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Spezifische Phobien

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Angststörungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen

Zusammenfassung

Sven ist 9 Jahre alt. Seine Eltern meldeten ihn wegen einer ausqeprägten Angst vor Dunkelhe it zum Erstgespräch an. Seit Sven 3 Jahre alt war, zeigte er starke Angstreaktionen, sobald es dunkel wurde. Zunächst hatte er im Dunkeln Angst vor Monstern und Gespenstern. Die Eltern reagierten verständnisvoll und sorgten dafür, dass Sven nie alleine im Dunkeln sein musste. So schlief er immer mit Licht ein, und das Licht blieb auch während der gesamten Nacht an. Doch mit den Jahren weitete sich die Dunkelangst aus. Zu Therapiebeginn war die Dunkelangst so stark, dass Sven sich auch in der Dämmerungszeit weigerte, alleine in einem Zimmer zu bleiben. Kleine Hilfen im Haushalt am Abend, wie etwa beim Abendessen schnell etwas aus dem Kühlschrank in der Küche zu holen, verweigerte er, und soiche Situationen waren oft Anlass für Schreianfälle und Weinen. Nur wenn die 4 Jahre jüngere Schwester ihn begleitete, war er berelt, soiche Aufgaben zu übernehmen.

Der „klelne Hans“ und der „kleine Albert“: 2 Kinder, die Psychologiegeschichte schrieben: Fallberichte über spezifische Phobien im Kindesalter waren wichtige Wegbereiter für die Formulierung ätiologischer Theorien zur Entstehung von Ängsten: So publizierte Freud 1909 (zitiert nach 1989) die Fallgeschichte des „kleinen Hans“, der eine ausqeprägte Furcht vor Pferden zeigte. Dieser Fall war ein bedeutender Meilenstein in der Formulierung der psychoanalytischen Theorie durch Freud (1909; zitiert nach 1989). Kurze Zeit danach berichteten Watson & Rayner (1920) über die Konditionierung einer Rattenphobie bei dem 1-jährigen Albert und legten damit eine wichtige Grundlage für die Entwicklung lerntheoretischer Theorien zur Angstentstehung. Doch die Beschäftigung mit Phobien des Kindesalter fiel schon bald in einen tiefen Dornröschenschlaf. Erst in den letzten Jahren fand eine wissenschaftliche Renaissance der Phobien im Kindesalter statt, die zu einer Neubelebung der Forschung zur Ätiologie und Therapie spezifischer Phobien im Kindes- und Jugendalter führte.

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  1. Abteilung für Klinische Kinder- und Jugendpsychologie Institut für Psychologie, Universität Basel, Missionsstraße 60-62, CH-4055, Basel

    Prof. Dr. Silvia Schneider

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Schneider, S. (2004). Spezifische Phobien. In: Angststörungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18499-4_7

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