Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Soft Tissue Infections Including Clostridial Myonecrosis: Diagnosis and Treatment

  • Chapter
Handbook on Hyperbaric Medicine

Abstract

Necrotizing soft tissue infections caused by mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacterial floras are a continuing challenge in surgical and medical practice. They occur with increasing frequency and seriousness especially in immune-compromised patients. They vary from simple pyodermas to life-threatening infections.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Altemeier WA, Culbertson WR (1948) Acute non-clostridial crepitant cellulitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 87: 206–212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Altemeier WA (1966) Diagnosis, classification and general management of gas producing infections, particularly those produced by Clostridium perfringens. Proc Third International Conference on Hyperbaric Medicine, Brown IW jr, Cox BG (eds) Natl Acad Sci - Natl Res Counc Pub11404, Washington DC; 481

    Google Scholar 

  3. Altemeier WA, Fullen WD (1971) Prevention and treatment of gas gangrene. JAMA 217: 806–813

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Arapov DA (1956) Die anaerobe Infektion. In: Grosse Med Enzyklopaedie: 1130, Moskou: Medgis

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bakker DJ (1984) The use of hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of certain infectious diseases especially gas gangrene and acute dermal gangrene. Thesis, University of Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bartlett JG, Sutter VL, Finegold SM (1972) Treatment of anaerobic infections with lincomycin and clindamycin. N Engl J Med 287: 1006–1010

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bessman AN, Wagner W (1975) Non-clostridial gas gangrene report of 48 cases and review of the literature. JAMA 233: 958

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Boerema I, Brummelkamp WH (1960) Behandeling van anaerobe infecties met inademing van zuurstof onder een druk van 3 atmosferen. Ned Tijdschr Geneesk 104: 2548–2550

    Google Scholar 

  9. Brightmore J (1972) Perianal gas producing infection of non-clostridial origin. Br J Surg 59: 109–116

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Brown PM, Kinman PB (1974) Gas gangrene in a metropolitan community. J Bone Joint Surg 56A: 1445–1451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Brummelkamp WH, Bakker DJ (1978) Gas gangrene. In: Cost WS, Mandema E (eds): Spoedeisende Gevallen in de Interne Kliniek. Elsevier Amsterdam Brussel, pp 73–88

    Google Scholar 

  12. Coenen H (1919) Der Gasbrand. Ergeb Chir Orthop 11: 235

    Google Scholar 

  13. Darke SG, King AM, Slack WK (1977) Gas gangrene and related infections: Classification, clinical features and aetiology, management and mortality. A report of 38 cases. Br J Surg 64: 104–112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Erttmann M, Hobrecht R, Havemann D (1992) Ist Penicillin-G das Mittel der Wahl beim Gasödem? Zentral BI Chir; 117: 509–514

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Erttmann M, Havemann D (1992) Behandlung des Gasödems. Unfallchirurg 95: 471–476

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Finegold SM (1977) Anaerobic bacteria in human disease. New York: Academic Press, pp 21–27

    Google Scholar 

  17. Finegold SM, Bartlett JG, Chow AW et al. (1975) Management of anaerobic infections. UCLA conference. Ann Intern Med 83: 375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Florey HW, Cairns H (1943) Investigation in war wounds: penicillin. A Preliminary Report to the War Office and the Medical Research Council on Investigation Concerning the Use of Penicillin in War Wounds. War Office publ Bethesda: US Dept AMD7/90D

    Google Scholar 

  19. Godsick WH, Hermann HL, Jonas G et al. (1954) Uterine gas gangrene: review with recent advances in therapy and report of three cases. Obstet Gynecol 3: 408–415

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. zo. Gottlieb SF (1977) Oxygen under pressure and micro-organisms. In: Davis JC, Hunt TK (eds): Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Bethesda: Undersea Medical Society, p 79–99

    Google Scholar 

  21. Graf A (1939) Umspritzungen mit H2O2 bei Gasbrand? Munch Med Wochenschr 86:28

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hall TR, Poon A, Yaghsczian H et al. (1992) Gas gangrene: an unusual cause of graft failure in an orthopedic pediatric liver transplant. Paediatr Radiol 22: 579–581

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hart GB, Lamb RC, Strauss MB (1983) Gas gangrene: I. A collective review. J Trauma 23: 991–995

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hart GB, Lamb RC, Strauss MB (1983) Gas gangrene II: a 15-year experience with hyperbaric oxygen. J Trauma 23: 995–1000

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hedström SA (1975) Differential diagnosis and treatment of gas producing infections. Acta Chir Scand 141: 582–589

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Heimbach RD (1980) Gas gangrene: review and update. HBO Rev 1: 41–61

    Google Scholar 

  27. Heimbach RD (1994) Gas gangrene. In: Kindwall (ed): Hyperbaric medicine practice. Flagstaff, Ariz; Best Publishers, pp 373–394

    Google Scholar 

  28. Henry MG (1946) Emergency surgical measures aboard an APA during an amphibious invasion. US Nav Med Bull 46: 1057

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hildanus WF (1914) (reprinted 1968 ) Ausgewählte observationes. In: Schaefer RJ (ed): Klassiker der Medizin, vol 22. Leipzig: Barth

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hill GB, Osterhout S (1966) In vitro and in vivo experimental effects of hyperbaric oxygen on Clostridium perfringens. In: Brown IW, Cox BG (eds): Proc Third International Conference on Hyperbaric Medicine, publ 1404, Washington DC: National Academy of Science, National Research Council, p 538

    Google Scholar 

  31. Hill GB, Osterhout S (1972) Experimental effects of hyperbaric oxygen on selected clostridial species. I. In vitro studies. J Infect Dis 125: 17–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hippocrates (1983) Hippocratic writings. In: Lloyd GER (ed): Epidemics book I. Middlesex: Penguin Classics, pp 108–109

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hirn M (1993) Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of gas gangrene and perineal necrotizing fasciitis. A clinical and experimental study. Eur J Surg (Suppl) 570: 9–36

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hitchock CR, Haglin JJ, Arnar O (1967) Treatment of clostridial infections with hyperbaricoxygen. Surgery 62: 759–769

    Google Scholar 

  35. Jantsch H, Barton P, Fugger R et al. (1991) Sonographic demonstration of septicaemia with gasforming organisms after liver transplantation. Clin Radiol 43: 397–399

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kellett CE (1939) The early history of gas gangrene. Ann Med Hist, pp 452–459

    Google Scholar 

  37. Kiranow IG (1980) Inkubationsperiode der anaeroben Gasbrand-infektion. Unfallheilkunde 83: 76–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Krull W (1981) Gaschromatographischer Toxinnachweis im Blut. Presented at the “Arbeitstagung. Die Behandlung der Gasbrandinfektion-Resignation oder neue Ansätze”. Kiel, May 9–10

    Google Scholar 

  39. Langley FH, Winkelstein LB (1945) Gas gangrene, a study of 96 cases treated in an evacuation hospital. J Am Med Assoc 128: 783–792

    Google Scholar 

  40. McLennan JD (1962) The histotoxic clostridial infections of man. Bacteriol Rev 26: 177–276

    Google Scholar 

  41. McLennan JD, McFarlane RG (1945) Toxin and antitoxin studies of gas gangrene in man. Lancet ii:301–305

    Google Scholar 

  42. Martin PGC (1942) A case illustrating the early onset of gas gangrene. J R Nav Med Sery 28: 388

    Google Scholar 

  43. Martin WJ. Gardner M, Washington JA (1972) In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria isolated from clinical specimens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1:148–158

    Google Scholar 

  44. Millar WM (1932) Gas gangrene in civil life. Surg Gynecol Obstet 54: 232–238

    Google Scholar 

  45. Nichols RL, Smith JW (1975) Gas in the wound: What does it mean? Surg Clin North Am 55: 1289–1296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Noble WC (1961) The size distribution of airborne particles carrying Cl. welchii. J Pathol 81: 523

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Nora PF, Mousavipour M, Laufman H (1966) Mechanism of action of high pressure oxygen in Clostridium perfringens exotoxin toxicity. In: Brown IW Jr, Cox BG (eds): Hyperbaric Medicine Publ 1404 Washington, DC: National Academy of Science. National Research Council, p 565

    Google Scholar 

  48. Nora PF, Mousavipour M, Mittlepunkt A et al. (1966) Brain as target organ in Clostridium perfringens toxicity. Arch Surg 92: 243–246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Novyi FG (1894) Ein neuer anaerober Bacillus des malignen Oedems. Z Hyg Infekt 17: 209–232

    Google Scholar 

  50. Palomba P, Schacht U (1974) Das Gasödem bei durchblutungsgestörten Extremitäten ( Hyperbare Sauerstofftherapie ). Aktuel Chir 9: 67–70

    Google Scholar 

  51. Pasteur L (1861) Animal infusoria living in the absence of free oxygen and the fermentations they bring about. Animacules infusoires vivant sans gaz oxygène libre et determinant des fermentations. C R Acad Sci 52: 344–347

    Google Scholar 

  52. Rifkind D (1963) The diagnosis and treatment of gas gangrene. Surg Clin North Am 43511–517

    Google Scholar 

  53. Roding B, Groeneveld PHA, Boerema I (1972) Ten years of experience in the treatment of gas gangrene with hyperbaric oxygen. Surg Gynecol Obstet 134: 579–585

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Roggentin T, Kleineidam RG, Majewski DM et al. (1993) An immuno assay for the rapid and specific detection of three sialidase-producing clostridia causing gas gangrene J Immunol Methods 157:125–133

    Google Scholar 

  55. Roloff D (1991) Voraussetzungen für die Verlegung Gasbrandkranker in eine spezialisierte Einrichtung. Anaesthesiol Reanimat 16:49–58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Savill (1916) X-ray appearances in gas gangrene. Arch Radiol Electroth 21: 201

    Google Scholar 

  57. Schoemaker G (1964) Oxygen tension measurements under hyperbaric conditions. In: Boerema I, Brummelkamp WH, Meijne NG (eds). Clinical application of hyperbaric oxygen. New York: Elsevier, pp 330–335

    Google Scholar 

  58. Schott H (1979) Die Gasbrand Infektion (Prinzipien der Behandlung, Ergebnisse). Hefte zur Unfall 138: 179–186

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Sheffield PJ (1988) Tissue oxygen measurements. In: Davis JC, Hunt TK (eds). Problem wounds: the role of oxygen. New York: Elsevier, pp 37–44

    Google Scholar 

  60. Simmonds M (1915) Gasembolie bei Sauerstoffinjektion. Munch Med Wochenschr 19: 662

    Google Scholar 

  61. Stevens DL, Bryant AE, Adams K, Mader JT (1993) Evaluation of therapy with hyperbaric oxygen for experimental infection with Clostridium perfringens. Clin Infect Dis 17: 231–237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Unsworth IP (1976) High-dose penicillin and gas gangrene. Lancet ii: 417

    Google Scholar 

  63. Van Beek A, Zook E, Yaw P et al. (1974) Non-clostridial gas-forming infections. Arch Surg 108: 552

    Google Scholar 

  64. Van Unnik AIM (1965) Inhibition of toxin production in Clostridium perfringens in vitro by hyperbaric oxygen. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 31: 181–186.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Vreeken J (1984) Verlenging van de bloedingstijd door gebruik van antibiotica. Ned Tijdschr Geneesk 128: 1480–1481

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Walsh JF (1980) Interaction of drugs in the hyperbaric environment. Bethesda: Undersea Medical Society

    Google Scholar 

  67. Weinstein WM, Onderdonk AD, Bartlett JG et al. (1975) Antimicrobial therapy of experimental intra-abdominal sepsis. J Infect Dis 132: 282–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Welch WH, Nuttall GH (1892) A gas producing bacillus capable of rapid development in the blood vessels after death. Bull Johns Hop Hosp 3: 81–91

    Google Scholar 

  69. Whitby L, Hynes M (1961) The clostridia of gas gangrene. In: Medical bacteriology, 7th edn. London: Churchill Ltd, pp 300–307

    Google Scholar 

  70. Williamson ED, Titball RW (1993) A genetically engineered vaccine against alpha-toxin of Clostridium perfringens protects mice against experimental gas gangrene. Vaccine 11 (12): 1253–1258

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Willis AT (1969) Clostridia of wound infection. London: Butterworth

    Google Scholar 

  72. Zierott G, May E, Harms H (1973) Changes in the evaluation and therapy of gas edema through the administration of hyperbaric oxygenation. A clinical comparative study of 31 cases of gas edema. Bruns Beitr Klin Chi 220: 292–296

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Ahrenholz DH (1988) Necrotizing soft tissue infections. Surg Clin North Am 68: 199–214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Ahrenholz DH (1988) Surgical spectrum. Clinical skin and soft tissue infection. Physicians World communications (Monograph). Merck, Sharpe and Dohme West Point, Pa, pp 16–24

    Google Scholar 

  75. Bakker DJ (1988) De hyperbare zuurstofbehandeling van acuut huidgangreen (necrotiserende fasciitis en progressief bacterieel gangreen). Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 124: 2164–2170

    Google Scholar 

  76. Bakker DJ (1983) The treatment of acute dermal gangrene with hyperbaric oxygen. In: Proc VIII Int Congr Hyperbaric Medicine. Nauka, Moscow, pp 238–240

    Google Scholar 

  77. Bakker DJ (1984) The use of hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of certain infectious diseases especially gas gangrene and acute dermal gangrene. Drukkerij Veenman BV, Wageningen. University of Amsterdam, pp 74–90

    Google Scholar 

  78. Bakker DJ, Ibid, 42–44

    Google Scholar 

  79. Bakker DJ, Kox C D(1988) Classification and therapy of necrotizing soft tissue infections: the role of surgery, antibiotics and hyperbaric oxygen. Curr Probl Gen Surg 5 (4)489–500

    Google Scholar 

  80. Bakker DJ (1994) Selected aerobic and anaerobic soft tissue infections. Diagnosis and the use of hyperbaric oxygen as an adjunct. In: Kindwall EP (ed): Hyperbaric medicine practice. Best Publishers, Flagstaff Ariz, pp 395–417

    Google Scholar 

  81. Bartlett JG (1991) Necrotizing soft tissue infections. In: Nichols RL, Hyslop NE, Bartlett JG (eds). Decision making in surgical sepsis. Decker, Philadelphia, 62–63

    Google Scholar 

  82. Baurienne M. Observation sur une plaie du scrotum. J Med Chir Pharm 1764; 20: 251–256

    Google Scholar 

  83. Bell WH (1991) Use of hyperbaric oxygen in anaerobic soft-tissue infection. In: Nichols RL, Hyslop NE, Bartlett JG (eds). Decision making in surgical sepsis. Decker, Philadelphia; 78–81

    Google Scholar 

  84. Brewer GE, Meleney FL (1926) Progressive gangrenous infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, following operation for acute perforative appendicitis. Ann Surg 84: 438–450

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Brocq L (1916–1917) Nouvelle contribution a l’etude du phage denisme geometrique. Ann Dermatol Syph (Paris) 6:1–39

    Google Scholar 

  86. Brunsting LA, Goeckerman WH, O’Leary PA (1930) Pyoderma gangrenosum (Ecthyma). Clinical and experimental observations in five cases. Arch Dermatol Syph (Paris) 22: 655–680

    Google Scholar 

  87. Clayton MD, Fowler JE Jr., Sharifi R, Pearl RK (1990) Causes, presentation and survival of fiftyseven patients with necrotizing fasciitis of the male genitalia. Surg Gynecol Obstet.; 170 49–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Cope VZ (1938) Actinomycosis. Oxford University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  89. Crosthwait RW Jr, Crosthwait RW, Jordan GL (1964) Necrotizing fasciitis. J Trauma 4: 149–157

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Cullen TS (1924) A progressively enlarging ulcer of abdominal wall involving the skin and fat, following drainage of an abdominal abscess apparently of appendiceal origin. Surg Gynecol Obstet 38: 579–582

    Google Scholar 

  91. Eltorai IM, Hart GB, Strauss MB, Montroy R, Juler GL (1986) The role of hyperbaric oxygen in the management of Fournier’s gangrene. Int Surg, 71: 53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Fildes J, Bannon MP, Barrett J (1991) Soft tissue infections after trauma. Surg Clin North Am 71: 371–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Finegold SM, Bartlett JC, Chow AW, et al. (1975) Management of anaerobic infections. Ann Intern Med 83: 375–389

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Fournier A. Gangrène foudroyante de la verge. Semaine Medicale 1883; 3345–347

    Google Scholar 

  95. Fournier A. Gangrène foudroyante de la verge. Semaine Medicale4: 1884; 69–70

    Google Scholar 

  96. Giuliano A, Lewis F Jr, Hadley K, Blaisdell FW. Bacteriology of necrotizing fasciitis. Am J Surg 1977; 134: 52–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Gorbach SL, Bartlett JG, Nichols RL (1984) Manual of surgical infections, Chap 9. Skin and soft tissue infections. Little Brown, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  98. Harvey JC, Cantrell JR, Fisher AM (1957) Actinomycosis: its recognition and treatment. Ann Intern Med 46: 868–885

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hehler (1848) Brand des Hodensackes und vollständiger Wiederersatz. Med Zeitung, 41: 188

    Google Scholar 

  100. Jones J (1871) Investigations upon the nature, causes and treatment of hospital gangrene as it prevailed in the Confederate armies 1861–1865, New York, U.S. Sanitary Commission. Surgical Memoirs of the War of Rebellion, 1871

    Google Scholar 

  101. Jones RB, Hirschmann JV, Brown GS, Tremann JA (1979) Fourniers syndrome:necrotizing subcutaneous infection of the male genitalia. J Uro1122: 279–282

    Google Scholar 

  102. Kingston D, Seal DV (1990) Current hypotheses on synergistic microbial gangrene. Br J Surg 77: 260–264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Kley AJ vd, Bakker DJ, Lubbers MJ, Henny P (1992) Skeletal muscle pOz in anaerobic soft tissue infections during hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Adv Exp Biol Med 17: 125–129

    Google Scholar 

  104. Lamerton AJ (1986) Fournier’s gangrene: non-clostridial gas gangrene of the perineum and diabetes mellitus. J R Soc Med, 79: 212–215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Ledingham IM, Tehrani MA (1975) Diagnosis, clinical course and treatment of acute dermal gangrene. Br J Surg 62: 364–372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Lefrock JL, Molavi A (1982) Necrotizing skin and subcutaneous infections. J Antimicrob Chemother, 9 (Suppl A): 183–192

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Lewis RT (1985) Necrotizing soft tissue infections. In: Meakins JL (ed): Surgical infection in critical care medicine, edn 20. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp 153–171

    Google Scholar 

  108. Lewis RT (1989) Soft tissue infection. In: Wilmore DW, Brennan MF, Harken AH et al. (eds). Care of the surgical patient, edn 21. Scientific American, New York, pp 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  109. Mader JT, Adams KR, Sutton TE (1987) Infectious diseases: pathophysiology and mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen. J Hyperb Med 2: 133–140

    Google Scholar 

  110. Mader J (1988) Mixed anaerobic and aerobic soft tissue infections. In: Davis JC, Hunt TK, (eds). Problem wounds: the role of oxygen. Elsevier, New York, pp 153–172

    Google Scholar 

  111. Manheim SD, Voleti C. Ludwig A, Jacobson II JH (1969) Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of actinomycosis LAMA 1969; 210 (3): 552–553

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. McCafferty EL, Lyons C (1948) Suppurative fasciitis as the essential feature of hemolytic streptococcus gangrene. Surgery 24438–442

    Google Scholar 

  113. McCrea LE (1945) Fulminating gangrene of the penis Clinics; 4(3)796–829

    Google Scholar 

  114. McLennan JD (1962) The histotoxic clostridial infections of man. Bacteriol Rev 26: 177–276

    Google Scholar 

  115. Meleney FL (1924) Hemolytic streptococcus gangrene. Arch Surg 9: 317–364

    Google Scholar 

  116. Meleney FL (1933) A differential diagnosis between certain types of infectious gangrene of the skin, with particular reference to hemolytic streptococcus gangrene and bacterial synergistic gangrene. Surg Gynecol Obstet 56: 847

    Google Scholar 

  117. Meleney FL (1933) Bacterial synergism in disease process, with confirmation of the synergistic bacterial etiology of a certain type of progressive gangrene of the abdominal wall. Ann Surg 94961–981

    Google Scholar 

  118. Modai J (1990) Empiric therapy of severe infections in adults. Am J Med, 88 (Suppl 4A): 12S - 17S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Mutschler W, Bakker DJ (1988) Temporärer Hautersatz (temporary skin replacement). Z Allg Med, 64 (24): 714–720

    Google Scholar 

  120. Nichols RL, Smith JW (1975) Gas in the wound:What does it mean? Surg Clin North Am 55: 1289–1296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Nichols RL (1991) Gas-producing infections. In: Nichols RL, Hyslop NE, Bartlett JG, (eds). Decision making in surgical sepsis. Decker, Philadelphia, 60–61

    Google Scholar 

  122. Patino JF, Castro D, Valencia A, Morales P (1991) Necrotizing soft tissue lesions after a volcanic cataclysm. World J Surg 15: 240–247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Pfanner W (1918) Zur Kenntnis and Behandlung des nekrotisierenden Erysipels. Kriegschirurgische Mitteilungen aus dem Völkerkrieg 1914/1918, nr 81. Dtsch Chir 144: 108–119

    Google Scholar 

  124. Pruitt BA (1982) Burns and soft tissues. In: Polk HC Jr (ed). Infection in the surgical patient. clinical surgery international 4, Churchill Livingstone London, pp 113–131

    Google Scholar 

  125. Riegels-Nielsen P, Hesselfeldt-Nielsen J, Bang-Jenson E, Jacobsen E (1984) Fournier’s gangrene: five patients treated with hyperbaric oxygen. J Urol 132: 918–920

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Riseman JA, Zamboni WA, Curtis A, Graham DR, Konrad HR, Ross DS (1990) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for necrotizing fasciitis reduces mortality and the need for debridements. Surgery 108: 847–850

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Rodloff AC, Montag Th, Görtz G, Harnoss B-M, Ehlers S (1991) Mikrobiologische Aspekte von Anaerobierinfektionen. In: Hau T (ed), Anaerobierinfektionen in der Chirurgie. Upjohn, Heppenheim, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  128. Sheffield PJ (1988) Tissue oxygen measurements. In: Davis JC, Hunt TK, (eds) Problem wounds: the role of oxygen. Elsevier, New York, pp 37–44

    Google Scholar 

  129. Sherris JC (1984) Skin and wound infection. In: Sherris JC (ed). Medical microbiology. Elsevier, New York, pp 555–561

    Google Scholar 

  130. Stevens BJ, Lathrop JC, Rice WT, Gruenberg JC (1993) Fournier’s gangrene: Historic (1764–1978) versus contemporary (1979–1988) differences in etiology and clinical importance. Am Sug 59 (5): 149–154

    Google Scholar 

  131. Stone HH, Martin JG, Jr (1972) Synergistic necrotizing cellulitis. Ann Surg 175: 702–711

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Sutherland ME, Meyer AA (1994) Necrotizing soft tissue infections. Surg Clin North Am 74 (3): 591–607

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Thom SR (1987) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in septicemia. J Hyperb Med 2 (3): 141–146.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Webb R, Berg E (1966) Symbiotic gangrene due to Pseudomonas pyocyanea and E Coli. Aust N Z J Surg, 36: 159–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Wilson B (1952) Necrotizing fasciitis. Am Surg 18: 426–431

    Google Scholar 

  136. Wilson DH, Haltalin KC (1973) Acute necrotizing fasciitis in childhood. Am J Dis Child 125: 591–595

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Zamboni WA, Riseman JA, Kucan JO (1990) Management of Fournier’s gangrene and the role of hyperbaric oxygen. J Hyperb Med, 5 (3): 177–186

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery (Hyperbaric Medicine), University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam Z.O., The Netherlands

    D. J. Bakker & A. J. van der Kleij

Authors
  1. D. J. Bakker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. J. van der Kleij
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Anaesthesia, Intensive and Hyperbaric Care Department, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milano, Italy

    G. Oriani

  2. Divers Alert Network Europe, Via Puglie 82, 64026, Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy

    A. Marroni

  3. Service de Réanimation Mèdicale et de Médicine Hyperbare, Hôpital Albert Calmette, Blvd. du Prof. Leclercq, 59037, Lille Cedex, France

    F. Wattel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer-Verlag Italia, Milano

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bakker, D.J., van der Kleij, A.J. (1996). Soft Tissue Infections Including Clostridial Myonecrosis: Diagnosis and Treatment. In: Oriani, G., Marroni, A., Wattel, F. (eds) Handbook on Hyperbaric Medicine. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2198-3_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2198-3_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-2200-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-2198-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation