Abstract
Urinary incontinence is a prevalent disorder that occurs more commonly in subjects with pelvic support disorders. Conditions affecting bladder control can be divided into problems affecting proper storage and those of normal bladder emptying as mentioned in one of the previous chapters on urodynamic testing. This chapter focuses primarily on problems of bladder storage that result in loss of urinary control. The epidemiology, clinical evaluation, and treatment options for urinary incontinence are discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M et al (2002) The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn 21:167–178
Ahmad I, Granitsiotis P (2007) Urological follow-up of adult spina bifida patients. Neurourol Urodyn 26:978–980
Alhasso AA, McKinlay J, Patrick K, Steward L (2006) Anticholinergic drugs versus non-drug active therapies for overactive bladder syndrome in adults. Cochrane database for systematic reviews, issue 4. Art No: CD003193. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003193.pub3
Artibani W, Cerruto MA (2005) The role of imaging in urinary incontinence. BJU Int 95:699–703
Bailey R (1990) How much information can be obtained from frequency/volume charts. Neurourol Urodyn 9:382–383
Bakas P, Liapis A, Creatsas G (2002) Q-tip test and tensionfree vaginal tape in the management of female patients with genuine stress incontinence. Gynecol Obstet Ivest 53:170–173
Bent AE, McLennan M (1998) Surgical management of urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 25:883–906
Bergman A, Bhatia NN (1985) Urodynamics: effect of urinary tract infection on urethral and bladder function. Obstet Gynecol 66:366–371
Bergman A, Elia G (1995) Three surgical procedures for genuine stress incontinence. Five-year follow-up of a prospective randomized study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:66–71
Bhatia NN, Bergman A (1985) Pessary test in women with urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 65:220–226
Bø K (2004) Pelvic floor muscle training is effective in treatment of female stress urinary incontinence, but how does it work? Int Urogyn J Pelvic Floor Dysfunc 15:76–84
Boy S, Reitz A, Wirth B et al (2006) Facilitatory neuromodulative effect of duloxetine on pudendal motor neurons controlling the urethral pressure: a functional urodynamic study in healthy women. Eur Urol 50:119–125
Brown J, Grady D, Ouslander J et al (1999) Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 94:66–70
Bump RC, Norton PA (1998) Epidemiology and natural history of pelvic floor dysfunction. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 25:723–746
Bump RC, Mattiasson A, Bø K et al (1996) The standardization of terminology of female pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:10–17
Bump RC, Benson JT, Yalcin I, Zhao YD, Peng G (2004) Biomechanical and electrophsiological effects of duloxetine in women with stress urinary incontinence. www.continet. org/publications/2004/PDF/0269.PDF
Burgio KL, Matthews KA, Engel BT (1991) Prevalence, incidence and correlates of urinary incontinence in healthy, middle-aged women. J Urol 146:1255–1259
Cartwright R, Srikrishna S, Cardozo L, Gonzalez J (2007) Does diet Coke cause overactive bladder? A 4-week crossover trial, investigating the effect of carbonated soft drinks on overactive bladder symptoms in normal volunteers. Neurourol Urodyn 26:626–627
Clemens JQ, Schuster TG, Konnak JW, McGuire EJ, Faerber GJ (2001) Revision rate after artificial urinary sphincter implantation for incontinence after radical prostatectomy: actuarial analysis. J Urol 166:1372–1375
Costa P, Mottet N, Rabut B, Thuret R, Ben Naoum K, Wagner L (2001) The use of an artificial urinary sphincter in women with type III incontinence and a negative Marshall test. J Urol 165:1172–1176
Craggs M, McFarlane J (1999) Neuromodulation of the lower urinary tract. Exp Physiol 84:149–160
de Groat WC (1998) Anatomy of the central neural pathways controlling the lower urinary tract. Eur Urol 1:2–5
DeLancey JOL (1994) Structural support of the urethra as it relates to stress urinary incontinence: the hammock hypothesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170:1713–1720
DeLancey JOL, Ashton-Miller JA (2004) Pathophysiology of adult urinary incontinence. Gastroenterology 126 (Suppl 1):S23–S32
Diokno AC, Brown MB, Brock BM, Herzog AR, Normolle DP (1988) Clinical and cystometric characteristics of continent and incontinent on institutionalized elderly. J Urol 140:567–571
Diokno AC, Brown MD, Herzog AR (1991) Relationship between use of diuretics and continence status in the elderly. Urology 38:39–42
Dmochowski R, Miklos JR, Norton PA et al (2003) Duloxetine versus placebo for the treatment of North American women with stress urinary incontinence. J Urol 170 (4 Pt 1):1259–1263
Duthie J, Wilson DI, Herbison GP, Wilson D (2007) Botulinum toxin injections for adults with overactive bladder syndrome. Cochrane database for systematic reviews, issue 3. Art no: CD005493. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD005493.pub2
Enhörning G (1961) Simultaneous recording of intravesical and intraurethral pressure. Acta Chir Scand 276:1–68
Fall M (1984) Does electrostimulation cure urinary incontinence? J Urol 131:664–667
Fantl A, Wyman JF, McClish DK et al (1991) Efficacy of bladder training in older women with urinary incontinence. JAMA 265:609–613
Fischer, Rasmussen W, Hansen RI, Stage P (1986) Predictive values of diagnostic tests in the evaluation of female urinary stress incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 159:145–149
Foldsprang A, Mommsen S (1994) Adult female urinary incontinence and childhood bedwetting. J Urol 152:85–88
Glavind K, Nøhr SB, Walter S (1996) Biofeedback and physiotherapy versus physiotherapy alone in the treatment of genuine stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 7:339–343
Goode PS, Burgio KL, Locher JL et al (2003) Effect of behavioral training with or without pelvic floor electrical stimulation on stress incontinence in women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290:345–352
Grünewald V, Jonas U (2000) Neurostimulation for lower urinary tract voiding problems. Curr Urol Rep 1:199–203
Hay-Smith EJ, Dumoulin C (2006) Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, issue 1. Art no. CD005654. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD005654
Hilton P, Stanton SL (1981) Algorithmic method for assessing urinary incontinence in elderly women. Br Med J 282:940–942
Hsu TK, Rackley RR, Appell RA (1999) The supine stress test: A simple method to detect intrinsic urethral sphincter dysfunction. J Urol 162:460–463
Hunskaar S, Arnold EP, Burgio K, Diokno AC, Herzog AR, Mallett VT (2000) Epidemiology and natural history of urinary incontinence. Int Urogyn J Pelvic Floor Dysfunc 11:301–319
Jackson SL, Weber AM, Hull TL, Mitchinson AR, Walters MD (1997) Fecal incontinence in women with urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 89:423–427
Kamo I, Cannon TW, Conway DA (2004) The role of bladderto-urethral reflexes in urinary continence mechanisms in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 287:F434–F441
Karram M, Segal JL, Vassallo BJ, Kleeman SD (2003) Complications and untoward effect of the tension-free vaginal tape procedure. Obstet Gynecol 101:929–932
Karram MM, Bhatia NN (1988) The Q-tip test: standardization of the technique and its interpretation in women with urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 71:807–811
Kim S, Harvey MA, Johnston S (2005) A review of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of pelvic floor dysfunction: do racial differences matter? J Obstet Gynaecol Can 27:251–259
Kjølhede P (2005) Long-term efficacy of Burch colposuspension: a 14-year follow-up study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 84:767–772
Kondo A, Otani T, Takita T (1982) Suppression of bladder instability by penile squeeze. Br J Urol 54:360–362
Larsson G, Abrams P, Victor A (1991) The frequency/volume chart in detrusor instability. Neurourol Urodyn 10:533–543
Lentz SS (1995) Osteitis pubis: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 50:310–315
Lindström S, Fall M, Carlsson CA, Erlandson BE (1983) The neurophysiological basis of bladder inhibition in response to intravaginal electrical stimulation. J Urol 129:405–410
Malmsten UG, Milsom I, Molander U, Norlén LJ (1997) Urinary incontinence and lower urinary tract symptoms: an epidemiological study of men aged 45 to 99 years. J Urol 158:1733–1737
Manca A, Sculpher MJ, Ward K, Hilton P (2007) A cost-utility analysis of tension-free vaginal tape versus colposuspension for primary urodynamic stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynecol 3 110:255–262
Michel MC, Oelke M, Pieters SL (2005) The neuro-urological connection. Eur Urol (Suppl) 4:18–29
Migliorini GD, Glenning PP (1987) Bonney’s test, fact or fiction? Br J Obstet Gynecol 94:157–159
Millard RJ, Moore K, Rencken R, Yalcin I, Bump RC (2004) Duloxetine Urinary Incontinence Study Group. Duloxetine vs placebo in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a four-continent randomized clinical trial. BJU Int 93:311–318
Miller JM, Ashton-Miller JA, DeLancey JO (1998) A pelvic muscle precontraction can reduce cough-related urine loss in selected women with mild SUI. J Am Geriatr Soc 46:870–874
Moore KH, Simons A, Dowell C, Bryant C, Prashar S (1999) Efficacy and user acceptability of the urethral occlusive device in women with urinary incontinence. J Urol 162:464–468
Nabi G, Cody JD, Ellis G, Herbison P, Hay-Smith J (2006) Anticholinergic drugs versus placebo for overactive bladder syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, issue 4. Art no. CD003781. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003781. pub2
Norton PA, Zinner NR, Yalcin I, Bump RC (2002) Duloxetine Urinary Incontinence Study Group. Duloxetine versus placebo in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187:40–48
Oelke M, Roovers JP (2008) Continence: bladder neck vs mid-urethra. In: Badlani G, Davila GW, Michel MC, de la Rosette JJ (eds) Continence: current concepts and treatment strategies. Springer, London
Oelke M, Roovers JP, Michel MC (2006) Safety and tolerability of duloxetine in women with stress urinary incontinence. Brit J Obstet Gynecol 113 (Suppl 1):22–26
