Abstract
The estimated incidence of hypospadias is 3.2 in 1,000 live male births or 1 in every 300 male children. In complete formation of the prepuce and excess dorsal hood lead to recognition of the defect soon after birth. Prenatal ultrasound may detect a genital abnormality; a wide distal end of the penis corresponds to the excess dorsal prepuce. Sonography can be performed with a vaginal probe in early gestation and an abdominal sec tor scanner in advanced pregnancy. Other genital ano malies can be detected, such as epispadias, ambigu ous genitalia, testicular feminisation syndrome and Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (Bronshtein et al. 1995).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akre O, Lipworth L, Criattingius S, et al: Risk factor pattern for cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Epidemiology. 1999; 10:364–369.
Baskin L.: Hypospadias, critical analysis of cosmetic outcomes using photography. BJU Int 2001; 87:534–539.
Bronshtein M, Riechler A, Zimmier GZ: Prenatal diagnosis. 1995; 15:212–219.
Cerasaro TS, Brock WA, Kaplan GW: Upper urinary tract anomalies with congenital hypospadias: is screening necessary? J Urol. 1986; 135:537–538.
Davenport M, MacKinnon AE: The value of ultrasound screening for the upper urinary tract in hypospadias. Br J Urol. 1988; 62:595–596.
Davits RJ, Vanden Aker ES, Scholineijer RJ, et al: Effect of parenteral testosterone therapy on penile development in boys with hypospadias. Br J Urol. 1993; 71:593.
Desautel MG, Stock J, Hanna MK: Mullerian duct remnants: surgical management and fertility issues. J Urol. 1999; 162:1008–1013.
Garibay JT, Reid C, Gonzalez R: Functional evaluation of the results of hypospadias surgery with uroflowmetry. J Urol. 1995; 154:835–836.
Holland AJ, Smith GH, Ross FI, et al: HOSE: an objective scoring system for evaluating the results of hypospadias surgery. BJU Int. 2001; 88:255–258.
Husmann DA: Microphallic hypospadias: the use of human chorionic gonadotropin and testosterone before surgical repair [editorial; comment]. J Urol. 1999; 162:1440–1441.
Icoma F, Shima H, Yabumoto H, et al: Surgical management for enlarged prostatic utricle vagina masculina in patients with hypospadias. Br J Urol. 1986; 58:423.
Kaefer M, Diamond D, Hendren WH, et al: The incidence of inter-sexuality in children with cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Stratification based on gonadal palpability and meatal position. J Urol. 1999; 162: 1003–1006.
Kelly D, Harte FB, Rose P: Urinary tract anomalies in patients with hypospadias. Br J Urol. 1984; 56:316–318.
Koff SA, Jayanthi VR: Preoperative treatment with human chorionic gonadotrophin in infancy decreases the severity of proximal hypospadias and chordee. J Urol. 1999; 162: 1435–1439
Mandell J, Bromley B, Peters CA, et al: Prenatal sonographic detection of genital malformations. J Urol. 1995; 153: 1994–1996.
Marte A, Dilorio G, De Pasquale M, et al: Functional evaluation of tubularised incised plate repair of mid shaft — proximal hypospadias using uroflowmetry. BJU Int. 2001; 87: 540–543.
McAleer IM, Kaplan GW: Is routine karyotyping necessary in the evaluation of hypospadias and cryptorchidism? J Urol. 2001; 165:2029–2031.
Moore CC: The role of routine radiographic screening of boys with hypospadias: a prospective study. J Paediatr Surg. 1990;25:339–341.
Ratan SK, Sen A, Ratan J, et al: Mercurochrome as a adjunct to local preoperative preparation in children undergoing hypospadias repair. BJU Int. 2001; 88:259–262.
Sakakibara N, Nonomura K, Koyanagi T, et al: Use of testosterone ointment before hypospadias repair. Urol Int. 1991; 47:40.
Velasquez-Uzola A, Leger J, Aigrain Y, et al: Hypoplasia of the penis: etiologic diagnosis and results of treatment with delayed-action testosterone. Arch Pediatr. 1998; 5:844–850.
Weinder IS, Moller H, Jensen TK, et al: Risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias. J Urol. 1999; 161:1606.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Azmy, A.F. (2004). General Principles. In: Hadidi, A.T., Azmy, A.F. (eds) Hypospadias Surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07841-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07841-9_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-07843-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-07841-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive