Abstract
In this chapter, we elaborate on how stories can be used to provide meaning in life via two very different pathways: the personal and deep reflection on the personal past to construct meaning-laden stories about how one has come to be and the humorous entertainment-oriented storytelling that provides a sense of social connection and purpose. We review research on narrative identity and the importance of using personal stories to understand the self and construct an identity. We also expand prior work on “identity deep” and “identity light” to better understand different mechanisms for defining the self and finding meaning in life.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bamberg M (2011) Who am I? Narration and its contribution to self and identity. Theor Psychol 21(1):1–22. doi:10.1177/0959354309355852
Baumeister RF, Vohs KD (2002) The pursuit of meaningfulness in life. In: Snyder CR, Lopez SJ (eds) The handbook of positive psychology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 608–628
Bohanek JG, Marin KA, Fivush R, Duke MP (2006) Family narrative interaction and children’s sense of self. Fam Process 45:39–54. doi:10.111/j,1545-5300.2006.00079.x
Bruner JS (1990) Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
Deci EL, Ryan RM (2000) The what and why of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychol Inq 11:227–268
Derlega VJ (1993) Developing close relationships. In: Derlega VJ, Metts S, Petronia S, Marguilis ST (eds) Self disclosure. Sage Publications, Inc., Newbury Park, pp 8–42
de Roon-Cassini TA, de St. Aubin E, Valvano A, Hastings J, Horn P (2009) Psychological well-being after spinal cord injury: perception of loss and meaning making. Rehabil Psychol 54:306–314. doi:10.1037/a0016545
Dindia K, Allen M (1992) Sex differences in self-disclosure: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 112:106–124. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.106
Erikson EH (1959) Identity and the life cycle, vol 1. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York
Fiese BH, Sameroff AJ, Grotevant HD, Wamboldt FS, Dickstein SF, Marjinsky DL, Gorall KAT, Piper D, Andre J, Seifer M, Schiller RM (1999) The stories that families tell: narrative coherence, narrative interaction, and relationship beliefs. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 64:1–162
Fivush R (2007) Remembering and reminiscing: how individual lives are constructed in family narratives. Memory Stud 1(1):45–54. doi:10.1177/1750698007083888
Fivush R, Bohanek JG, Duke M (2005) The intergenerational self: subjective perspective and family history. In: Sani F (ed) Individual and collective self-continuity. Erlbaum, Mahwah
Fivush R, Bohanek JG, Duke M (2008) The intergenerational self: subjective perspective and family history. In: Sani F (ed) Individual and collective self-continuity. Erlbaum, Mahwah
Fivush R, Reese E, Haden CA (2006) Elaborating on elaborations: role of maternal reminiscing style in cognitive and socioemotional development. Child Dev 77:1568–1588. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00960.x
Frewen PA, Brinker J, Martin RA, Dozois DJA (2008) Humor styles and personality-vulnerability to depression. Humor Int J Humor Res 21:179–195. doi:10.1515/HUMOR.2009.09,/May/2008
Harvey JH, Omarzu J (1997) Minding the close relationship. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 1:223–239. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0103_3
Heine SJ, Proulx T, Vohs KD (2006) The meaning maintenance model: on the coherence of social motivations. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 10:88–110
Hicks AM, Diamond LM (2008) How was your day? Couples’ affect when telling and hearing daily events. Pers Relationship 15:205–228. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2008.00194.x
Hicks JA, King LA (2009) Meaning in life as a subjective judgment and a lived experience. Soc Pers Psychol Compass 3(4):638–653
Hicks JA, Schlegel RJ, King LA (2010) Social threats, happiness, and the dynamics of meaning in life judgments. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 36:1305–1317
Hirsh JC (2009) The weight of being: psychological perspectives on the existential moment. New Ideas Psychol 28:29–36
Keltner D, Bonanno GA (1997) A study of laughter and dissociation: distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement. J Pers Soc Psychol 73:687–702. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.687
King LA, Hicks JA (2009) Detecting and constructing meaning in life events. J Posit Psychol 4:317–330
King LA, Hicks JA, Krull JL, Gaiso AKD (2006) Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. J Pers Soc Psychol 90:179–196
Labov W, Waletzky J (1967/1997) Narrative analysis: oral versions of personal experience. In: Helm J (ed) Essays on the verbal and visual arts. Washington University Press, Seattle, pp 12–44
Laurenceau JP, Barrett LF, Pietromonaco PR (1998) Intimacy as an interpersonal process: the importance of self-disclosure, partner disclosure, and perceived partner responsiveness in interpersonal exchanges. J Pers Soc Psychol 74:1238–1251
Lefcourt HM (2001) Humor: the psychology of living buoyantly. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht
Lefcourt HM, Davidson K, Prkachin KM, Mills DE (1997) Humor as a stress moderator in the prediction of blood pressure obtained during five stressful tasks. J Res Pers 31:523–542. doi:10.1006/jrpe.1997.2191
Marcia JE (1987) The identity status approach to the study of ego identity development. In: Honess T, Yardley K, Honess T, Yardley K (eds) Self and identity: perspective across the lifespan. Routledge & Kegan Paul, Inc., Boston, pp 161–171
Martin RA (1998) Approaches to the sense of humor: a historical review. In: Ruch W, Ruch W (eds) The sense of humor: explorations of a personality characteristic. Walter de Gruyter & Company, Berlin, pp 15–60
Martin RA, Puhlik-Doris P, Larsen G, Gray J, Weir K (2003) Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well being: development of the humor styles questionnaire. J Res Pers 37:48–75. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00534-2
McAdams DP (1988) Power, intimacy, and the life story: personalogical inquiries into identity. Guilford Press, New York
McAdams DP (1993) The stories we live by: personal myths and the making of the self. William Morrow & Co., New York
McAdams DP (2001) The psychology of life stories. Rev Gen Psychol 5(2):100–122
McAdams DP, de St. Aubin E (1992) A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography. J Pers Soc Psychol 62:1003–1015
McLean KC (2005) Late adolescent identity development: narrative meaning making and memory telling. Dev Psychol 41:683–691. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.683
McLean KC (2008) The emergence of narrative identity. Soc Pers Psychol Compass 2:1685–1702. doi:10.1111/j.171-9004.2008.00124.x
McLean KC, Morrison-Cohen S (2013) Moms telling tales: maternal identity development in conversations with their adolescents about the personal past. Identity 13:120–139
McLean K, Pasupathi M (2006) Collaborative narration of the past and extraversion. J Res Pers 40:1219–1231
McLean KC, Thorne A (2006) Identity light: entertainment stories for self-development. In: McAdams DP, Josselson R, Leiblich A (eds) Narrative study of lives, self, and identity. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
McLean KC, Pasupathi M, Pals JL (2007) Selves creating stories creating selves: a process model of self-development. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 11:262–278. doi:10.1177/1088868307301034
Metz T (2002) Recent work on the meaning in life. Ethics 112:781–814
Pals JL (2006) Narrative identity processing of difficult life experiences: pathways of personality development and positive self-transformation in adulthood. J Pers 74:1079–1109. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00403.x
Pals JL, McAdams DP (2004) The transformed self: a narrative understanding of posttraumatic growth. Psychol Inq 15:65–69
Park C (2010) Making sense of the meaning literature: an integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychol Bull 1136:257–301
Pasupathi M (2006) Silk from sows’ ears: collaborative construction of everyday selves in everyday stories. In: McAdams DP, Josselson R, Leiblich A (eds) Narrative study of lives, self, and identity. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
Pasupathi M (2007) Telling and the remembered self: linguistic differences in memories for previously disclosed and previously undisclosed events. Memory 15:258–270. doi:10.1080/09658210701256456
Pasupathi M (2011) When meaning-making and well-being don’t correlate: emergent adults narrate everyday self-discrepancies for entertainment goals. Poster presented at the Society for Research in Child Development, Montreal
Pasupathi M, Carstensen LL (2003) Age and emotional experience during mutual reminiscing. Psychol Aging 18:430–442
Pasupathi M, Mansour E (2006) Adult age differences in autobiographical reasoning in narratives. Dev Psychol 42:798–808
Pasupathi M, Lucas S, Coombs A (2002) Conversational functions of autobiographical remembering: long-married couples talk about conflicts and pleasant topics. Discourse Process 34:163–192
Pasupathi M, McLean KC, Weeks T (2009) To tell or not to tell: disclousre and the narrative self. J Pers 77:89–124. doi:10.111/j.1467-6494.2008.00539.x
Pratt MW, Norris JE, Lawford H, Arnold M (2010) What he said to me stuck: adolescents’ narratives of grandparents and their identity development in emerging adulthood. In: McLean KC, Pasupathi M (eds) Narrative development in adolescence: creating the storied self. Springer Science + Business Media, New York, pp 93–112. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89825-4_5
Proulx T, Heine SJ (2006) Death and black diamonds: meaning, mortality, and the meaning maintenance model. Psychol Inq 17:309–318. doi:10.1080/10478400701366985
Rimé B, Mequita B, Philippot P, Boca S (1991) Beyond the emotional event: six studies on the social sharing of emotion. Cognit Emot 5:435–465
Schlegel RJ, Hicks JA, Arndt J, King LA (2009) Thine own self: true self-concept accessibility and meaning in life. J Pers Soc Psychol 96:473–490
Singer JA (2004) Narrative identity and meaning making across the adult lifespan: an introduction. J Pers 72:437–460
Steger MF (2009) Meaning in life. In: Lopez SJ (ed) Oxford handbook of positive psychology, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 679–687
Steger MF, Frazier P, Oishi S, Kaler M (2006a) The meaning in life questionnaire: assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. J Couns Psychol 53:80–93. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
Steger MF, Kashdan TB, Sullivan BA, Lorentz D (2006b) Understanding the search for meaning in life: personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning. J Pers 76:199–228. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00484.x
Steger MF, Oishi S, Kashdan TB (2008) Meaning in life across the life span: levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. J Posit Psychol 4:43–52
Steger MF, Oishi S, Kashdan TB (2009) Meaning in life across the life span: levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. J Posit Psychol 4:43–52
Stillman TF, Baumeister RF, Lambert NM, Crescioni AW, DeWall CN, Fincham FD (2009) Alone and without purpose: life loses meaning following social exclusion. J Exp Soc Psychol 45:686–694. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.007
Thorne A, McLean KC (2003) Telling traumatic events in adolescence: a study of master narrative positioning. In: Fivush R, Haden C (eds) Connecting culture and memory: the development of an autobiographical self. Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp 169–185
Thorne A, McLean KC, Lawrence AM (2004) When remembering is not enough: reflecting on self-defining memories in late adolescence. J Pers 72:513–541
Vess M, Routledge C, Landau MJ, Arndt J (2009) The dynamics of death and meaning: the effects of death- relevant cognitions and personal need for structure on perceptions of meaning in life. J Pers Soc Psychol 97:728–744
Vittengl JR, Holt CS (2000) Getting acquainted: the relationship of self-disclosure and social attraction to positive affect. J Soc Pers Relationship 17:53–66. doi:10.1177/0265407500171003
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Monisha Pasupathi for her comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript and Rebecca Goodvin for her insights about existential absurdity, as well as comments on a prior version of this manuscript. Finally, we thank Lewis Jones for helping us to bring clarity to our argument and for pushing us to more deeply consider the lightness and the darkness in stories.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McLean, K.C., Morrison-Cohen, S. (2013). “But Wait, It Gets Even Weirder…”: The Meaning of Stories. In: Hicks, J., Routledge, C. (eds) The Experience of Meaning in Life. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6527-6_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6527-6_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-6526-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-6527-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)