Olsen AL, Smith VJ, Bergstrom JO, Colling JC, Clark AL (1997) Epidemiology of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 98:501–506
Persson J, Wolner-Hansse P, Rydhstroem H (2000) Obstetric risk factors for stress urinary incontinence: a populationbased study. Obstet Gynecol 96:440–445
Petros PE, Ulmsten U (1990) An integral theory of female urinary incontinence. Experimental and clinical considerations. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 153:7–31
Rekers H, Drogendijk AC, Valkenburg HA, Riphagen F (1992) The menopause, urinary incontinence and other symptoms of the genito-urinary tract. Maturitas 15:101–111
Roberts RO, Jacobsen SJ, Rhodes T et al (1998) Urinary incontinence in a community-based cohort: prevalence and healthcare seeking. J Am Geriatr Soc 46:467–472
Rortveit G, Daltveit AM, Hannestad YS et al (2003) Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or cesarean section. N Engl J Med 348: 900–907
Schulman C, Claes H, Matthijs J (1997) Urinary incontinence in Belgium: a population-based epidemiological survey. Eur Urol 32:315–320
Schurch B, de Seze M, Denys P et al (2005) Botulinum toxin type A is a safe and effective treatment for neurogenic urinary incontinence: results of a single treatment, randomized, placebo-controlled 6-month study. J Urol 174:196–200
Shumaker SA, Wyman JF, Uebersax JS, McClish D, Fanti JA (1994) Health related quality of life measures for women with urinary incontinence; The Urogenital Distress Inventory and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire. Quality Life Res 3:291–306
Singhal B, Mathew KM (1999) Factors affecting mortality and morbidity in adult spina bifida. Eur J Pediatr Surg 9:31–32
Soergel TM, Shott S, Heit M (2001) Poor surgical outcomes after fascia lata allograft slings. Int Urogynecol J 12:247–253
Soomro NA, Khadra MH, Robson W, Neal DE (2001) A crossover randomized trial of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and oxybutinin in patients with detrusor instability. J Urol 166:146–149
Sung VW, Schleinitz MD, Rardin CR, Ward RM, Myers DL (2007) Comparison of retropubic vs transobturator approach to midurethral slings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 197:3–11
Thor KB, Katofiasc MA (1995) Effects of duloxetine, a combined serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, on central neural control of lower urinary tract function in the chloralose-anesthetized female cat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274:1014–1024
Toba K, Ouchi Y, Orimo H et al (2008) Urinary incontinence in elderly inpatients in Japan: a comparison between general and geriatric hospitals. Aging 8:47–54
Tsakiris P, Oelke M, Michel MC (2008) Drug-induced urinary incontinence. Drugs Discovery Today: in press
Uebersax JS, Wyman JF, Shumaker SA, McClish DK, Fantl JA (1995) Short forms to assess life quality and symptom distress for urinary incontinence in women: The Incontinence Impact Questionnaire and the Urogenital Distress Inventory. Neurourol Urodyn 14:131–139
van der Balken MR, Vergunst H, Bemelmans BL (2004) The use of electrical devices for the treatment of bladder dysfunction: a review of methods. J Urol 172:846–851
van der Pal F, Heesakkers JP, Bemelmans BL (2006) Current opinion on the working mechanisms of neuromodulation in the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction. Curr Opin Urol 16:261–267
van der Vaart CH, de Leeuw JR, Roovers JP, Heintz AP (2000) De invloed van urine-incontinentie op de kwaliteit van leven bij thuiswonende Nederlandse vrouwen van 45–70 jaar. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 144:894–897
van Kerrebroeck PE, van Voskuilen AC, Heesakkers JP et al (2007) Results of sacral neuromodulation therapy for urinary voiding dysfunction: outcomes of a prospective, worldwide clinical study. J Urol 178:2029–2034
Vierhout ME, Lose G (1997) Preventive vaginal and intraurethral devices in the treatment of female urinary stress incontinence. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 9:325–328
Wallace SA, Roe B, Williams K, Palmer M (2004) Bladder training for urinary incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, issue 1. Art no. CD001308. DOI: 10.1002/14651558. CD001308.pub2
Ward K, Hilton P (2002) United Kingdom and Ireland Tensionfree Vaginal Tape Trial Group. Prospective multicentre randomised trial of tension-free vaginal tape and colposuspension as primary treatment for stress incontinence. BMJ 325:67–70
Yarnell JW, Voyle GJ, Sweetnam PM, Milbank J, Richards CJ, Stephenson TP (1982) Factors associated with urinary incontinence in women. J Epidemiol Community Health 36:58–63
Zinner NR, Sterling AM, Ritter RC (1980) Role of inner urethral softness and urinary continence. Urology 16:115–117
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Roovers, JP., Oelke, M. (2008). Urinary Incontinence: Clinical and Surgical Considerations. In: Imaging Pelvic Floor Disorders. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71968-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71968-7_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-71966-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-71968-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)