This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adam EE (1972) An analysis of changes in performance quality with operant conditioning procedures. J Appl Psychol 56: 480–486
Agnew N, Agnew M (1963) Drive level effects on tasks of narrow and broad attention. Q J Exp Psychol 15: 58–62
Akerstedt T (1977) Inversion of the sleep wakefulness pattern: Effects on circadian variations in psychophysiological activation. Ergonomics 20: 459–474
Allen GJ (1970) Effect of three conditions of administration on “trait” and “state” measures of anxiety. J Consult Clin Psychol 34: 355–359
Allport DA, Antonis B, Reynolds P (1972) On the division of attention: A disproof of the single channel hypothesis. Q J Exp Psychol 24: 225–235
Amelang M, Wendt W, Fründt H (1977) Zum Einfluß von Extraversion/Introversion auf Konsidierungsprozesse beim Behalten verbalen Materials. Z Exp Angew Psychol 23: 525–545
Antos SJ (1979) Processing facilitation in a lexical decision task. J Exp Psychol [Hum Percept] 5: 527–545
Atkinson RC, Holmgren JE, Juola JF (1969) Processing time as influenced by the number of elements in a visual display. Percept Psychophys 6: 321–336
Atkinson RC, Shiffrin RM (1968) Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In: Spence KW, Spence JT (eds) The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, vol 2. Academic Press, London
Atkinson RC, Wickens TD (1971) Human memory and the concept of reinforcement. In: Glaser R (ed) The nature of reinforcement. Academic Press, London Bacon SJ (1974) Arousal and the range of cue utilization. J Exp Psychol 102: 81–87
Baddeley AD, Hatter JE, Scott D, Snashall A (1970) Memory and time of day. Q J Exp Psychol 22: 605–609
Baddeley AD, Hitch G (1974) Working memory. In: Bower GH (ed) The psychology of learning and motivation, vol 8. Academic Press, London
Baddeley AD, Thomson N, Buchanan M (1975) Word length and the structure of short-term memory. J Verb Learn Verb Behav 14: 575–589
Bahrick HP (1954) Incidental learning under two incentive conditions. J Exp Psychol 47: 170–172
Bahrick HP, Fitts PM, Rankin RE (1952) Effects of incentives upon reactions to peripheral stimuli. J Exp Psychol 44: 400–406
Bakan P(1959) Extraversion-introversion and improvement in an auditory vigilance task. Br J Psychol 50:325–332
Bakan P, Belton J A, Toth JC (1963) Extraversion- introversion and decrement in an auditory vigilance task. In: Buckner DN, McGrath JJ (eds) Vigilance: A symposium. McGraw-Hill, London
Barton K, Cattell RB (1974) Changes in psychological state measures and time of day. Psychol Rep 35: 219–222
Bass B, Ninias P (1974) The effects of verbal reinforcement upon the WAIS performance of normal adults. J Clin Psychol 30: 170–172
Baumeister AA, Kistler D (1975) Facilitation of retention by white noise. J Exp Child Psychol 20: 13–21
Bavelas J, Lee ES (1978) Effects of goal level on performance: A trade-off of quantity and quality. Can J Psychol 32: 219–240
Beatty J, Wagoner BL (1978) Pupillometric signs of brain activation vary with level of cognitive processing. Science 199: 1216–1218
Bell PA (1978) Effects of noise and heat stress on primary and subsidiary task performance. Hum Factors 20: 749–752
Benton AL (1936) Influence of incentives upon intelligence test scores of school children. J Genet Psychol 49: 494–497
Bergstrom B, Gillberg M, Arnberg P (1973) Effects of sleep loss and stress upon radar watching. J Appl Psychol 58: 158–162
Berlyne DE (1960) Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. McGraw-Hill, London
Berlyne DE, Borsa DM, Craw MA, Gelman RS, Mandell EE (1965) Effects of stimulus complexity and induced arousal on paired-associate learning. J Verb Learn Verb Behav 4: 291–299
Berlyne DE, Borsa DM, Hamacher JH, Koenig IDV (1966) Paired-associate learning and the timing of arousal. J Exp Psychol 72: 1–6
Berlyne DE, Carey ST (1968) Incidental learning and the timing of arousal. Psychon Sci 13: 103–104
Berlyne DE, Lewis JL (1963) Effects of heightened arousal on human exploratory behaviour. Can J Psychol 17: 398–410
Bindra D (1969) The interrelated mechanisms of reinforcement and motivation, and the nature of their influence on response. In: Arnold WJ, Levine D (eds) Nebraska symposium on motivation, vol 17. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln
Bindra D (1974) A motivational view of learning, performance, and behaviour modification. Psychol Rev 81: 199–213
Bindra D, Palfai T (1967) Nature of positive and negative incentive: Motivational effects on general activity. J Comp Physiol Psychol 63: 288–297
Bjerner B (1949) Alpha depression and lowered pulse rate during delayed actions in a serial reaction test: A study in sleep deprivation. Acta Physiol Scand 19: 1–93
Blake MJF (1967a) Time of day effects on performance in a range of tasks. Psychon Sci 9: 349–350
Blake MJF (1967b) Relationship between Orcadian rhythm of body tempe:ature and introversion-extraversion. Nature 215: 896–897
Blake MJF (1971) Temperament and time of day. In: Colquhoun WP (ed) Biological rhythms and human behaviour. Academic Press, London
Blechman EA, Dannemiller EA (1976) Effects on performance of perceived control over noxious noise. J Consult Clin Psychol 44: 601–607
Blowers GH, Ongley GC (1975) The effect of knowledge of results upon contingent negative variation in a reaction time situation with a variable foreperiod. Physiol Psychol 3: 257–260
Boggs DH, Simon JR (1968) Differential effect of noise on tasks of varying complexity. J Appl Psychol 52: 148–153
Bohlin G (1971) Monotonous stimulation, sleep onset and habituation of the orienting reaction. Electroenceph alogr Clin Neurophysiol 31: 593–601
Bohlin G (1973) The relationship between arousal level and habituation of the orienting reaction. Physiol Psychol 1: 308–312
Boor M, Harmon J (1971) Comment on Weiner’s (1966) study: role of success and failure in the learning of easy and complex tasks. J Pers Soc Psychol 18: 256–257
Brebner J, Cooper C (1974) The effect of a low rate of regular signals upon the reaction times of introverts and extraverts. J Res Pers 8: 263–276
Brebner J, Flavel R (1978) The effects of catch-trials on speed and accuracy among introverts and extraverts in a simple RT task. Br J Psychol 69: 9–16
Broadbent DE (1953) Noise, paced performance, and vigilance tasks. Br J Psychol 44: 295–303
Broadbent DE (1957) Effects of noises of high and low frequency on behaviour. Ergonomics 1: 21–29
Broadbent DE (1958) Perception and communication. Pergamon, London
Broadbent DE (1971) Decision and stress. Academic Press, London
Broadbent DE (1978) The current state of noise research: Reply to Poulton. Psychol Bull 85: 1052–1067
Broadbent DE, Gregory M (1965) Effects of noise and of signal rate upon vigilance analysed by means of decision theory. Hum Factors 7: 155–162
Broadhurst PL (1957) Emotionality and the Yerkes-Dodson law. J Exp Psychol 54: 345–352
Broadhurst PL (1959) The interaction of task difficulty and motivation: The Yerkes-Dodson law revived. Acta Psychol (Amst) 16: 321–338
Brower PE, Mueller JH (1978) Serial position effects in immediate and final free recall as a function of test anxiety and sex. Bull Psychon Soc 12: 61–63
Bruning JL, Capage JE, Kozuh GF, Young PF, Young WE (1968) Socially induced drive and range of cue utilization. J Pers Soc Psychol 9: 242–244
Calder BJ, Staw BM (1975) Self-perception of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. J Pers Soc Psychol 31: 599–605
Callaway E, Stone G (1960) Reevaluating the focus of attention. In: Uhr L, Miller JG (eds) Drugs and behaviour. Wiley, London
Capretta, PJ, Berkun M (1962) Validity and reliability of certain measures of psychological stress. Psychol Rep 10: 875–878
Carr G (1971) Introversion-extraversion and vigilance performance. Proc Annu Meet Am Psychopathol Assoc 79: 379–380
Cattell RB, Child D (1975) Motivation and dynamic structure. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, London
Cherry EC (1953) Some experiments on the recognition of speech with one and two ears. J Acoust Soc Am 25: 975–979
Clements PR, Hafer MD, Vermillion ME (1976) Psychometric, diurnal, and electrophysiological correlates of activation. J Pers Soc Psychol 33: 387–394
Cohen JS, Telegdy GA, Laroche JP, Getz Y (1973) Cue utilization as a function of monetary incentive and learning efficiency. Bull Psychon Soc 1: 452–454
Cohen S, Lezak A (1977) Noise and inattentiveness to social cues. Environ Behav 9: 559–572
Collins WE (1977) Some effects of sleep deprivation on tracking performance in static and dynamic environments. J Appl Psychol 62: 567–573
Colquhoun WP (1960) Temperament, inspection efficiency, and time of day. Ergonomics 3: 377–378
Colquhoun WP, Blake MJF, Edwards RS (1968) Experimental studies of shift-work I: A comparison of ‘rotating’ and ‘stabilized’ 4-hour shift systems. Ergonomics 11: 437 — 453
Condry J (1977) Enemies of exploration: Self-initiated versus other initiated learning. J Pers Soc Psychol 35: 459–477
Condry J, Chambers J (1978) Intrinsic motivation and the process of learning. In: Lepper MR, Greene D (eds) The hidden costs of reward: New perspectives on the psychology of human motivation. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, JN
Corballis MC (1969) Patterns of rehearsal in immediate memory. Br J Psychol 60: 41–49
Corcoran DWJ (1962a) Noise and loss of sleep. Q J Exp Psychol 14: 178–182
Corcoran DWJ (1962b) Individual differences in performance after loss of sleep. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge
Corcoran DWJ (1965) Personality and the inverted-U relation. Br J Psychol 56: 267–273
Corcoran DWJ (1972) Studies of individual differences at the Applied Psychology Unit. In: Nebylitsyn VD, Gray JA (eds) Biological bases of individual behaviour. Academic Press, London
Craig MJ, Humphreys MS, Rocklin T, Revelle W (1979) Impulsivity, neuroticism, and caffeine: Do they have additive effects on arousal? J Res Pers 13: 404–419
Craik FIM, Lockhart RS (1972) Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. J Verb Learn Verb Behav 11: 671–684
Cummings LL, Schwab DP, Rosen M (1971) Performance and knowledge of results as determinants of goal setting. J Appl Psychol 55: 526–530
Cutting JE (1975) Orienting tasks affect recall performance more than subjective impressions of ability to recall. Psychol Rep 36: 155–158
Cuvo AJ (1974) Incentive level influence on overt rehearsal and free recall as a function of age. J Exp Child Psychol 18: 167–181
Daee S, Wilding JM (1977) Effects of high intensity white noise on short-term memory for position in a list and sequence. Br J Psychol 68: 335–349
Davenport WG (1968) Auditory vigilance: The effects of costs and values on signals. Aust J Psychol 20: 213–218
Davenport WG (1969) Vibrotactile vigilance: The effects of costs and values on signals. Percept Psychophys 5: 25–28
Davies DR, Hockey GRJ (1966) The effects of noise and doubling the signal frequency on individual differences in visual vigilance performance. Br J Psychol 57: 381–389
Davies DR, Jones DM (1975) The effects of noise and incentives upon attention in short-term memory. Br J Psychol 66: 61–68
Deci EL (1971) Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. J Pers Soc Psychol 18: 105–115
Deci EL (1975) Intrinsic motivation. Plenum, London
Deffenbacher JL (1978) Worry, emotionality, and task-generated interference in test anxiety: An empirical test of attentional theory. J Educ Psychol 70: 248–254
Demetrescu M, Demetrescu M, Iosif G (1965) The tonic control of cortical responsiveness by inhibitory and facilitatory diffuse influences. Electroenceph alogr Clin Neurophysiol 18: 1–24
Deutsch J A, Deutsch D (1963) Attention: Some theoretical considerations. Psychol Rev 70: 80–90
Deutsch J A, Deutsch D (1967) Comments on “selective attention: perception or response?” Q J Exp Psychol 19: 362–363
Dey MK, Kaur G (1965) Facilitation of performance by experimentally induced ego motivation. J Gen Psychol 73: 237–247
Dickstein LS, Ayers J (1973) Effect of an incentive upon intelligence test performance. Psychol Rep 33: 127–130
Dixon PN, Cameron AE (1976) Personality and motivational factors on an intentional-incidental learning task. Psychol Rep 39: 1315–1320
Doctor RM, Altman F (1969) Worry and emotionality as components of test anxiety, with replication and further data. Psychol Rep 24: 563–568
Donders FC (1868) Die Schnelligkeit psychischer Processe. Arch Anat Physiol 657–681
Dornbush RL (1965) Motivation and positional cues in incidental learning. Percept Mot Skills 20: 709–714
Dornic S (1975) Some studies on the retention of order information. In: Rabbitt PMA, Dornic S (eds) Attention and performance, vol V. Academic Press, London
Dornic S (1977) Mental load, effort, and individual differences. Rep Dept Psychol Univ Stockholm, no 509
Duffy E (1962) Activation and behaviour. Wiley, London
Duncan J (1979) Divided attention: The whole is more than the sum of its parts. J Exp Psychol [Hum Percept] 5: 216–228
Duncan J (1980) The demonstration of capacity limitation. Cogn Psychol 12: 75–96
Easterbrook J A (1959) The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behaviour. Psychol Rev 66: 183–201
Elliott R (1969) Tonic heart rate: Experiments on the effects of collative variables lead to a hypothesis about about its motivational significance. J Pers Soc Psychol 12: 211–228
Elliott R (1970) Simple reaction time: Effects associated with age, preparatory interval, incentive-shift, and mode of presentation. J Exp Child Psychol 9: 86–107
Elliott R. Bankart CP, Flaherty B (1976) Relation of heart-rate deceleration and simple reaction time. Percept Mot Skills 42: 1075–1084
Endler NS, Magnusson D, Ekehammar B, Okada M (1976) The multidimensionality of state and trait anxiety. Scand J Psychol 17: 81–96
Eysenck HJ (1944) The effect of incentives on neurotics, and the variability of neurotics as compared with normals. Br J Med Psychol 20: 100–103
Eysenck HJ (1967) The biological basis of personality. Thomas, Springfield Eysenck HJ
Eysenck SBG (1969) The structure and measurement of personality. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London
Eysenck HJ, Levey A (1972) Conditioning, introversion-extraversion and the strength of the nervous system. In: Neblitsyn VD, Gray JA (eds) Biological bases of individual behaviour. Academic Press, London
Eysenck HJ, Warwick KM (1964) The effects of drive level on a multiple-choice reaction task. In: Eysenck HJ (ed) Experiments in motivation. Pergamon, Oxford
Eysenck MW (1974a) Extraversión, arousal, and retrieval from semantic memory. J Pers 42: 319–331
Eysenck MW (1974b) Individual differences in speed of retrieval from semantic memory. J Res Pers 8: 307–323
Eysenck MW (1975a) Arousal and speed of recall. Br J Soc Clin Psychol 14: 269–277
Eysenck MW (1975b) Extraversión, arousal, and speed of retrieval from semantic memory. J Pers 43: 390–401
Eysenck MW (1975c) Effects of noise, activation level, and response dominance on retrieval from semantic memory. J Exp Psychol [Hum Learn] 1: 143–148
Eysenck MW (1976a) Arousal, learning, and memory. Psychol Bull 83: 389–404
Eysenck MW (1976b) Extraversión, verbal learning, and memory. Psychol Bull 83: 75–90
Eysenck MW (1977) Human memory: Theory, research and individual differences. Pergamon, Oxford
Eysenck MW (1978) Verbal remembering. In: Foss BM (ed) Psychology survey, vol 1. Allen and Unwin, London
Eysenck MW (1979a) Anxiety, learning, and memory: A reconceptualization. J Res Pers 13: 363–385
Eysenck MW (1979b) Depth, elaboration, and distinctiveness. In: Cermak L, Craik FIM (eds) Levels of processing in human memory. Erlbaum, Hillsdale
Eysenck MW (1981) Learning, memory and personality. In: Eysenck HJ (ed) A model for personality. Springer, London Eysenck MW
Eysenck HJ (1980) Mischel and the concept of personality. Br J Psychol 71: 191–294
Eysenck MW, Eysenck MC (1979a) Processing depth, elaboration of encoding, memory stores, and expended processing capacity. J Exp Psychol [Hum Learn] 5: 472–484
Eysenck MW, Eysenck MC (1979b) Memory scanning, introversion-extraversion, and levels of processing. J Res Pers 13: 305–315
Eysenck MW Eysenck MC(1980) Effects of monetary incentives on rehearsal and on cued recall. Bull Psychon Soc 15:245–247
Eysenck MW, Folkard S (1980) Personality, time of day, and caffeine: Some theoretical and conceptual problems in Revelle et al. J Exp Psychol [Gen] 109: 32–41
Eysenck SBG, Eysenck HJ (1977) The place of impulsiveness in a dimensional system of personality description. Br J Soc Clin Psychol 16: 57–68
Farley FH (1966) Individual differences in solution time in error-free problem solving. Br J Soc Clin Psychol 5: 306–309
Farr JL (1976) Task characteristics, reward contingency, and intrinsic motivation. Organ Behav Hum Perform 16: 294–307
Feldman MP (1964) Response reversal performance as a function of drive level. In: Eysenck HJ (ed) Experiments in motivation. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 108–117
Ferguson HH (1937) Incentives and an intelligence test. Aust J Psychol Philos 15: 39–53
Finkelman JM, Glass DC (1970) Reappraisal of the relationship between noise and human performance by means of a subsidiary task measure. J Appl Psychol 54: 211–213
Fischler I, Goodman GO (1978) Latency of association activation in memory. J Exp Psychol [Hum Percept] 4: 455–470
Folkard S (1979a) Changes in immediate memory strategy under induced muscle tension and with time of day. Q J Exp Psychol 31: 621–633
Folkard S (1979b) Time of day and level of processing. Mem Cognit 7: 247–252
Folkard S (1980) A note on Time of day effects in school children’s immediate and delayed recall of meaningful material’ - the influence of the importance of the information tested. Br J Psychol 71: 95–97
Folkard S, Greeman AL (1974) Salience, induced muscle tension, and the ability to ignore irrelevant information. Q J Exp Psychol 26: 360–367
Folkard S, Monk TH (1978) Time of day in immediate and delayed memory. In: Gruneberg MM, Morris PE, Sykes RN (eds) Practical aspects of memory. Academic Press, London
Folkard S, Monk TH (1980) Circadian rhythms in human memory. Br J Psychol 71: 295–307
Folkard S, Monk TH, Bradbury R, Rosenthall J (1977) Time of day effects in school children’s immediate and delayed recall of meaningful material. Br J Psychol 68: 45–50
Forster PM, Grierson AT (1978) Noise and attentional selectivity: A reproducible phenomenon? Br J Psychol 69: 489–498
Fowler CJH, Wilding J (1979) Differential effects of noise and incentives on learning. Br J Psychol 70: 149–153
Frankenhaeuser M (1975) Sympathetic-adren- omedullary activity, behaviour and the psychosocial environment. In: Venables PH, Christie MJ (eds) Research in psychophysiology. Wiley, London
Fuller AR (1978) Personality and paired-associate learning. Int J Psychol 13: 123–128
Furneaux WD (1961) Intellectual abilities and problem solving behaviour. In: Eysenck HJ (ed) Handbook of abnormal psychology. Basic Books, London
Gale A (1973) The psychobiology of individual differences: Studies of extraversión and the EEG. In: Kline P (ed) New approaches to psychological measurement. Wiley, London
Ganzer VJ (1968) Effects of audience presence and test anxiety on learning and retention in a serial learning situation. J Pers Soc Psychol 8: 194–199
Gaudry E (1977) Studies of the effects of experi-mentally induced experiences of success or failure. In: Spielberger CD, Sarason IG (eds) Stress and anxiety, vol 4. Halsted, London
Gieseking CF, Williams HL, Lubin A (1957) The effect of sleep deprivation upon information learning. Am Psychol 12: 406
Gillespie CR, Eysenck MW (1980) Effects of introversion-extraversion on continuous recognition memory. Bull Psychon Soc 15: 233–235
Glanzer M, Cunitz AR (1966) Two storage mechanisms in free recall. J Verb Learn Verb Behav 5: 351–360
Glanzmann P, Laux L (1978) The effects of trait anxiety and two kinds of stressors on state anxiety and performance. In: Spielberger CD, Sarason IG (eds) Stress and anxiety, vol 5. Wiley, London
Glaubman H. Orbach I, Aviram O, Frieder I, Frieman M, Pelled O, Glaubman R (1978) REM deprivation and divergent thinking. Psychophysiology 15: 75–79
Glover CB, Cravens RW (1974) Trait anxiety, stress, and learning: A test of Saltz’s hypothesis. J Res Pers 8: 243–253
Glucksberg S (1962) The influence of strength of drive on functional fixedness and perceptual recognition. J Exp Psychol 63: 36–41
Glucksberg S (1964) Problem solving: Response competition and the influence of drive. Psychol Rep 15: 939–942
Goh DS, Farley FH (1977) Personality effects on cognitive test performance. J Psychol 96: 111–122
Gordon VM, Berlyne DE (1954) Drive level and flexibility in paired associate nonsense syllable learning. Q J Exp Psychol 6: 181–185
Gottsdanker R (1975) The attaining and maintaining of preparation. In: Rabbitt PMA, Dornic S (eds) Attention and performance, vol V. Academic Press, London
Gray J A (1970) The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion. Behav Res Ther 8: 249–266
Gray J A (1972) The psychophysiological nature of introversion-extraversion: A modification of Eysenck’s theory. In: Nebylitsyn VD, Gray JA (eds) Biological basis of individual behaviour. Academic Press, London
Gray J A (1973) Causal theories and how to test them. In: Royce JR (ed) Multivariate analysis of psychological theory. Academic Press, London
Gray J A, Wedderburn AA (1960) Grouping strategies with simultaneous stimuli. QJ Exp Psychol 12: 180–184
Green DM, Swets J A (1966) Signal detection theory and psychophysics. Wiley, London
Gupta BS (1976) Extraversion and reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning. Br J Psychol 67: 47–52
Gupta BS, Nagpal M (1978) Impulsivity/sociability and reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning. Br J Psychol 69: 203–206
Hamilton P, Hockey GR, Quinn JG (1972) Information selection, arousal, and memory. Br J Psychol 63: 181–189
Hamilton P, Hockey GRJ, Rejman M (1977) The place of the concept of activation in human information processing theory: An integrative approach. In: Dornic S (ed) Attention and performance, vol VI. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
Hamilton P, Wilkinson RT, Edwards RS (1972) A study of four days partial sleep deprivation. In: Colquhoun WP (ed) Aspects of human efficiency: Diurnal rhythm and loss of sleep. English Universities Press, London
Hamilton V (1975) Socialization anxiety and information processing: A capacity model of anxiety-induced performance deficits. In: Sarason IG, Spielberger CD (eds) Stress and anxiety, vol 2. Academic Press, London
Hamilton V (1978) The cognitive analysis of personality related to information-processing deficits with stress and anxiety. Paper presented at the British Psychological Society meeting, London
Harkins S, Geen RG (1975) Discriminability and criterion differences between extraverts and introverts during vigilance. J Res Pers 9: 335–340
Harley WF (1965a) The effect of monetary incentive in paired associate learning using the absolute method. Psychon Sci 3: 141–142
Harley WF (1965b) The effect of monetary incentive in paired associate learning using a differential method. Psychon Sci 2: 377–378
Harley WF (1968) Delay of incentive cues in paired-associate learning and its effect on organizing responses. J Verb Learn Verb Behav 7: 924–929
Hartley LR (1973) Effect of prior noise and prior performance on serial reaction. J Exp Psychol 101: 255–261
Hartley LR (1981) Noise, attentional selectivity, serial reactions and the need for experimental power. Br J Psychol 72: 101–107
Hartley LR, Carpenter A (1974) Comparison of performance with headphone and free-field noise. J Exp Psychol 103: 377–380
Hasher L, Zacks RT (1979) Automatic and effortful processes in memory. J Exp Psychol [Gen] 108: 356–388
Haveman JE, Farley FH (1969) Arousal and retention in paired associate, serial and free learning. Wisconsin Univ Center for Cogn Learn, Tech Rep 91
Hebb DO (1961) Distinctive features of learning in the higher animal. In: Delafresnaye JF (ed) Brain mechanism and learning. Oxford University Press, London
Heider F (1958) The psychology of interpersonal relations. Wiley, London
Hirst W, Spelke ES, Reaves CC, Caharack G, Neisser U (1980) Dividing attention without alternation or automaticity. J Exp Psychol [Gen] 109: 98–117
Hitch GJ (1978) The role of short-term working memory in mental arithmetic. Cogn Psychol 10: 302–323
Hitch GJ (1980) Developing the concept of working memory. In: Claxton G (ed) Cognitive psychology: New directions. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London
Hitch GJ, Baddeley AD (1976) Verbal reasoning and working memory. Q J Exp Psychol 28: 603–621
Hockey GRJ (1970a) Effect of loud noise on attentional selectivity. Q J Exp Psychol 22: 28–36
Hockey GRJ (1970b) Signal probability and spatial location as possible bases for increased selectivity in noise. Q J Exp Psychol 22: 37–42
Hockey GRJ (1970c) Changes in attention allocation in a multi-component task under loss of sleep. Br J Psychol 61: 473–480
Hockey R (1973) Changes in information-selection patterns in multi-source monitoring as a function of induced arousal shifts. J Exp Psychol 101: 35–42
Hockey R (1978) Attentional selectivity and the problems of replication: A reply to Forster and Grierson. Br J Psychol 69: 499–503
Hockey R (1979) Stress and the cognitive components of skilled performance. In: Hamilton V, Warburton DM (eds) Human stress and cognition: An information processing approach. Wiley, Chichester
Hockey GRJ, Colquhoun WP (1972) Diurnal variation in human performance. A review. In: Colquhoun WP (ed) Aspects of human efficiency - Diurnal rhythm and loss of sleep. English Universities Press, London
Hockey GRJ, Hamilton P (1970) Arousal and information selection in short-term memory. Nature 226:866–867 Hodges WF (1968) Effects of ego threat and threat of pain on state anxiety. J Pers Soc Psychol 8: 364–372
Hodges WF, Durham RL (1972) Anxiety, ability, and digit span performance. J Pers Soc Psychol 24: 401–406
Hörmann H, Osterkamp U (1966) Über den Einfluß von kontinuierlichem Lärm auf die Organisation von Gedächtnisinhalten. Z Exp Angew Psychol 13: 31–38
Hörne JA, Brass CG, Pettitt AN (1980) Circadian performance differences between morning and evening types. Ergonomics 23: 29–36
Houston BK (1969) Noise, task difficulty, and Stroop colour-word performance. J Exp Psychol 82: 403–404
Houston BK (1977) Dispositional anxiety and the effectiveness of cognitive coping strategies in stressful laboratory and classroom situations. In: Spielberger CD, Sarason IG (eds) Stress and anxiety, vol 4. Halsted, London
Houston BK, Jones TM (1967) Distraction and Stroop colour-word performance. J Exp Psychol 74:54–56 Howarth E (1969) Personality differences in serial learning under distraction. Percept Mot Skills 28: 379–382
Howarth E, Eysenck HJ (1968) Extraversion, arousal, and paired-associate recall. J Exp Res Pers 3: 114–116
Humphreys MS, Revelle W, Simon L, Gilliland K (1980) Individual differences in diurnal rhythms and multiple activation states: A reply to M. W. Eysenck and Folkard. J Exp Psychol [Gen] 109: 42–48I
Imam A (1974) Extraversion and incidental learning. Pak J Psychol 7: 41–54
Jacoby LL (1974) The role of mental contiguity in memory: Registration and retrieval effects. J Verb Learn Verb Behav 13: 483–496
James W (1890) Principles of psychology, vol 1. Holt, New York
Jensen A (1964) Individual differences in learning: Interference factor. Cooperative Research Project No 1867, Office of Education, US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington
Jensen AR (1966) The measurement of reactive inhibition in humans. J Gen Psychol 75: 85–94
Jerison HJ (1957) Performance on a simple vigilance task in noise and quiet. J Acoust Soc Am 29: 1163–1165
Jerison HJ (1959) Effects of noise on human performance. J Appl Psychol 43: 96–101
Jinks JL, Fulker DW (1970) A comparison of the biometrical genetical, MAVA, and classical approaches to the analysis of human behaviour. Psychol Bull 73: 311–349
Johnson R, Thomson C (1962) Incidental and intentional learning under three conditions of motivation. Am J Psychol 75: 284–288
Johnston WA (1978) The intrusiveness of familiar nontarget information. Mem Cognit 6: 38–42
Johnston WA, Heinz SP (1978) Flexibility and capacity demands of attention. J Exp Psychol [Gen] 107: 420–435
Johnston WA, Heinz SP (1979) Depth of nontarget processing in an attention task. J Exp Psychol 5: 168–175
Kahneman D (1970) Remarks on attention control. Acta Psychol 33: 118–131
Kahneman D (1973) Attention and effort. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Kahneman D, Beatty J, Pollack I (1967) Perceptual deficit during a mental task. Science 157: 218–219
Kahneman D, Peavler WS (1969) Incentive effects and pupillary changes in association learning. J Exp Psychol 79: 312–318
Kahnemann D, Tursky B, Shapiro D, Crider A (1969) Pupillary, heart rate and skin resistance changes during a mental task. J Exp Psychol 79: 164–167
Katz L (1969) Motivation and retrieval in short-term free recall. J Exp Psychol 79: 580–581
Kausler DH, Laughlin PR, Trapp EP (1963) Effects of incentive-set on relevant and irrelevant (incidental) learning in children. Child Dev 34: 195–199
Kausler DH, Trapp EP (1962) Effects of incentive-set and task variables on relevant and irrelevant learning in serial verbal learning. Psychol Rep 10: 451–457
Kausler DH, Trapp EP, Brewer CL (1959) Intentional and incidental learning under high and low emotional drive levels. J Exp Psychol 58: 452–455
Kazdin AE, Bootzin RR (1972) The token economy: An evaluative review. J Appl Behav Anal 1: 5
Keister ME, McLaughlin RJ (1972) Vigilance performance related to extraversion-introversion and caffeine. J Exp Res Pers 6: 5–11
Kernoff P, Weiner B, Morrison M (1966) Affect and short-term retention. Psychon Sei 4: 75–76
Kerr B (1973) Processing demands during mental operations. Mem Cognit 1: 401–412
Kjellberg A (1975) Effects of sleep deprivation on performance of a problem-solving task. Psychol Rep 37: 479–485
Kjellberg A (1977a) Sleep deprivation and some aspects of performance: 1. Problems of arousal changes. Waking Sleeping 1: 139–143
Kjellberg A (1977b) Sleep deprivation and some aspects of performance: 2. Lapses and other attentional effects. Waking Sleeping 1: 145–148
Kjellberg A (1977c) Sleep deprivation and some aspects of performance: 3. Motivation, comment and conclusions. Waking Sleeping 1: 149–153
Klein KE, Herrmann R, Kuklinski P, Wegmann H-M (1977) Circadian performance rhythms: Experimental studies in air operations. In: Mackie RR (ed) Vigilance: Theory, operational performance, and physiological correlates. Plenum, London
Kleinsmith LJ, Kaplan S (1963) Paired associate learning as a function of arousal and interpolated interval. J Exp Psychol 65: 190–193
Kleitman N (1963) Sleep and wakefulness. Chicago University Press, Chicago
Knox WJ, Grippaldi R (1970) High levels of state or trait anxiety and performance on selected verbal WAIS subtests. Psychol Rep 27: 375–379
Kohn H (1954) Effects of variations of intensity of experimentally induced stress situations upon certain aspects of perception and performance. J Genet Psychol 85: 289–304
Kruglanski AW, Alón S, Lewis T (1972) Retrospective misattribution and task enjoyment. J Exp Soc Psychol 8: 493–501
Krugman AD (1958) A comparative study of the effect of induced failure, induced success and a neutral task upon the retentive processes of anxiety and normal subjects. Diss Abstr 18: 662
Krupski A, Raskin D, Bakan P(1971) Physiological and personality correlates of commission errors in an auditory vigilance task. Psychophysiology 8: 304–311
LaBerge D (1973) Attention and the measurement of perceptual learning. Mem Cognit 1: 268–276
Lacey JI (1967) Somatic response patterning and stress: Some revisions of activation theory. In: Appley MH, Trumbull R (eds) Psychological stress. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York
Lansing RW, Schwartz E, Lindsley D (1959) Reaction time and EEG activation under alerted and non-alerted conditions. J Exp Psychol 58: 1–7
Laverty SG (1958) Sodium amytal and extraversión. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 21: 50–54
Lawson EA (1966) Decisions concerning the rejected channel. Q J Exp Psychol 18: 260–265
Leonard J A (1959) 5-choice serial reaction apparatus. Applied Psychology Research Unit Report No 326/59, Medical Research Council, Cambridge
Lepper MR, Greene D, Nisbett RE (1973) Undermining children’s intrinsic interest with extrinsic rewards: A test of the “overjustification” hypothesis. J Pers Soc Psychol 28: 129–137
Levine JM (1966) The effects of values and costs in the detection and identification of signals in auditory vigilance. Hum Factors 8: 525–537
Lewis J (1970) Semantic processing of unattended messages using dichotic listening. J Exp Psychol 85: 225–228
Liebert RM, Morris LW (1967) Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: A distinction and some initial data. Psychol Rep 20: 975–978
Lisper HO, Kjellberg A (1972) Effects of 24-hour sleep deprivation on rate of decrement in a 10- minute auditory reaction time task. J Exp Psychol 96: 287–290
Locke EA (1968) Torward a theory of task motivation and incentives. Organiz Behav Hum Perform 3: 157–189
Locke EA, Bryan JF, Kendall LM (1968) Goals and intentions as mediators of the effects of monetary incentives on behaviour. J Appl Psychol 52: 104–121
Locke EA, Bryan JF (1968) Goal-setting as a determinant of the effect of knowledge of score on performance. Am J Psychol 81: 398–406
Lockhart RS, Craik FIM, Jacoby LL (1976) Depth of processing, recognition and recall. In: Brown J (ed) Recall and recognition. Wiley, London
Loeb M, Schmidt EA (1963) A comparison of the effects of different kinds of information in maintaining efficiency on an auditory monitoring task. Ergonomics 6: 75–81
Loftus GR (1972) Eye fixations and recognition memory for pictures. Cognit Psychol 3: 525–551
Loftus GR, Wickens TD (1970) Effect of incentive on storage and retrieval processes. J Exp Psychol 85: 141–147
Logan GD (1979) On the use of a concurrent memory load to measure attention and automaticity. J Exp Psychol [Hum Percept] 5: 189–207
Lopes LL (1971) Preference for stimuli as a function of impact and activation level, master’s thesis, California State University, Long Beach
Lucaccini LF, Freedy A, Lyman J (1968) Motivational factors in vigilance: The effects of instructions on performance in a complex vigilance task. Percept Mot Skills 26: 783–786
Lucas JD (1952) The interactive effects of anxiety, failure, and intraserial duplication. Am J Psychol 65: 59–66
Macfarlane DA (1930) The role of kinaesthesis in maze learning. Univ Calif Publ Psychol 4: 277–305
Mackay C, Cox T, Burrows G, Lazzerini T (1978) An inventory for the measurement of self-reported stress and arousal. Br J Soc Clin Psychol 17: 283–284
Mackworth NH (1950) Researches in the measurement of human performance. Med Res Counc Spec Rep Ser 268
Maier SF, Seligman MEP, Solomon RL (1969) Pavlovian fear conditioning and learned helplessness: Effects of escape and avoidance behaviour of (a) the CS-UCS contingency and (b) the independence of voluntary responding. In: Campbell BA, Church RM (eds) Punishment and aversive behaviour. Appleton-Century-Crofts, London
Maller JB, Zubin J (1932) The effect of motivation upon intelligence test scores. J Genet Psychol 41: 136–151
Malmo RB, Surwillo WW (1960) Sleep deprivation: Changes in performance and physiological indicants of activation. Psychol Monogr 47: 1–24
Mandler G (1975) Mind and emotion. Wiley, London
Mandler G, Sarason SB (1952) A study of anxiety and learning. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 47: 166–173
Markowitz A (1969) Influence of the repression- sensitization dimension, affect value, and ego threat on incidental learning. J Pers Soc Psychol 11: 374–380
Martin M (1980) Attention to words in different modalities: Four-channel presentation with physical and semantic selection. Acta Psychol (Amst) 44: 99–115
Martuza YR, Kallstrom DW (1974) Validity of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in an academic setting. Psychol Rep 35: 363–366
McDougall W (1923) Outline of psychology. Scribner, New York
McGraw KO (1978) The detrimental effects of reward on performance: A literature review and a prediction model. In: Lepper MR, Greene D (eds) The hidden costs of reward: New perspectives on the psychology of human motivation. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
McGraw KO, McCullers JC (1979) Evidence of a detrimental effect of extrinsic incentives on breaking a mental set. J Exp Soc Psychol 15: 285–294
McLaughlin RJ (1968) Retention in paried-associate learning related to extraversión and neuroticism. Psychon Sci 13: 333–334
McLaughlin RJ, Kary SK (1972) Amnesic effects in free recall with introverts and extraverts. Psychon Sci 29: 250–252
McLean PD (1969) Induced arousal and time of recall as determinants of paired-associate recall. Br J Psychol 60: 57–62
McLeod P (1977) A dual task response modality effect: Support for multiprocessor models of attention. Q J Exp Psychol 29: 651–667
McLeod P (1978) Does probe RT measure central processing demand? Q J Exp Psychol 30: 83–89
McNamara HJ, Fisch RI (1964) Effect of high and low motivation on two aspects of attention. Percept Mot Skills 19: 571–578
Meyer WU (1970) Selbstverantwortlichkeit und Leistungsmotivation. PhD thesis, Ruhr University, Bochum
Millar K (1979) Word recognition in loud noise. Acta Psychol (Amst) 43: 225–237
Miller DJ, Mueller JH, Goldstein AG, Potter TL (1978) Depth of processing and test anxiety in landscape recognition. Bull Psychon Soc 11: 341–343
Miller ME, Dost J A (1964) Stimulus vividness and anxiety level in intentional-incidental learning. Psychol Rep 14: 819–825
Miller NE (1948) Studies of fear as an acquirable drive: 1. Fear as motivation and fear-reduction as reinforcement in learning of new responses. J Exp Psychol 38: 89–106
Mirsky AF, Rosvold HE (1960) The use of psychoactive drugs as a neuropsychological tool in studies of attention in man. In: UhrL, Miller JG (eds) Drugs and behaviour. Wiley, New York
Moray N (1959) Attention in dichotic listening: Affective cues and the influence of instructions. Q J Exp Psychol 11: 56–60
Moray N, Fitter M, Orstry D, Favreau D, Nagy V (1976) Attention to pure tones. Q J Exp Psychol 28: 271–283
Morgenstern FS, Hodgson RJ, Law J (1974) Work efficiency and personality: A comparison of introverted and extraverted subjects exposed to conditions of distraction and distortion of stimulus in a learning task. Ergonomics 17: 211–220
Morris LW, Brown NR, Halbert BL (1977) Effects of symbolic modeling on the arousal of cognitive and affective components of anxiety in preschool children. In: Spielberger CD, Sarason IG (eds) Stress and anxiety, vol 4. Halsted, London
Morris LW, Liebert RM (1970) Relationship of cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety to physiological arousal and academic performance. J Consult Clin Psychol 35: 332–337
Morris LW, Liebert RM (1973) Effects of negative feedback, threat of shock, and level of trait anxiety on the arousal of two components of anxiety. J Counseling Psychol 20: 321–326
Mowbray GH, Rhoades MV (1959) On the reduction of choice-reaction times with practice. Q J Exp Psychol 11: 16–23
Mueller JH (1976) Anxiety and cue utilization in human learning and memory. In: Zuckerman M, Spielberger CD (eds) Emotions and anxiety: New concepts, methods and applications. Erlbaum, Potomac
Mueller JH (1977) Test anxiety, input modality, and levels of organization in free recall. Bull Psychon Soc 9: 67–69
Mueller JH (1978) The effects of individual differences in test anxiety and type of orienting task on levels of organization in free recall. J Res Pers 12: 100–116
Mueller JH (1979) Anxiety and encoding processes in memory. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 5: 288–294
Mueller JH, Bailis KL, Goldstein AG (1978) Depth of processing and anxiety in facial recognition. Paper given at the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago
Mueller JH, Carlomusto M, Marler M (1977) Recall as a function of method of presentation and individual differences in test anxiety. Bull Psychon Soc 10: 447–450
Mueller JH, Overcast TD (1976) Free recall as a function of test anxiety, concreteness, and instructions. Bull Psychon Soc 8: 194–196
Mullin J, Corcoran DWJ (1977) Interaction of task amplitude with circadian variation in auditory vigilance performance. Ergonomics 20: 193–200
Nachreiner F (1977) Experiments on the validity of vigilance experiments. In: Mackie RR (ed) Vigilance: Theory, operational performance, and physiological correlates. Plenum, London
Naatanen R (1973) The inverted-U relationship between activation and performance: A critical review. In: Kornblum S (ed) Attention and performance, vol IV. Academic Press, London
Navon D, Gopher D (1979) On the economy of the human-processing system. Psychol Rev 86: 214–255
Neely JH (1977) Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. J Exp Psychol [Gen] 106: 226–254
Neill WT (1979) Switching attention within and between categories: Evidence for intracategory inhibition. Mem Cognit 7: 283–290
Neisser U (1976) Cognition and reality. Freeman, San Francisco
Nelson TO (1976) Reinforcement and human memory. In: Estes WK (ed) Handbook of learning and cognitive processes, vol 3. Wiley, London
Nichols R (1959) The effect of ego involvement and success experience on intelligence test results. J Consult Psychol 23: 92
Nicholson JN, Gray J A (1972) Peak shift, behavioural contrast and stimulus generalization as related to personality and development in children. Br J Psychol 63: 47–68
Nicholson WM (1958) The influence of anxiety upon learning: Interference or drive increment? J Pers 26: 303–319
Nideffer RM (1976) Test of attentional and interpersonal style. J Pers Soc Psychol 34: 394–404
Norman DA (1968) Toward a theory of memory and attention. Psychol Rev 75: 522–536
Norman DA, Bobrow DG (1975) On data-limited and resource-limited processes. Cognit Psychol 7: 44–64
Norman DA, Bobrow DG (1976) On the analysis of performance operating characteristics. Psychol Rev 83: 508–510
Norton R (1970) The effects of acute sleep deprivation on selective attention. Br J Psychol 61: 157–162
Nottelman ED, Hill KT (1977) Test anxiety and off-task behaviour in evaluative situations. Child Dev 48: 225–231
Notz WW (1975) Work motivation and the negative effects of extrinsic rewards: A review with implications for theory and practice. Am Psychol 30: 884–891
O’Malley JJ, Poplawsky A (1971) Noise induced arousal and breadth of attention. Percept Mot Skills 33: 887–890
Osgood GE (1953) Method and theory in experimental psychology. Oxford University Press, New York
Otto DA (1971) The effect of modifying response and performance feedback parameters on the CNV in humans. Paper presented at the Second International CNV Congress, Vancouver
Pagano DF, Katahn M (1967) Effects of test anxiety on acquisition and retention of psychological terms and single letter stimulus-response pairs. J Exp Res Pers 2: 260–267
Pallak MS, Pittman TS, Heller JF, Munson P (1975) The effect of arousal on Stroop colour- word task performance. Bull Psychon Soc 6: 248–250
Patterson J (1974) Stimulus-seeking behaviour as a function of white noise induced activation level. master’s thesis, California State University, Long Beach
Polzella DJ (1975) Effects of sleep deprivation on short-term recognition memory. J Exp Psychol [Hum Learn] 104: 194–200
Posner MI (1978) Chronometric explorations of mind. Erlbaum, Hillsdale
Posner MI, Klein R, Summers J, Buggie S (1973) On the selection of signals. Mem Cognit 1: 2 — 12
Posner MI, Snyder CRR (1975a) Facilitation and inhibition in the processing of signals. In: Rabbitt PMA, Dornic S (eds) Attention and performance, vol V. Academic Press, London
Posner MI, Snyder CRR (1975b) Attention and cognitive control. In: Solso RL (ed) Information processing and cognition: The Loyola symposium. Erlbaum, Hillsdale
Poulton EC (1977) Continuous intense noise masks auditory feedback and inner speech. Psychol Bull 84: 977–1001
Poulton EC (1978) A new look at the effects of noise: A rejoinder. Psychol Bull 85: 1068–1079
Poulton EC (1979) Composite model for human performance in continuous noise. Psychol Rev 86: 361–375
Poulton EC, Edwards RS (1974) Interactions and range effects in experiments on pairs of stresses: Mild heat and low-frequency noise. J Exp Psychol 102: 621–628
Pribram KH, McGuinness D (1975) Arousal, activation, and effort in the control of attention. Psychol Rev 82: 116–149
Pritchard RD, Curts MI (1973) The influence of goal setting and financial incentives on task performance. Organiz Behav Hum Perform 10: 175–183
Ray WJ, Katahn M, Snyder CR (1971) Effects of test anxiety on acquisition, retention, and generalization of a complex verbal task in a classroom situation. J Pers Soc Psychol 20: 147–154
Rebert CS (1972) The effect of reaction time feedback on reaction time and contingent negative variation. Psychophysiology 9: 334–339
Reeves FB, Bergum BO (1972) Perceptual narrowing as a function of peripheral cue relevance. Percept Mot Skills 35: 719–724
Reitman JS (1974) Without surreptitious rehearsal, information in short-term memory decays. J Verb Learn Verb Behav 13: 365–377
Revelle W, Humphreys MS, Simon L, Gilliland K (1980) The interactive effect of personality, time of day and caffeine: A test of the arousal model. J Exp Psychol [Gen] 109: 1–31
Revelle W, Michaels EJ (1976) The theory of achievement motivation revisited: The implications of inertial tendencies. Psychol Rev 83: 394–404
Richardson FC, O’Neil HF, Whitmore S, Judd WA (1977) Factor analysis of the Test Anxiety Scale and evidence concerning the components of test anxiety. J Consult Clin Psychol 45: 704–705
Rogers JL, Battig WF (1972) Effect of amount of prior free recall learning on paired-associate transfer. J Exp Psychol 92: 373–377
Ross M (1975) Salience of reward and intrinsic motivation. J Pers Soc Psychol 33: 245–254
Rubin BM, Shantz DW, Smock CD (1962) Perceptual constriction as a function of incentive motivation. Percept Mot Skills 15: 90
Russell J A (1979) Affective space is bipolar. J Pers Soc Psychol 37: 345–356
Russell J A, Mehrabian A (1977) Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotion. J Res Pers 11: 273–294
Rutenfranz J, Aschoff J, Mann H (1972) The effects of a cumulative sleep deficit, duration of preceding sleep period and body-temperature on multiple choice reaction time. In: Colquhoun WP (ed) Aspects of human efficiency. English Universities Press, London
Saltz E (1970) Manifest anxiety: Have we misread the data? Psychol Rev 77: 568–573
Saltz E, Hoehn AJ (1957) A test of the Taylor- Spence theory of anxiety. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 54: 114–117
Sarason IG (1956) Effect of anxiety, motivational instructions, and failure on serial learning. J Exp Psychol 51: 253–260
Sarason IG (1957a) The effect of associative value and differential motivating instructions on serial learning. Am J Psychol 70: 620–623
Sarason IG (1957b) Effect of anxiety and two kinds of failure on serial learning. J Pers 25: 383–392
Sarason IG (1972) Experimental approaches to test anxiety: Attention and the uses of information. In: Spielberger CD (ed) Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research, vol 2. Academic Press, London
Sarason IG (1975) Anxiety and self-preoccupation. In: Sarason IG, Spielberger CD (eds) Stress and anxiety, vol 2. Wiley, London
Sarason I, Minard J (1962) Test anxiety, experimental instructions, and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. J Educ Psychol 53: 299–302
Schachter S, Singer JE (1962) Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychol Rev 69: 379–399
Schneider W, Shiffrin RM (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search and attention. Psychol Rev 84: 1–66
Schneller WF, Garske JP (1976) Effects of extraversión and neuroticism on learning and memory: A test of Eysenck’s theory of individual differences in arousal. J Psychol 94:27–32 and memory. J Res Pers 9: 217–225
Schwartz S (1979) Differential effects of personality on access to various long-term memory codes. J Res Pers 13: 396–403
Segal SJ, Fusella V (1970) Influence of imaged pictures and sounds on detection of visual and auditory signals. J Exp Psychol 83: 458–464
Shanmugan TE, Santhanam MC (1964) Personality differences in serial learning when interference is presented at the marginal visual level. J Indian Acad Appl Psychol 1: 25–28
Shedletsky R, Endler NS (1974) Anxiety: The state-trait model and the interaction model. J Pers 42: 511–527
Shields J (1962) Monozygotic twins brought up apart and brought up together. Oxford University Press, London
Shiffrin RM, Schneider W (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychol Rev 84: 127–190
Silverman RE (1954) Anxiety and the mode of response. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 49: 538–542
Silverman RE, Blitz B (1956) Learning and two kinds of anxiety. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 52: 301–303
Simon HA (1967) Motivational and emotional controls of cognition. Psychol Rev 74: 29–39
Smith AP, Broadbent DE (1981) Noise and levels of processing. Acta Psychol (Amst) 47: 129–142
Sostek AJ (1978) Effects of electrodermal lability and payoff instructions on vigilance performance. Psychophysiology 15: 561–568
Spearman CE (1927) The abilities of man: Their nature and measurement. Macmillan, London
Spelke ES, Hirst WC, Neisser U (1976) Skills of divided attention. Cognition 4: 215–230
Spence JT, Spence KW (1966) The motivational components of manifest anxiety: Drive and drive stimuli. In: Spielberger CD (ed) Anxiety and behaviour. Academic Press, London
Spence KW (1958) A theory of emotionally based drive (D) and its relation to performance in simple learning situations. Am Psychol 13: 131–141
Spence KW (1964) Anxiety (drive) level and performance in eyelid conditioning. Psychol Bull 61: 129–139
Spielberger CD (1966) The effects of anxiety on complex learning and academic achievement. In: Spielberger CD (ed) Anxiety and behaviour. Academic Press, London
Spielberger CD (1972) Anxiety as an emotional state. In: Spielberger CD (ed) Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research, vol 1. Academic Press, London
Spielberger CD, Gonzalez HP, Taylor CJ, Algaze B, Anton WD (1978) Examination stress and test anxiety. In: Spielberger CD, Sarason IG (eds) Stress and anxiety, vol 5. Halsted, London
Spielberger CD, Gorsuch R, Lushene R (1970) The State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) test manual. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto
Spielberger CD, O’Neil HF, Hansen DN (1972) Anxiety, drive theory, and computer-assisted learning. In: Mäher BA (ed) Progress in experimental personality research, vol 6. Academic Press, London
Stein BS (1978) Depth of processing re-examined: The effects of the precision of encoding and test appropriateness. J Verb Learn VerbBehav 17: 165–174
Steriade M (1970) Ascending control of thalamic and cortical responsiveness. Int Rev Neurobiol 12: 24–47
Sternberg RJ (1977) Intelligence, information processing, and analogical reasoning. Erlbaum, Hillsdale
Sternberg S (1966) High speed scanning in human memory. Science 153: 652–654
Sternberg S (1969) The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders’ method. Acta Psychol (Amst) 30: 276–315
Sternberg S (1975) Memory scanning. New findings and current controversies. Q J Exp Psychol 27: 1–32
Straughan JH, Dufort WH (1969) Task difficulty, relaxation, and anxiety level during verbal learning and recall. J Abnorm Psychol 74: 621–624
Sullivan L (1976) Selective attention and secondary message analysis: A reconsideration of Broadbent’s filter model of selective attention. Q J Exp Psychol 28: 167–178
Swets J A (1977) Signal detection theory applied to vigilance. In: Mackie RR (ed) Vigilance: Theory, operational performance, and physiological correlates. Plenum, London
Tarpy RM, Glucksberg S (1966) Effects of incentive and incentive-cue position on short-term retention. Psychon Sci 5: 313–314
Tecce J J, Tarnell M (1965) Focal and incidental movement time as a function of shock arousal in humans. J Psychol 59: 155–158
Tennyson RD, Wooley FR (1971) Interaction of anxiety with performance on two levels of task difficulty. J Educ Psychol 62: 463–467
Terborg JR (1976) The motivational components of goal setting. J Appl Psychol 61: 613–621
Terborg JR, Miller HE (1978) Motivation, behaviour, and performance: A closer examination of goal setting and monetary incentives. J Appl Psychol 63: 29–39
Thackray RI, Jones KN, Touchstone RM (1974) Personality and physiological correlates of performance decrement on a monotonous task requiring sustained attention. Br J Psychol 65: 351–358
Tharp VK (1978) Sleep loss and stages of information processing. Waking Sleeping 2: 29–33
Thayer RE (1967) Measurement of activation through self-report. Psychol Rep 20: 663–678
Thayer RE (1970) Activation states as assessed by verbal report and four psychophysiological variables. Psychophysiology 7: 86–94
Thayer RE (1978a) Toward a psychological theory of multidimensional activation (arousal). Motiv Emot 2: 1–34
Thayer RE (1978b) Factor analytic and reliability studies on the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List. Psychol Rep 42: 747–756
Thayer RE, Anderson J, Spadone A, White V (1970) Stimulus-seeking behaviour and activation level as a function of white noise. Paper presented at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Los Angeles
Thayer RE, Carey D (1974) Spatial stimulus generalization as a function of white noise and activation level. J Exp Psychol 102: 539–542
Thayer RE, Moore LE (1972) Reported activation and verbal learning as a function of group size (social facilitation) and anxiety-inducing instructions. J Soc Psychol 88: 277–287
Thorndike EL (1913) The psychology of learning. Columbia University Press, New York (Educational psychology, vol 2 )
Thornton JW, Powell GD (1974) The effect of contingent shock (punishment) on the performance of a paired-associates learning task. J Psychol 86: 111–114
Treisman AM (1964) Verbal cues, language, and meaning in selective attention. Am J Psychol 77: 206–219
Treisman A (1969) Strategies and models of selective attention. Psychol Rev 76: 282–299
Treisman A (1977) Focused attention in the perception and retrieval of multidimensional stim uli. Percept Psychophys 22: 1–11
TreismanAM,DaviesA(1973)Dividedattentionto ear and eye. In: Kornblum S (ed) Attention and performance, vol IV. Academic Press, London
Treisman AM, Geffen G (1967) Selective attention: Perception or response? Q J Exp Psychol 19: 1–17
Treisman AM, Gelade G (1980) A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognit Psychol 12: 97–136
Treisman AM, Riley JGA (1969) Is selective attention selective perception or selective response? A further test. J Exp Psychol 79: 27–34
Treisman AM, Squire R, Green J (1974) Semantic processing in dichotic listening: A replication. Mem Cognit 2: 641–649
Tulving E (1979) Relation between encoding specificity and levels of processing. In: Cermak LS, Craik FIM (eds) Levels of processing in human memory. Erlbaum, Hillsdale
Tune GS (1966) Errors of commission as a function of age and temperament in a type of vigilance task. Q J Exp Psychol 18: 358–361
Uehling BS, Sprinkle R (1968) Recall of a serial list as a function of arousal and retention interval. J Exp Psychol 78: 103–106
Underwood G (1974) Moray vs. the rest: The effect of extended shadowing practice. Q J Exp Psychol 26: 368–372
Voici C, Vranceanu M (1975) Influence of the dynamism of nervous processes on certain individual memory differences. Rev Roum Sci Soc Ser Psychol 19: 13–20
Von Wright JM, Anderson K, Stenman U (1975) Generalization of conditioned GSRs in dichotic listening. In: Rabbitt PMA, Dornic S (eds) Attention and performance, vol V. Academic Press, London
Wachtel PL (1968) Anxiety, attention, and coping with threat. J Abnorm Psychol 73: 137–143
Walker EL (1958) Action decrement and its relation to learning. Psychol Rev 65: 129–142
Walker RE (1961) The interaction between failure, manifest anxiety, and task-irrelevant responses in paired-associate learning. PhD thesis, Northwestern University, Evanston
Walley RE, Weiden TD (1973) Lateral inhibition and cognitive masking: A neuropsychological theory of attention. Psychol Rev 80: 284–302
Walley RE, Weiden TD (1974) Giving flesh to a “straw man”: A reply to Feeney, Pittman, and Wagner. Psychol Rev 81: 540–542
Wanner E, Shiner S (1976) Measuring transient memory load. J Verb Learn Verb Behav 15: 159–167
Wardlaw K, Kroll NEA (1976) Automatic responses to shock-associated words in a nonattended message: A failure to replicate. J Exp Psychol [Hum Percept] 2: 357–360
Warm JS, Epps BD, Ferguson RP (1974) Effects of knowledge of results and signal regularity on vigilance performance. Bull Psychon Soc 4: 272–274
Warm JS, Kanfer FH, Kuwada S, Clark JL (1972) Motivation in vigilance: Effects of self-evaluation and experimenter controlled feedback. J Exp Psychol 92: 123–127
Wasserman EA, Weiner B, Houston JP (1968) Another failure for motivation to enhance trace retrieval. Psychol Rep 22: 1007–1008
Watkins MJ, Watkins OC, Craik FIM, Mazuryk G (1973) Effect of nonverbal distraction on short-term memory. J Exp Psychol 101: 296–300
Waugh NC, Norman DA (1965) Primary memory. Psychol Rev 72: 89–104
Weick KE (1964) Reduction of cognitive dissonance through task enhancement and effort expenditure. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 68: 533–539
Weiner B (1966a) Role of success and failure in the learning of easy and complex tasks. J Pers Soc Psychol 3: 339–344
Weiner B (1966b) Motivation and memory. Psychol Monogr 80
Weiner B (1967) Motivational factors in short-term retention: II. Rehearsal or arousal? Psychol Rep 20: 1203–1208
Weiner B (1972) Theories of motivation: From mechanism to cognition. Markham, London
Weiner B, Potekan PA (1970) Personality characteristics and affective reactions towards exams of superior and failing college students. J Educ Psychol 61: 144–151
Weiner B, Schneider K (1971) Drive versus cognitive theory: A reply to Boor and Harmon. J Pers Soc Psychol 18: 258–262
Weiner B, Walker EL (1966) Motivational factors in short-term retention. J Exp Psychol 71: 190–193
Weist RM (1972) The role of rehearsal: Recopy or reconstruct. J Verb Learn Verb Behav 11: 440–445
Welch J (1898) On the measurement of mental activity through muscular activity and the determination of a constant of attention. Am J Psychol 1:288–306 Weltman G, Egstrom GH (1966) Perceptual narrowing in novice divers. Hum Factors 8: 499–506
Weltman G, Smith JE, Egstrom GH (1971) Perceptual narrowing during simulated pressure- chamber exposure. Hum Factors 13: 99–107
White K (1968) Anxiety, extraversion-introversion, and divergent thinking ability. J Creat Behav 2: 119–127
Wickens DD, Simpson CK (1968) Trace cue position, motivation, and short-term memory. J Exp Psychol 76: 282–285
Wilkinson RT (1960) The effect of lack of sleep on visual watch keeping. Q J Exp Psychol 12: 36–40
Wilkinson RT (1961) Interaction of lack of sleep with knowledge of results, repeated testing and individual differences. J Exp Psychol 62: 263–271
Wilkinson RT (1962) Muscle tension during mental work under sleep deprivation. J Exp Psychol 64: 565–571
Wilkinson RT (1963) Interaction of noise with knowledge of results and sleep deprivation. J Exp Psychol 66: 332–337
Wilkinson RT (1964) Effects of up to 60 hours’ sleep deprivation on different types of work. Ergonomics 7: 175–186
Wilkinson RT(1969) Sleep deprivation: Performance tests for partial and selective sleep deprivation. In: Abt LA, Reiss JR (eds) Progress in clinical psychology. Grune and Stratton, New York
Wilkinson RT, Colquhoun WP (1968) Interaction of alcohol with incentive and with sleep deprivation. J Exp Psychol 76: 623–629
Wilkinson RT, El-Beheri S, Gieseking CC (1972) Performance and arousal as a function of incentive, information load, and task novelty. Psychophysiology 9: 589–599
Willett RA (1964) Experimentally induced drive and performance on a five–choice serial reaction task. In: Eysenck HJ (ed) Experiments in motivation. Pergamon, Oxford
Williams HL, Gieseking CF, Lubin A (1966) Some effects of sleep loss on memory. Percept Mot Skills 23: 1287–1293
Williams HL, Kearney OF, Lubin A (1965) Signal uncertainty and sleep loss. J Exp Psychol 69: 401–407
Williams HL, Lubin A (1967) Speeded addition and sleep loss. J Exp Psychol 73: 313–317
Williams HL, Lubin A, Goodnow JL (1959) Impaired performance with acute sleep loss. Psychol Monogr 73: 1–26
Willis J, Ehrlick S (1975) Tangible reinforcement and feedback effects on the I. Q. scores of college students. J Clin Psychol 31: 463–464
Wilson GD, Tunstall OA, Eysenck HJ (1971) Individual differences in tapping performance as a function of time on the task. Percept Mot Skills 33: 375–378
Winch WH (1912a) Mental fatigue in day school children as measured by immediate memory, part I. J. Educ Psychol 3: 18–28
Winch WH (1912b) Mental fatigue in day school children as measured by immediate memory, part II. J Educ Psychol 3: 75–82
Wine J (1971) Test anxiety and direction of attention. Psychol Bull 76: 92–104
Wolk S, DuCette J (1974) Intentional performance and incidental learning as a function of personality and task dimensions. J Pers Soc Psychol 29: 90–101
Yerkes RM, Dodson JD (1908) The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. J Comp Neurol Psychol 18: 459–482
Zaffy DJ, Bruning JL (1966) Drive and the range of cue utilization. J Exp Psychol 71: 382–384
Zajonc RB, Brickman P (1969) Expectancy and feedback as independent factors in task performance. J Pers Soc Psychol 11: 148–156
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Eysenck, M.W. (1982). References. In: Attention and Arousal. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68390-9_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68390-9_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-68392-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-68390-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive