Abstract
This chapter discusses the contribution of an imagery-based code to the acquisition, operation and retention of a complex data entry skill. The power of visual imagery as an aid to memory has been known since the ancient days of the Greek orators. It has been the subject of numerous theoretical debates and extensive experimentation throughout the ages (Yates, 1966) and is still an active topic of research in modern cognitive psychology (Kosslyn, 1980). Modern research can be generally classified into two main categories: Studies interested in the role of imagery in learning processes, memory, thinking, and problem solving (e.g., Paivio, 1971a,b; Hunter, 1977; Kosslyn, 1980), and research into the properties of mental images and their relationship to visual perception (see Haber, 1971; Kosslyn, 1980). A detailed review of this research is beyond the scope of the present chapter. Within the first group of studies, imagery has been shown on numerous occasions to improve memory, comprehension, and problem solving. This improvement is based on improved organization in memory or dual memory codes (Paivio, 1971b; Segal, 1971). The major finding of the second group is that imagery-based performance closely resembles the behavior related to actual processing of visual information (e.g., Podgorny & Shepard, 1978).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Reference Notes
Chevalier-Girard, N, & Wilberg, R.B. The effects of image and label on the free recall of movement lists. Paper presented at the Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology, Toronto, November, 1978.
Gentner, D.R. Skilled finger movements in typing. University of California, San Diego. Center for Human Information Processing, CHIP 104, July, 1981.
Sidorsky, A. Alpha-Dot. A new approach to direct computer entry of battlefield data. Technical Report 249, U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1974.
Brickner, M., & Gopher, D. Improving time-sharing performance by enhancing voluntary control on processing resources. Technion — IIT, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management. Research Center for Human Engineering and Work Safety. HEIS, 81–3, 1981.
Schelach, A. The effect of mnemonic aids on performance in Alpha-numeric data entry devices. Master Thesis, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management. Teehnion, Haifa, Israel, 1982, ( Hebrew).
Gopher, D., & Arzi, N. Effects of set size and motor difficulty in the joint performance of typing and classification with manipulation of task emphasis. In preparation, 1983.
References
Adams, J.A., Gopher, D., & Lintern, G. The effects of visual and proprioceptive feedback on motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 1977, 9, 11–32.
Bernstein, N. The coordination and regulation of movements. London: Pergamon Press, 1967.
Carroll, W.R., & Bandura, A. On the role of visual monitoring in observational learning of action patterns: Making the unobservable observable. Journal of Motor Behavior, 1982, 14, 153–167.
Conrad, R., & Longman, D.J.A. Standard typewriter versus chord keyboard: An experimental comparison. Ergonomics, 1965, 5, 77–88.
Dvorak, A., Merrick, N.L., Dealey, W.L., & Ford, G.C. Typewriting behavior. New York: American Book Co., 1936.
Fitts, P.M., & Posner, M.I. Human performance. Pacific Pallisades: Brooks/Cole, 1967.
Gopher, D., Brickner, M., & Navon, D. Different difficulty manipulation interact differently with task emphasis: Evidence for multiple resources. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1982, 8, 146–157.
Gopher, D., & Eilam, Z. Development of the letter-shape keyboard: A new approach to the design of data entry devices. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 23rd Meeting. Santa Monica: The Human Factors Society, 1979.
Haber, R.N. Where are the visions in visual perception. In S.J. Segal (Ed.), Imagery: Current cognitive approaches. New York: Academic Press, 1971.
Hall, C.R. Imagery for movement. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 1980, 6, 252–264.
Hall, G.R., & Buckolz, J.B. Recognition memory for movement patterns and their corresponding pictures. Journal of Mental Imagery, 1981, 5, 97–104.
Hebb, D.O. The organization of behavior. New York: Wiley, 1949.
Hirsch, R.S. Effect of standard versus alphabetic keyboard formats on typing performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1970, 54, 484–490.
Hunter, I.M. Imagery, comprehension and mnemonics. Journal of Mental Imagery, 1977, 1, 65–72.
Kelso, S.J.A., Wallace, S.A. Conscious mechanisms in movement. In G.E. Stelmach (Ed.), Information processing in motor control and learning. New York: Academic Press, 1978.
Kosslyn, S.M. Image and mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980.
Lee, D.N., & Aronson, E. Visual and proprioceptive control of standing in human infants. Perception and Psychophysics, 1973, 15, 529–532.
Norman, D.A., & Fisher, D. Why alphabetic keyboards are not easy to use: Keyboard layout doesn’t much matter. Human Factors, 1982, 24, 509–520.
Neisser, V. Cognitive psychology. New York: Appleton, 1967.
Paivio, A. Imagery and language. In S.J. Segal (Ed.), Imagery: Current cognitive approaches. New York: Academic Press, 1971. (a)
Paivio, A. Imagery and verbal processes. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1971. (b)
Piaget, J. Play, dreams and imitations in childhood. New York: Norton, 1962.
Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. L’image mentale chez I’enfant. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1966.
Podgorny, P., & Shepard, R.N. Functional representation common to visual perception and imagination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1978, 4, 21–35.
Rochester, N., Bequaert, F.C., & Sharp, E.M. The chord keyboard. Computer, December 1978, 57–63.
Segal, S.J. (Ed.) Imagery: Current cognitive approaches. New York: Academic Press, 1971.
Seibel, R. Data entry devices and procedures. In H.P. Van-Cott & R.G. Kinkade (Eds.), Human engineering guide to equipment design, (pp. 312–344 ). Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972.
Skinner, B.F. Science and human behavior. New York: MacMillan, 1953.
Turvey, M.T. Preliminaries to a theory of action with reference to vision. In R. Shaw & J. Bransford (Eds.), Perceiving, acting, and knowing. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1977.
Washburn, M.F. Movement and mental imagery. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1916.
Werner, H., & Kaplan, B. Symbol formation: An organismic approach to the psychology of language and expression of thought. New York: Wiley, 1963.
Yates, F.A. The art of memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gopher, D. (1984). The Contribution of Vision-Based Imagery to the Acquisition and Operation of a Transcription Skill. In: Prinz, W., Sanders, A.F. (eds) Cognition and Motor Processes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69382-3_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69382-3_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-69384-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-69382-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive