska Symposium on Motivation” (Ed. D.Levine). (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln), pp. 163–219.
Mandler G: Mind and Body. New York: W.W.Norton, 1984.
Melzack R and Casey KL: The affective dimension of pain. In “Feelings and Emotions” (Ed. MB Arnold). (New York: Academic Press), pp. 55–68, 1972.
Millenson JR and de Villiers PA: Motivational properties of conditioned anxiety. In “Reinforcement — Behavioural Analyses” (Eds. RM Gilbert and JR Millenson). (New York: Academic Press), pp.97–128, 1972.
Millenson JR and Leslie JC: Principles of Behavioural Analysis. New York: Macmillan, 1979.
Miller GA, Galanter E and Pribram KH: Plans and the Structure of Behaviour. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960.
Miller NE: Some recent studies of conflict behaviour and drugs. American Psychologist, 16, 12–24, 1961.
Mowrer OH: Learning Theory and Behaviour. New York: Wiley, 1960.
Olds J and Olds ME: The mechar isms of voluntary behaviour. In “The Role of Pleasure in Behaviour” (Ed. R.G.Heath). (New York: Hoeber Medical Division, Harper and Row). pp.23–53, 1964.
Oomura Y: Emotions. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press, 1986.
Panksepp J: Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions. The Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 5, 407–467, 1982.
Pelchat ML, Grill HJ, Rozin, P and Jacobs J: Quality of acquired responses to tastes by Rattus norvegicus depends on type of associated discomfort. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 97, 140–153, 1983.
Peters RS: The education of the emotions. In “Feelings and Emotions” (Ed. MB Arnold). (New York: Academic Press). pp.187–203, 1970.
Plutchik R: Emotions, evolution and adaptive processes. In “Feelings and Emotions” (Ed. MB Arnold). (New York: Academic Press), pp.3–24, 1980a.
Plutchik R: Emotion — A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis. New York: Harper and Row, 1980b.
Powers WT: Quantitative analysis of purposive systems: Some spadework at the foundations of scientific psychology. Psychological Review, 85, 417–435, 1978.
Pribram KH: Feelings as monitors. In “Feelings and Emotions” (Ed. MB Arnold). (New York: Academic Press), 41–53, 1970.
Pribram KH: Emotions: A neurobehavioural analysis. In “Approaches to Emotion” (Ed. KR Scherer and P Ekman). (Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum), pp.13–38, 1984.
Rozin P and Fallon AE: A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94, 23–41, 1987.
Schachter S: The assumption of identity and peripheralist-centralist controversies in motivation and emotion. In “Feelings and Emotions” (Ed. MB Arnold). (New York: Academic Press). pp. 111–121, 1970.
Scherer KR: On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. In “Approaches to Emotion” (Ed. KR Scherer and P Ekman). (Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum). pp. 293–317, 1984.
Simon HA: Motivational and emotional controls of cognition. Psychological Review, 74, 29–39, 1967.
Simon HA: Affect and cognition: Comments. In “Affect and Cognition” (Eds. MS Clark and ST Fiske). (Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale), pp.333–342, 1982.
Simonov PV: The Emotional Brain. New York: Plenum Press, 1986.
Singer B and Toates FM: Sexual motivation. Journal of Sex Research, in press.
Solomon RL and Corbit JD: An opponent-process theory of motivation: I. Temporal dynamics of affect. Psychological Review, 81, 119–145, 1974.
Staddon JER: Adaptive Behaviour and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Stein L: Reciprocal action of reward and punishment mechanisms. In “The Role of Pleasure in Behaviour” (Ed. R.G.Heath). (Hoeber Medical Division, Harper and Row, New York). pp.113–139, 1964.
Stewart,J., de Wit,H. and Eikelboom,R: Role of unconditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants. Psychological Review, 91, 251–268, 1984.
Toates FM: Animal Behaviour — A Systems Approach. Chichester: Wiley, 1980.
Toates FM: The control of ingestive behaviour by internal and external stimuli — A theoretical review. Appetite, 2, 35–50, 1981.
Toates FM: Exploration as a motivational and learning system: A cognitive-incentive view. In “Exploration in Animals and Humans” (Eds. J.Archer and L.I.A.Birke), Wokingham: Van Nostrand, pp.55–71, 1983.
Toates FM: Motivational Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986
Toates FM: The relevance of models of motivation and learning to animal welfare. In: “Stress in Farm Animals” (Eds. P.Wiepkema and P.W.M.V.Adrichem). Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987.
Tolman EC: A behaviouristic account of the emotions. Psychological Review, 30, 217–227, 1923.
Tomkins SS: Affect as the primary motivational system. In “Feelings and Emotions” (Ed. MB Arnold). (Academic Press: New York). pp.101–110, 1970.
Wagner AR: Frustration and punishment. In “Current Research in Motivation” (Ed. RN Haber). (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston), pp.229–239, 1966.
Walters ET, Carew TJ and Kandel R: Associative learning in Aplysia: Evidence for conditioned fear in an Invertebrate. Science, 211, 504–506, 1981.
Weingarten HP: Stimulus control of eating: Implications for a two-factor theory of hunger. Appetite, 6, 387–401, 1985.
Weinrich WW, Cahoon DD, Ambrose G and Laplace R: Secondary stimulus control of a “new” operant incompatible with “running to the food magazine”. Psychonomic Science, 5, 189–190, 1966.
Wiepkema PR: Abnormal behaviours in farm animals: Ethological implications. Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 35, 279–299, 1985.
Wiepkema PR: Behavioural aspects of stress. In: “Stress in Farm Animals”, (Eds. P Wiepkema and PWMV Adrichem). (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff), 1987.
Willner P: Depression — A Psychobiological Synthesis. New York: John Wiley, 1985.
Wise RA: Sensorimotor modulation and the variable action pattern (VAP): Toward a noncircular definition of drive and motivation. Psychobiology, 15, 7–20.
Wong R: Motivation: A Biobehavioral Analysis of Consummatory Activities. New York: Macmillan, 1976.
Young PT: Motivation and Emotion. New York: John Wiley, 1961
Zamble E, Baxter DJ and Baxter L: Influences of conditioned incentive stimuli on water intake. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 34, 82–85, 1980.
Zamble E, Mitchell JB and Findlay H: Pavlovian conditioning of sexual arousal: Parametric and background manipulations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behaviour Processes, 12, 403–411, 1986.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Toates, F.M. (1988). Motivation and Emotion from a Biological Perspective. In: Hamilton, V., Bower, G.H., Frijda, N.H. (eds) Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion and Motivation. NATO ASI Series, vol 44. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2792-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2792-6_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7756-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-2792-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive