Abstract
The effective control of attentional focus is an essential requirement in mental reasoning based on mental models and men tal images, as well as in the interaction with external diagrams. In this paper, we argue for spatial or ganization principles common to various mental subsystems that entail a non-centralistic con trol of focus. We give a brief overview of mental spatial rea soning and present a review of psy chological findings related to cognitive con trol. We review existing mod eling approaches that realize control of focus in imagery, scene recognition, and men tal animation. Based on these founda tions, we identify basic spatial or ganizing principles that are shared by the diverse subsystems col laborating in mental spatial reasoning. We discuss the implica tions of these principles in the frame work of a computational modeling ap proach and give an outline of the con ception of control of focus in our com putational architecture Casimir.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allport, A.: Attention and control: have we been asking the wrong questions? A critical review of twenty-five years. In: Meyer, D.E., Kornblum, S.M. (eds.) Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience. Attention and Performance, vol. XIV, MIT Press, Cambridge (1993)
Aloimonos, Y. (ed.): Active Perception. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah (1993)
Ballard, D.H., Hayhoe, M.M., Pook, P.K., Rao, R.P.N.: Deictic codes for the embodiment of cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20(4), 723–767 (1997)
Barkowsky, T.: Mental representation and processing of geographic knowledge – A computational approach. Springer, Berlin (2002)
Bartolomeo, P., Chokron, S.: Orienting of attention in left unilateral neglect. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 26, 217–234 (2002)
Bertel, S., Freksa, C., Vrachliotis, G.: Aspectualize and conquer in architectural design. In: Gero, J.S., Tversky, B., Knight, T. (eds.) Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design III, University of Sydney. Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, pp. 255–279 (2004)
Brandt, S.A., Stark, L.W.: Spontaneous eye movements during visual imagery reflect the content of the visual scene. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, 27–38 (1997)
Broadbent, D.E.: Perception and Communication. Pergamon, New York (1958)
Chambers, D., Reisberg, D.: What an image depicts depends on what an image means. Cognitive Psychology 24, 145–174 (1992)
Colby, C.L., Duhamel, J.R.: Heterogeneity of extrastriate visual areas and multiple parietal areas in the macaque monkey. Neuropsychologia 29, 517–537 (1991)
Cowan, N.: Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information processing system. Psychological Bulletin 104, 163–191 (1988)
Cowan, N.: An embedded-process model of working memory. In: Shah, P., Miyake, A. (eds.) Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control, pp. 62–101. Cambridge University Press, New York (1999)
Duhamel, J.R., Colby, C.L., Goldberg, M.E.: Ventral intraparietal area of the macaque: Convergent visual and somatic response properties. Journal of Neurophysiology 79, 126–136 (1998)
Eimer, M., Forster, B., van Velzen, J.: Anterior and posterior attentional control systems use different spatial reference frames: ERP evidence from covert tactile-spatial orienting. Psychophysiology 40, 924–933 (2003)
Glasgow, J., Papadias, D.: Computational imagery. Cognitive Science 16, 355–394 (1992)
Goldschmidt, G.: The designer as a team of one. Design Studies 16, 189–209 (1995)
Griffin, I.C., Nobre, A.C.: Orienting attention to locations in internal representations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15(8), 1176–1194 (2003)
Hazlett, C.J., Woldorff, M.G.: Mechanisms of moving the mind’s eye: Planning and execution of spatial shifts of attention. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16(5), 742–750 (2004)
Healey, P.G.T., Swoboda, N., Umata, I., Katagiri, Y.: Graphical representation in graphical dialogue. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 57, 375–395 (2002)
Hegarty, M.: Mental animation: inferring motion from static displays of mechanical systems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18(5), 1084–1102 (1992)
Hegarty, M.: Capacity limits in diagrammatic reasoning. In: Anderson, M., Cheng., P., Haarslev, V. (eds.) Theory and application of diagrams, pp. 194–206. Springer, Berlin (2000)
Hirtle, S.C.: The cognitive atlas: using GIS as a metaphor for memory. In: Egenhofer, M., Golledge, R. (eds.) Spatial and temporal reasoning in geographic information systems, pp. 267–276. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1998)
Hommel, B., Daum, I., Kluwe, R.H.: Exorcizing the homunculus, phase two: Editors’ introduction. Acta Psychologica 115, 99–104 (2004)
Ishai, A., Sagi, D.: Common mechanisms of visual imagery and perception. Science 268, 1772–1774 (1995)
Ishai, A., Sagi, D.: Visual imagery facilitates visual perception: Psychophysical evidence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9(4), 476–489 (1997)
Ishai, A., Ungerleider, L.G., Haxby, J.V.: Distributed neural systems for the generation of visual images. Neuron 28, 979–990 (2000)
Johnson-Laird, P.N.: Mental models. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1983)
Johnston, W.A., Dark, V.J.: Selective attention. Annual Review of Psychology 37, 43–75 (1986)
Kieras, D.E., Meyer, D.E., Ballas, J.A., Lauber, E.J.: Modern computational perspectives on executive mental processes and cognitive control: Where to from here? In: Monsell, S., Driver, J. (eds.) Control of Cognitive Processes. Attention and Performance, vol. XVIII, pp. 681–712. MIT Press, Cambridge (2000)
Kokinov, B.: Micro-level hybridization in the cognitive architecture dual. In: Sun, R., Alexander, F. (eds.) Connectionist-symbolic integrations: From unified to hybrid architectures, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hilsdale (1997)
Kosslyn, S.M., Pomerantz, J.P.: Imagery, propositions and the form of internal representations. Cognitive Science 9, 52–76 (1977)
Kosslyn, S.M., Ball, T.M., Reiser, B.J.: Visual images preserve metric spatial information: evidence from studies of image scanning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4, 47–60 (1978)
Kosslyn, S.M.: Image and mind. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1980)
Kosslyn, S.M.: Image and brain – The resolution of the imagery debate. MIT Press, Cambridge (1994)
Kosslyn, S.M., Sussman, A.L.: Roles of imagery in perception: Or, there is no such thing as immaculate perception. In: Gazzaniga, M.S. (ed.) The cognitive neurosciences, pp. 1035–1042. MIT Press, Cambridge (1995)
Kosslyn, S.M., Thompson, W.M.: When is early visual cortex activated during visual mental imagery? Psychological Bulletin 129(5), 723–746 (2003)
Kuipers, B.: The ‘map in the head’ metaphor. Environment and Behavior 14(2), 202–220 (1982)
Laeng, B., Teodorescu, D.: Eye scanpaths during visual imagery reenact those of perception of the same visual scence. Cognitive Science 26, 207–231 (2002)
Larkin, J.H., Simon, H.A.: Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words. Cognitive Science 11, 65–99 (1987)
Lockhead, G.R., Pomerantz, J.R.: The perception of structure. American Psychological Association, Washington (1991)
Logie, R.H.: Working memory: A mental space for design and discovery. In: Gero, J.S., Tversky, B., Purcell, T. (eds.) Visual and spatial reasoning in design II, pp. 223–235. Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, Australia (2001)
Lynch, K.: The image of the city. MIT Press, Cambridge (1960)
Mast, F.W., Kosslyn, S.M.: Visual mental images can be ambiguous: Insights from individual differences in spatial transformation abilities. Cognition 86, 57–70 (2002)
McDermott, K.B., Buckner, R.L., Peterson, S.E., Kelley, W.M., Sanders, A.L.: Set- and codespecific activation in frontal cortex: an fMRI study of encoding and retrieval of faces and words. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11(6), 631–640 (1999)
Michelon, P., Zacks, J.M.: What is primed in priming from imagery? Psychological Research 67, 71–79 (2003)
Monsell, S., Driver, J.: Banishing the control homunculus. In: Monsell, S., Driver, J. (eds.) Control of Cognitive Processes. Attention and Performance, vol. XVIII, pp. 3–32. MIT Press, Cambridge (2000)
Montello, D.R.: The geometry of environmental knowledge. In: Frank, A.U., Campari, I., Formentini, U. (eds.) Theories and methods of spatio-temporal. reasoning in geographic space, pp. 136–152. Springer, Berlin (1992)
Moray, R.S.: Attention in dichotic listening: Affective cues and the influence of instructions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 9, 56–90 (1973)
Moyer, R.S.: Comparing objects in memory: Evidence suggesting an internal psychophysics. Perception & Psychophysics 8, 228–246 (1973)
Nobre, A.C., Coull, J.T., Maquet, P., Frith, C.D., Vandenberghe, R., Mesulam, M.M.: Orienting attention to locations in perceptual versus mental representations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16(3), 363–373 (2004)
Noton, D., Stark, L.: Eye movements and visual perception. Scientific American 224(6) (1971)
Palmer, S.E.: Fundamental aspects of cognitive representation. In: Rosch, E., Lloyd, B.B. (eds.) Cognition and categorization, pp. 259–303. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale (1978)
Posner, M.I., Walker, J.A., Friedrich, F.J., Rafal, R.D.: Effects of parietal injury on covert orienting of attention. Journal of Neuroscience 4, 1863–1874 (1984)
Posner, M.I.: Attention before and during the decade of the brain. In: Meyer, D.E., Kornblum, S.M. (eds.) Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience. Attention and Performance, vol. XIV. MIT Press, Cambridge (1993)
Purcell, A.T., Gero, J.S.: Drawings and the design process. Design Studies 19, 389–430 (1998)
Pylyshyn, Z.W.: Return of the mental image: Are there really pictures in the brain? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7, 113–118 (2003)
Richardson, D.C., Spivey, M.J.: Representation, space and Hollywood squares: looking at things that aren’t there anymore. Cognition 76, 269–295 (2000)
Rock, I., Palmer, S.: The legacy of Gestalt Psychology. Scientific American 263(6), 84–90 (1990)
Scaife, M., Rogers, Y.: External cognition: How do graphical representations work? International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 45, 185–213 (1996)
Schill, K., Umkehrer, E., Beinlich, S., Zetzsche, C., Deubel, H., Pöppel, E.: A hybrid system for the scene analysis with saccadic eye movements: Learning of feature relations. Perception 27(6) (1998)
Schill, K., Umkehrer, E., Beinlich, S., Krieger, G., Zetzsche, C.: Scene analysis with saccadic eye movements: top-down and bottom-up modeling. Journal of Electronic Imaging, Special Issue on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging 10(1), 152–160 (2001)
Sereno, M.I., Pitzalis, S., Martinez, A.: Mapping of contralateral space in retinotopic coordinates by a parietal cortical area in humans. Science 294, 1350–1354 (2001)
Shafer, G.: A mathematical theory of evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1976)
Shepard, R.N., Metzler, J.: Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science 171, 701–703 (1971)
Shimojima, A.: Operational constraints in diagrammatic reasoning. In: Allwein, G., Barwise, J. (eds.) Logical reasoning with diagrams, pp. 27–48. Oxford UniversityPress, Oxford (1996)
Sims, V.K., Hegarty, M.: Mental animation in the visual-spatial sketchpad: Evidence from dual-task studies. Memory & Cognition 25, 321–332 (1997)
Stark, L.W., Choi, Y.S.: Experimental metaphysics: The scanpath as an epistemological mechanism. In: Zangemeister, W.H., Stiehl, H.S., Freksa, C. (eds.) Visual Attention and Cognition, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1996)
Stenning, K., Oberlander, J.: A cognitive theory of graphical and linguistic reasoning: logic and implementation. Cognitive Science 19, 97–140 (1995)
Stevens, A., Coupe, P.: Distortions in judged spatial relations. Cognitive Psychology 10, 422–437 (1978)
Tolman, E.C.: Cognitive maps in rats and men. The Psychological Review 55(4), 189–208 (1948)
Treisman, A.M.: Monitoring and storage of irrelevant messages and selective attention. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 3, 449–459 (1964)
Tversky, B.: Cognitive maps, cognitive collages, and spatial mental models. In: Frank, A., Campari, I. (eds.) Spatial information theory – A theoretical basis for GIS, pp. 14–24. Springer, Berlin (1993)
Tye, M.: The imagery debate. MIT Press, Cambridge (1991)
Verstijnen, I.M., van Leeuwen, C., Goldschmidt, G., Hamel, R., Hennessey, J.M.: Creative discovery in imagery and perception: Combining is relatively easy, restructuring takes a sketch. Acta Psychologica 99, 177–200 (1998)
Wilson, M.: Six views of embodied cognition. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 9, 625–636 (2002)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Engel, D., Bertel, S., Barkowsky, T. (2005). Spatial Principles in Control of Focus in Reasoning with Mental Representations, Images, and Diagrams. In: Freksa, C., Knauff, M., Krieg-Brückner, B., Nebel, B., Barkowsky, T. (eds) Spatial Cognition IV. Reasoning, Action, Interaction. Spatial Cognition 2004. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 3343. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32255-9_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32255-9_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-25048-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-32255-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)