Skip to main content

Evolution of Hypospadias Surgery: Historical Perspective

  • Chapter
Hypospadias Surgery

Abstract

The term hypospadias is derived from the Greek. “Hypo” means under and “spadon” means a rent or fissure (Duckett and Baskin 1996; Zaontz and Packer 1997). Durham Smith (1997) mentioned the dictum “There is nothing new in surgery not previously described”, and this exactly summarises the efforts which were made in the past for the description, classification, pathology and treatment of hypospadias. Many modern surgeons mention the originality of their ideas, but an investigation of historical papers, documents and books indicates that all current techniques, theoretical and practical knowledge were described centuries ago by various surgeons.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aeginata P: Seven books of Paulus Aeginata. Sydenham Society, London, 1844.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen TD, Spence HM: The surgical treatment of coronal hypospadias and related problems. J Urol. 1968; 100:504–508.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anger MT: Hypospadias. Bull Soc Chir Paris. 1874a; p 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anger MT: In: Murphy LJT (ed): (1972) The history of urology. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. 1874b; p 454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anger MT: Hypospadias péno-scrotal, compliqué de coudure de la verge: redressment du pénis et uréthro-plastie par inclusion cutanée:guérison. Bull Soc Chir Paris. 1875; p179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antyl (1st century AD) In: Hauben DJ (ed): The history of hypospadias. Acta Chir Plast. 1984; 26:196–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asopa R, Asopa HS: One stage repair of hypospadias using double island preputial skin tube. Int J Urol. 1984; 1:41–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asopa HS, Elhence EP, Atria SP, et al: One stage correction of penile hypospadias using a foreskin tube: a preliminary report. Int Surg. 1971; 55:435–448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baran NK, Çenetoğglu S: Pictorial history of hypospadias repair techniques. Gazi Medical Faculty, Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993; pp 1–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barcat J: Current concepts of treatment of hypospadias. In: Horton CE (ed): Plastic and reconstructive surgery of the genital area. Little Brown, Boston, 1973; pp 249–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baskin LS, Duckett JW, Ueoka K, et al: Changing concepts of hypospadias curvature lead to more onlay island flap procedures. J Urol. 1994; 151:191–196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baskin LS, Erol A, Li YW, et al: Anatomic studies of hypospadias. J Urol. 1998; 160:1108–1115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck C: A new operation for balanic hypospadias. NY Med J. 1898; 67:147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck C: Hypospadias and its treatment. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1917; 24:511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettmann OL, Hinch PS: A pictorial history of medicine, 2nd edn. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. 1956; pp 4–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bevan AD: A new operation for hypospadias. JAMA. 1917; 68:1032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bidder A: Eine Operation der Hypospadie mit Lappenbildung aus dem Scrotum. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1892; 10:208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bitschai J, Brodny ML: A history of urology in Egypt. Riverside, New York, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair VP, Byars LT: Hypospadias and epispadias. J Urol. 1938; 40:814.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouisson MF: Remarques sur quelques variétés de Thypospadias et sur le traitment qui leur convient. Bull Ther. 1860; 59:349–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouisson MF: De Phypospadias et de son traitment chirurgical. Trib Chir. 1861; 2:484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broadbent TR, Woolf RM, Toksu E: Hypospadias — one stage repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1961; 27:154–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browne D: A comparison of the Duplay and Denis Browne techniques for hypospadias operation. Surgery. 1953; 34:787.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Browne D: An operation for hypospadias. Lancet. 1936; 1:141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browne D: An operation for hypospadias. Proc R Soc Med. 1949;41:466–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bussemaker UC, Daremberg CV: Ouvres d’Oribase, texte Grec en Grande Partie Inédit. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 1851–1876 (6 vols).

    Google Scholar 

  • Büyükünal SNC, Sary N: ṣarafeddin Sabuncuoğlu,the author of the earliest pediatric surgical atlas: Cerrahiye-i Ilhaniye, J Pediatr Surg. 1991; 26:1148–1151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byars LT: A technique for consistently satisfactory repair of hypospadias. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1955; 100:184–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cassar P: A medico-legal report of the 16th century from Malta. Med Hist. 1974; 18:354–359.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis DM: The pedicle tube graft in the surgical treatment of hypospadias in the male. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1940; 71:790.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis DM: The surgical treatment of hypospadias, especially scrotal and perineal. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1950; 5:373.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Des Prez JD, Persky L, Kiehn CL: One stage repair of hypospadias by island flap technique. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1961;28:405–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dessanti A, Rigamonti W, Merulla V et al: Autologous buccal mucosa graft for hypospadias repair: an initial report. J Urol. 1992;147:1081–1084.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Sy WA, Oosterlinck W: Silicone foam elastomer: A significant improvement in postoperative penile dressing. J Urol. 1982; 128:39–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devine CJ, Horton CE: A one stage hypospadias repair. J Urol. 1961;85:166–172.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dieffenbach JF: Die operative Chirurgie. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1845.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dieffenbach JF: Guérison des fentes congénitales de la verge, de Phypospadias. Gaz Hebd Med. 1837; 5:156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dingwall EJ: Male infibulation. Bale and Danielson, London, 1925.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dionis P: In: Haeger K (ed) The illustrated history of surgery. Harold Strake, London, 1718; pp 132–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dionis PA: Course of chirurgical operations demonstrated in Royal Garden at Paris, 2nd edn. J Tonson, London. 1710; pp 137–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duckett JW: Transverse preputial island flap technique for repair of severe hypospadias. Urol Clin North Am. 1980; 7:423–431.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duckett JW: The island flap technique for hypospadias repair. Urol Clin North Am. 1981a; 8:503–511.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duckett JW: MAGPI (meatal advancement and glanuloplasty): a procedure for subcoronal hypospadias. Urol Clin North Am. 1981b; 8:513–520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duckett JW: Use of buccal mucosa urethroplasty in epispadias. Meeting of Society of Pediatric Urology, Southampton, England. 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duckett JW: Hypospadias. In: Gillenwater JY, Grayhack JT, Howards SS, Duckett JW (eds): Adult and pediatric urology, vol II, 2nd edn. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago. 1987; pp 1880–1915.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duckett JW: Successful hypospadias repair. Contemp Urol. 1992; 4:42–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duckett JW, Snyder HM: Hypospadias “pearls”. Soc Pediatr Urol Newslett. 1985; 7:4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duckett JW, Baskin LS: Hypospadias. In: Gillenwater JY, Grayhack JT, Howards SS, Duckett JW (eds) Adult and pediatric urology, vol 3, 3rd edn. Mosby, St Louis. 1996; pp 2549–2589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duplay S: De Phypospadias périneo-scrotal et de son traitement chirurgical. Arch Gen Med. 1874a; 1:613,657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duplay S: De Phypospadias périnéo-scrotal et de son traitment chirurgical. Asselin, Paris, 1874b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duplay S: Sur le traitement chiurgical de Phypospadias et de Pepispadias. Arch Gen Med. 1880; 5:257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmunds A: An operation for hypospadias. Lancet. 1913; 1:447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elder JS, Duckett JW, Snyder HM: Onlay island flap in the repair of mid and distal hypospadias without chordee. J Urol. 1987; 138:376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis H: A history of surgery. Greenwich Medical Media, London. 2001; pp 4–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabricii ab Aquapendente H: Opera Chirurgica Patavii: Fran-ciscum Bolzettam, 1641.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabricii ab Aquapendente H: Opera Chirurgica Venetiis: Apud Robertum Megliettum, 1619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Filler J: Disease. British Museum Press, London. 1995; p:90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galen (c. 130–201 AD). In: Opera Omnia vol 10. Kühn, Leipzig, Cnobloch, p 1001

    Google Scholar 

  • Gittes RF, McLaughlin AP III: Injection technique to induce penile erection. Urology. 1974; 4:473–474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hacker V: Zur operativen Behandlung der Hypospadia Glan-dis. Beitr Z Klin Chir. 1898; 22:271–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heister L: General system of surgery in three parts. Winnys, London. 1743; pp 129–138; 243–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendren WH, Reda EF: Bladder mucosa graft for reconstruction of male urethra. J Pediatr Surg. 1986; 21:189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrlinger R: History of medical illustration: from antiquity to 1600. Medicina Rara, New York, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinderer U: Behandlung der Hypospadie und der inkompletten Hypospadieformen nach eigenen Methoden von 1966 bis 1975. In: Schmied E, Widmaier W, Reichert H (eds) Wiederstellung von Form und Funktion organischer Einheiten der verschiedenen Körperregionen: Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Plastische und Wiederherstellungschirurgie. Thieme, Stuttgart. 1975; pp 263–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinderer U: New one-stage repair of hypospadias (technique of penis tunnelization). In: Hueston JT (ed) Transactions of the 5th International Congress of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Butterworth, Stoneham. 1971; pp 283–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson NB: A one-stage hypospadias repair. J Urol. 1970; 104:281–284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horton CE, Devine CJ, Baran NK: Pictorial history of hypospadias repair techniques. In: Horton CE (ed) Plastic and reconstructive surgery of the genital area. Little Brown, Boston. 1973; pp 237–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton CE, Devine CJ: Film: a one-stage hypospadias repair. Eaton Laboratories, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humby G: A one stage operation for hypospadias. Br J Surg. 1941; 29:84–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen BH: Caudal block for postoperative pain relief after genital operations. A comparison between morphine and bupivacaine. Acta Anesthesiol Scand. 1981; 25:373–375.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson T: The works of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Paré, translated out of Latine and compared with the French by T Johnson. Cotes TH, Young R, London, 1634. Reprinted by Milord, Boston, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • King LR: Hypospadias — a one-stage repair without skin graft based on a new principle: chordee is sometimes produced by skin alone. J Urol. 1970; 103:660–662.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koyanagi T, Nonomura H, Kakizaki H, et al: Hypospadias repair. In: Thüroff JW, Hohenfellner M (eds): Reconstructive surgery of the lower urinary tract in children. Isis Medical Media, Oxford. 1995; pp 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koyanagi T, Nonomura K, Gotoh T et al: One stage repair of perineal hypospadias and scrotal transposition. Eur J Urol. 1984; 10:364–367.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landerer: Dtsch Z Chir. 1891; p 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lascaratos J, Kostakopoulos A, Louras G: Penile surgical techniques described by Oribasius (4th century CE). BJU Int. 1999; 84:16–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauenstein C: Zur Plastik der Hypospadie. Arch Klin Chir. 1892; 43:203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manley CB, Epstein ES: Improved optical magnification have made surgical correction at an earlier age more successful. J Urol. 1981;125:698–700.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall VF, Spellman RM: Construction of urethra in hypospadias using vesical musocal grafts. J Urol. 1955; 73: 335–342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathieu P: Traitement en un temps de Phypospadias balanique et juxta-balanique. J Chir. 1932; 39:481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayo CH: JAMA. 1901; 36:1157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mclndoe AH: An operation for cure of adult hypospadias. Br Med J. 1937; 1:385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Memmelaar J: Use of bladder mucosa in a one stage repair of hypospadias. J Urol. 1947; 58:68–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mettauer JP: Practical observations on those malformations of the male urethra and penis,termed hypospadias and epispadias, with an anomalous case. Am J Med Sci. 1842; 4:43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mirabet Ippolito V: Modification de la técnica de Mclndoe para el tratamiento de los hipospadias. Doctoral thesis, Valencia, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monfort G, Lucas C: Dihydrotestosterone penile stimulation in hypospadias surgery. Eur Urol. 1982; 8:201–203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montagnani CA: Pediatric surgery in Islamic medicine from the middle ages to renaissance. In: Rickam PP (ed) Historical aspects of pediatric surgery. Prog Pediatr Surg, vol 20. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York. 1986; pp 39–51.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Moutet: De Puréthroplastie dans hypospadias scrotal. Montpellier Méd, May, 1870.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mustardé JC: One stage correction of distal hypospadias and other people’s fistulae. Br J Plast Surg. 1965; 18:413–420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nesbit RM: Congenital curvature of the phallus: report of three cases with description of correction operation. J Urol. 1965; 93:230–232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nesbit RM: Operation for correction of distal penile ventral curvature with and without hypospadias. Trans Am Assoc Genitourin Surg. 1966; 58:12–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nesbit RM: Plastic procedure for reconstruction of hypospadias. 1941; 45:699–707.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nové-Josserand G: Traitment de Phypospadias; nouvelle méthode. Lyon Méd. 1897; 85:198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nové-Josserand G: Résultates éloignés de Puréthroplastie par la tunnelisation et la greffe dermo-épidermique dans les formes graves de Phypospadias et de l;épispadias. J Urol Med Chir. 1914; 5:393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Numanoglu Y: Cerrahiye-i Ilhaniye: The earliest known book containing pediatric surgical procedures. J Pediatr Surg. 1973; 8:547–548.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nunn JF: Ancient Egyptian medicine. Chapter 8: Surgery, trauma and dangerous animals. British Museum Press, London. 1996; pp 163–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ombrédanne L: Hypospadias pénien chez Penfant. Bull Mem Soc Chir Paris. 1911; 37:1076.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ombrédanne L: Précis clinique et opératoire de chirurgie infantile. Masson, Paris. 1925; pp 654–689.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ombrédanne L: Précis clinique et opératoire de chirurgie infantile. Masson, Paris. 1932; p 851.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pancoast J: Hypospadias. In: Treatise on operative surgery. Carey and Hart, Philadelphia. 1844; p 317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pancoast J: In: Murphy LJT (ed): The history of urology. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. 1972; p 456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paré A: Les oeuvres de M. Ambroise Paré. Chez Gabriel Buon, Paris, 1575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perovic SV, Vukadinovic V, Djordjevic MLJ, et al: The penile disassembly technique in hypospadias repair. Br J Urol. 1998;81:479–487.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Portman I: A guide to the Temple of Kom Ombo. Palm Press, Cairo. 2001; p 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ransley PG, Duffy PG, Oesh IL et al: The use of bladder mucosa and combined bladder mucosa/preputial skin grafts for urethral reconstruction. J Urol. 1987; 138:1096.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves C: Egyptian medicine. Shire Publications, Buckinghamshire, UK. 2001; pp 26–27, 29–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rochet V: Nouveau procédé pour réfaire le canal pénien dans Thypospadias. Gaz Hebd Med Chir. 1899; 4:673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers BO: History of external genital surgery. In: Horton CE (ed): Plastic and reconstructive surgery of the genital area. Little Brown, Boston. 1973; pp 3–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberger: Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1891; p:1250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabuncuoğlu ṣ: Cerrahiye-i Ilhaniye, Istanbul Fatih National library, 1465; no 79 (1st manuscript).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaeffer DD, Erbes J: Hypospadias. Am J Surg. 1950; 80:183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz JR, Klykylo WM, Wacksman J: Timing of elective hypospadias repair in children. Pediatrics. 1983; 71:342–351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz GS: Infibulation, population control and the medical profession. Bull NY Acad Med. 1970; 46:964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Section of Urology, American Academy of Pediatrics: The timing of elective surgery on genitalia of male children with particular reference to undescended testis and hypospadias. Pediatrics. 1975; 56:479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shokeir AA, Hussein MI: The urology of Pharaonic Egypt. BJU Int. 1999;84:755–761.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith CK: Surgical procedures for correction of hypospadias. J Urol. 1938; 40:239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith DR: Repair of hypospadias in pre-school child. A report of 150 cases. J Urol. 1967; 97:723–730.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith ED: Durham Smith repair of hypospadias. Urol Clin North Am. 1981; 8:451–455.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith ED: The history of hypospadias. Pediatr Surg Int. 1997; 12:81–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snodgrass W: Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for distal hypospadias. J Urol. 1994; 151:464–465.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snodgrass W, Baskin LS, Mitchell ME: Hypospadias. In: Gillenwater JY, Grayhack JT, Howards SS, Mitchell ME (eds): Adult and pediatric urology, vol III, 4th edn. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia. 2002; pp 2509–2532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snodgrass W, Koyle M, Manzoni G, et al: Tubularized incised plate hypospadias repair for proximal hypospadias. J Urol. 1998; 159:2129–2131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snow BW: Use of tunica vaginalis to prevent fistula in hypospadias surgery. J Urol. 1986; 136:861.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spinks MS, Lewis GL: Albucasis: On surgery and instruments. A definitive edition of the Arabic text with English translation and commentary. The Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine, London. 1973; pp:170–827.

    Google Scholar 

  • Standoli L: Correzione dell’ipospadia in tempo unico: technica dell’uretroplastica con lembo ad isola prepuziale. Rass IT Chir Ped. 1979; 21:82–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Standoli L: One-stage repair of hypospadias: Preputial island flap technique. Ann Plast Surg. 1982; 9:81–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sussman M: Diseases in the bible and the Talmud. In: Broth-well D, Sandison AT (eds): Diseases in antiquity: a survey of the diseases. Injuries and surgery of early population. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. 1967; p 209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiersch C: über die Entstehungsweise und operative Behandlung der Epispadie. Arch Heilkunde. 1869; 10–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toksu E: Hypospadias: one-stage repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1970; 45:365.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ünver AS: ṣerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu: Kitabül Cerrahiye-i Ilhaniye (Cerrahname), Istanbul, Y.ü Typ Tarihi Enstitüsü, Adet. 1939; 12:870–1465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uzel I: ṣerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu: Cerrâhiyyetu’l-hâniyye, vol-I, Atatürk Kültür Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Yayynlary, III. Dizi. 1992; pp 280–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Hook W: A new operation for hypospadias. Ann Surg. 1896; 23:378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood J: Cited by Mayo CH: JAMA. 1901; 36:1157

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaontz MR, Packer MG: Abnormalities of the external genitalia. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1997; 44:1267–1297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeis E: Die Literatur und Geschichte der plastischen Chirurgie. Wilhelm Englemann, Leipzig. 1963; pp 145–173.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Büyükünal, C. (2004). Evolution of Hypospadias Surgery: Historical Perspective. In: Hadidi, A.T., Azmy, A.F. (eds) Hypospadias Surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07841-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07841-9_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-07843-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-07841-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics