Abstract
At least as important as a particular item of medical knowledge itself is to know something about the relationships of that knowledge to the experiential world it is talking about. The reason is that the patients the physician is concerned with are parts of that experiential world. So, when using any knowledge in her practice, e.g., some knowledge on infectious diseases, a morally conscientious doctor will be interested in whether, and in what way, this knowledge relates to the ‘ world out there’. Does the medical knowledge she employs bear any relevance to the bodies and souls of her patients ? Does it enable her to understand the patient ’s suffering , illness experience , and illness narrative? Will it help her find useful diagnoses and treatments? Are there in fact any indicators of such qualities of medical knowledge? Why not use astrology, Ayurveda, or exorcism instead of the theory of infectious diseases?
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alston W. Epistemic Justification. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.
Aquinas T. Truth. Three volumes. A reprint of the critical Leonine edition. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 1994.
Armour-Garb BP, Beall JC (eds.). Deflationary Truth. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company, 2005.
Armstrong DM. Belief, Truth, and Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
Armstrong DM. A World of States of Affairs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Armstrong DM. Truth and Truthmakers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Ayer AJ (ed.). Logical Positivism. New York: The Free Press, 1959.
Bender J (ed.). The Current State of the Coherence Theory. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.
Berger P, and Luckmann T. The Social Construction of Reality. New York: Doubleday, 1966.
Blanshard B. The Nature of Thought. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1939.
Blaser MJ. An endangered species in the stomach. Is the decline of Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium living in the human stomach since time immemorial, good or bad for public health? Scientific American 2005; 292(2):38–45.
Bloor D. Knowledge and Social Imagery. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Carnap R. Der Logische Aufbau der Welt. Berlin: Weltkreis-Verlag, 1928. (English translation: The Logical Structure of the World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.)
Carnap R. Überwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache. Erkenntnis 1932; 2:219–241.
Carnap R. Testability and meaning. Philosophy of Science 1936; 3:419–471 and 1937; 4:1–40.
Cohen RS, and Schnelle T (eds.). Cognition and Fact. Materials on Ludwik Fleck. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1986.
Cox DR. Principles of Statistical Inference. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
DePaul M (ed.). Resurrecting Old-Fashioned Foundationalism. Lanham, MA: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000.
Durkheim E. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. English translation by Joseph Swain. New York: The Free Press, 1965. (First published 1912.)
EUROGAST Study Group. An international association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. Lancet 1993; 341:1359–1362.
Fleck L. Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact. Edited by Trenn TJ, and Merton RK. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979. (First published in German 1935 by Benno Schwabe in Basel, Switzerland.)
Fleck L. Erfahrung und Tatsache. Gesammelte Aufsätze mit einer Einleitung herausgegeben von Lothar Schäfer und Thomas Schnelle. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1983.
Galen. Three Treatises on the Nature of Science: On the Sects for Beginners, An Outline of Empiricism, On Medical Experience. Translated by Walzer R, and Frede M. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1985.
Gochet P, and Gribomont P. Epistemic logic. In: Gabbay DM, and Woods J (eds.), Handbook of the History of Logic, Volume 7, Logic and the Modalities in the Twentieth Century, pp. 99–195. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006.
Goldman AI. What is justified belief? In: Pappas G (ed.), Justification and Knowledge, pp. 1–23. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1979.
Goldman AI. Epistemology and Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986.
Goldman AI. Reliabilism. In: Dancy J, and Sosa E (eds.), A Companion to Epistemology, pp. 433–436. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
Grewendorf G, and Meggle G (eds.). Speech Acts, Mind, and Social Reality. Discussions with John R. Searle. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
Grover D. A Prosentential Theory of Truth. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
Habermas J. Erkenntnis und Interesse. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1968. (English edition, trans. by Shapiro JJ: Knowledge and Human Interests. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971.)
Habermas J. Wahrheitstheorien. In: H. Fahrenbach (ed.), Wirklichkeit und Reflexion, pp. 211–265. Pfullingen: Verlag Günter Neske, 1973.
Hacking I. Logic of Statistical Inference. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1965.
Hacking I. An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Hacking I. The Social Construction of What? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Hanfling O. Logical Positivism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981.
Heidegger M. Sein und Zeit. First published in Edmund Husserl’s journal Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung, Vol. VIII, Halle 1927. (Engl. transl. by John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson: Being and Time. New York: Harper & Row, 1962.)
Heidegger M. Was ist Metaphysik? An inaugural lecture held at the University of Freiburg, Germany, 1929. See [Heidegger 1965].
Heidegger M. Was ist Metaphysik? Frankfurt a.M.: Vittorio Klostermann, 1965 (9th edition).
Hempel CG. A purely syntactical definition of confirmation. Journal of Symbolic Logic 1943; 8:122–143.
Hempel CG. Studies in the logic of confirmation. Mind 1945; 54:1–26 and 97–121. Reprinted in [Hempel, 1965], pp. 3–51.
Hempel CG. Aspects of Scientific Explanation and other Essays in the Philosophy of Science. New York: Free Press, 1965.
Hume D. An Enquiry Concerning Human Unterstanding. Modern Edition by LA Selby-Bigge. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1894.
James W. Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1907.
Kidd M, and Modlin I. A century of helicobacter pylori. Paradigms lost - Paradigms regained. Digestion 1998; 59:1–15.
Kirkham RL. Theories of Truth. A Critical Introduction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.
Knorr Cetina K. The Manufacture of knowledge. An Essay on the Construction and Contextual Nature of Science. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981.
Knorr Cetina K. Epistemic Cultures. How Sciences Make Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Kraft V. The Vienna Circle. Translated by Arthur Pap. New York: Philosophical Library,1953.
Kripke SA. Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Kuhn TS. Second thoughts on paradigms. In: Suppe F (ed.), The Structure of Scientific Theories, second edition, pp. 459–482. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977.
Kuhn TS. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996. (First published 1962.)
Künne W. Conceptions of Truth. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003.
Kusch M. Knowledge By Agreement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004.
Lackey J. Learning from Words: Testimony as a Source of Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Latour B. Science in Action. How to ollow scientists and engineers through society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.
Locke J. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. (Reprint. First published in 1690.)
Mandelbaum DG (ed.). Selected Writings of Edward Sapir in Language, Culture, and Personality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963.
Mannheim K. Das Problem einer Soziologie des Wissens. Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 1925; 53: 577–652.
Mannheim K. Ideologie und Utopie. Bonn: Friedrich Cohen, 1929. All page references are to the English edition in [Mannheim, 1985].
Marshall BJ. Helicobacter pylori. American Journal of Gastroenerology 1994; 89 (Suppl. 8), S116–S128.
Marshall BJ. The discovery that Helicobacter pylori, a spiral bacterium, caused peptic ulcer disease. In [Marshall, 2002b], pp. 165–202.
Marshall BJ (ed.) Helicobacter Pioneers. Firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892–1982. Singapore: Blackwell Science Asia Pry Ltd., 2002.
Marshall BJ, and Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet 1984; Vol. 1, 1311–1315.
Marx K, and Engels F. Collected Works. New York and London: International Publishers, 1975.
Masterman M. The nature of a paradigm. In: Lakatos I, and Musgrave A (eds.), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, pp. 59–90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
Meggle G. Common belief and common knowledge. In: Sintonen M, Ylikoski P, and Miller K (eds.), Realism in Action, pp. 244–251. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
Meggle G. Mutual knowledge and belief. In: Meggle G (ed.), Social Facts and Collective Intentionality, pp. 205–223. Frankfurt: Dr. HÄnsel-Hohenhausen AG.
Meja V, and Stehr N (eds.). The Sociology of Knowledge. (The International Library of Critical Writings in Sociology, Volume 12.) Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1999.
Morgagni GB. De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per Anatomen Indagatis. Venice: Remondini, 1761.
Moulines CU. Die Entwicklung der modernen Wissenschaftstheorie (1890–2000). Eine historische Einführung. Münster: Lit Verlag, 2008.
O’Connor DJ. The Correspondence Theory of Truth. London: Hutchinson, 1975.
Oehler K. Der consensus omnium als Kriterium der Wahrheit in der antiken Philosophie und Patristik. Antike und Abendland 1961; 10:103–129.
Pass S. Parallel Paths to Constructivism. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, 2004.
Piaget J. La construction du réel che l’ enfant. Neuchatel: Delacheaux, 1937.
Pickering A. Constructing Quarks: A Sociological History of Particle Physics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1984.
Pickering A (ed.). Science as Practice and Culture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Pickering A. The Mangle of Practice. Time, Agency, and Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1995.
Pitcher G (ed.). Truth. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1964.
Planck M. Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers. Translated by Frank Gaynor. New York: Philosophical Library Inc., 1949.
Pollock J. Contemporary Theories of Knowledge. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield, 1986.
Popper, Karl Raimund. The Open Society and Its Enemies. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1945.
Popper, Karl Raimund. Conjectures and Refutations. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963.
Popper, Karl Raimund. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Routledge, 2004. (First published 1935 in German by Julius Springer, Vienna.)
Quine WVO. Epistemology naturalized. In [Quine, 1969c], pp. 69–90
Quine WVO. Philosophie der Logik. Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1973. (German edition of [Quine, 1970].)
Quine WVO. Unterwegs zur Wahrheit. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1995 (German edition of [Quine, 1992].)
Ramsey FP. Facts and propositions. Proceedings of the Aristotelean Society 1927; Suppl. Vol. 7, pp. 153–170. All page references are to the reprint in [Ramsey, 1931].
Rescher N. The Coherence Theory of Truth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973.
Russell, Bertrand. Principles of Mathematics. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1903.
Russell, Bertrand. The Problems of Philosophy. London: Williams & Norgate, 1912.
Russell, Bertrand. Our Knowledge of the External World. London: Open Court, 1914.
Russell, Bertrand. The philosophy of logical atomism. The Monist 1918; 28: 495–527.
Russell, Bertrand. Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy. London: Allen & Unwin, 1919.
Russell, Bertrand. Logical Atomism. In: Muirhead JH (ed.), Contemporary British Philosophy (first series), pp. 359–383. London: Allen & Unwin, 1924.
Scheler M (ed.). Versuche zu einer Soziologie des Wissens. München and Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1924.
Schüffel W, and von Uexküll T. Ulcus duodeni. In: von Uexküll T (ed.), Psychosomatische Medizin, pp. 825–838. Fifth edition. München: Urban und Schwarzenberg, 1995.
Schwann T. Mikroskopische Untersuchungen ueber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen. Berlin: Sander, 1839. (Engl. transl. by Henry Smith: Microscopic Researches into the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants. London: Printed for the Sydenham Society, 1847.)
Searle JR. The Construction of Social Reality. New York: The Free Press, 1995.
Sismondo S. An Introduction to Science and Technology Studies. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2004.
Sperber D, Wilson D. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1995.
Stanley J. Knowledge and Practical Interests. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Stegmüller W. Probleme und Resultate der Wissenschaftstheorie und Analytischen Philosophie. Band IV: Personelle und Statistische Wahrscheinlichkeit. Zweiter Halbband: Statistisches Schließen, Statistische Begründung, Statistische Analyse. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1973.
Thagard P. How Scientists Explain Disease. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
Tuomela R. The Philosophy of Social Practices. A Collective Acceptance View. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Turner J. The Institutional Order. Economy, Kinship, Religion, Polity, Law, and Education in Evolutionary and Comparative Perspective. New York: Longman, 1997.
Vesalius A. De Humanis Corporis Fabrica. Basilae: Ex Officina Ioannis Oporini, Mense Junio, 1543.
Vico G. De antiquissima Italorum sapientia ex linguae latinae originibus eruenda librir tres. Naples 1710. (Translated to Engl. by LM Palmer: On the Most Ancient Wisdom of the Italians Unearthed from the Origins of the Latin Language. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988.)
Virchow R. Cellular-Pathologie. Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin 1855; 8:3–39.
Virchow R. Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre. Berlin: Verlag von August Hirschwald, 1858. (First Englisch edition: Cellular Pathology as Based upon Physiological and Pathological Histology. London: John Churchill, 1860.)
von Uexküll. Grundfragen der psychosomatischen Medizin. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1985. (First published in 1963.)
Warren JR. The discovery of Helicobacter pylori in Perth, Western Australia. In [Marshall, 2002b], pp. 151–164.
Warren JR, and Marshall BJ. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1983; Vol. 1, pp. 1273–1275.
Welbourne M. The Community of Knowledge. Aldershot, UK: Gregg Revivals, 1993.
Welbourne M. Testimony, knowledge and belief. In: Matilal BK, and Chakrabarti (eds.), Knowing from Words, pp. 297–313. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994.
Whorf BL. Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. Edited by John B. Carroll. Cambridge, MA: Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1956.
Wittgenstein L. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. London: Kegan Paul, 1922. (First published in German: Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung. In: Annalen der Natur- und Kulturphilosophie 1921; 14:184–262.)
Wittgenstein L. Philosophical Investigations. Translated by GEM Anscombe and edited by GEM Anscombe and R Rhees. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1953.
Zadeh LA. PRUF A meaning representation language for natural languages. Internatinal Journal of Man-Machine Studies 1978; 10:395–460.
Zadeh LA. Test-score semantics for natural languages and meaning representation via PRUF. In: Rieger B (ed.), Empirical Semantics, pp. 281–349. Bochum: Brockmeyer, 1982.
Zadeh LA. A computational approach to fuzzy quantifiers in natural languages. Computers and Mathematics with Applications 1983; 9:149–184.
Zadeh LA. A Theory of commonsense knowledge. In: Skala HJ, Termini S, and Trillas E (eds.), Aspects of Vagueness. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1984, pp. 257–296.
Zadeh LA. Test-score semantics as a basis for a computational approach to the representation of meaning. Literary and Linguistic Computing 1986; 1:24–35.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sadegh-Zadeh, K. (2012). The Semantics and Pragmatics of Medical Knowledge. In: Handbook of Analytic Philosophy of Medicine. Philosophy and Medicine(), vol 113. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2260-6_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2260-6_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-2259-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-2260-6
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawPhilosophy and Religion (R0)