Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

An Integrative Approach to Child Soldiering Accountability

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Child Soldiers and Restorative Justice

  • 613 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter explores the practice of restorative justice and the concept of social justice and the extent to which these two models can be integrated in transitional justice to shape an integrative model of accountability of child soldiers, encourage their social reintegration and halt the use of child soldiers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahmed E (2001) Shame management: regulating bullying. In: Ahmed E, Harris N, Braithwaite J, Braithwaite V (eds) Shame management through reintegration. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 211–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed E, Harris N, Braithwaite J, Braithwaite V (eds) (2001) Shame management through reintegration. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amnesty International (2000) Child soldiers: criminals or victims?; at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/140000/ior500022000en.pdf (17 June 2018).

  • Andreevska E (2013) Transitional justice and democratic change: key concepts. Lex et Scientia International Journal 20(1):54–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashworth A, McLaughlin E (2003) Is restorative justice the way forward for criminal justice? In: McLaughlin E, Fergusson R, Hugues G, Westmarland L (eds) Restorative Justice. Critical Issues. Sage Publications, London, pp 164–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Australian Bureau of Statistics (2016) Prisoners in Australia; at: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4517.0~2016~Main%20Features~Prisoner%20characteristics,%20Australia~4 (27 June 2018).

  • Baaz ME, Verweijen J (2013) The volatility of a half-cooked bouillabaisse: Rebel–military integration and conflict dynamics in the eastern DRC. African Affairs 112(449):563–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bangura AK (2008) The Politics of the struggle to resolve the conflict In Uganda: Westerners pushing their legal approach versus Ugandans insisting on their Mato Oput. Journal of Pan African Studies 2(5):142–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonta J, Jesseman R, Rugge T, Cormier R (2008) Restorative justice and recidivism: promises made, promises kept? In: Sullivan D, Tifft L (eds) Handbook of restorative justice. Routledge, London, pp 108–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite J (2002) Restorative justice and responsive regulation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite J (2003) Restorative justice and social justice. In: McLaughlin E, Fergusson R, Hugues G, Westmarland L (eds) Restorative justice: critical issues. Sage Publications, London, pp 157–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite J (2015) Paralegals changing lenses. Restorative Justice 3(3):311–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/20504721.2015.1109332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2008) Child soldiers Global Report; at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Child_Soldiers_Global_Report_Summary.pdf (4 October 2014).

  • Crawford A, Clear TR (2003) Community justice: transforming communities through restorative justice? In: McLaughlin E, Fergusson R, Hugues G, Westmarland L (eds) Restorative justice: critical issues. Sage Publications, London, pp 215–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis L (2009) Justice-sensitive security system reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Initiative for Peacebuilding (Brussels), https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-DRC-Justice-Security-2009-English.pdf. (17 June 2018).

  • De Gruchy JW (2002) Reconciliation: restoring justice. Fortress Press, Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dignan J (2005) Understanding victims and restorative justice. Crime and justice. Open University Press, Maidenhead.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dignan J (2011) Juvenile justice, criminal courts and restorative justice. In: Johnstone G, Ness DWV (eds) Handbook of restorative justice. Routledge, London, pp 269–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorf MC, Sabel CF (1998) A constitution of democratic experimentalism. Columbia Law Review (Suppl.):267–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dorf MC, Sabel CF (2000) Drug treatment courts and emergent experimentalist government. Vanderbilt Law Review 53(Suppl.):829.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher LE, Weinstein HM (2002) Violence and social repair: rethinking the contribution of justice to reconciliation. Human Rights Quarterly 24(3):573–639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabbay ZD (2005) Justifying restorative justice: a theoretical justification for the use of restorative justice practices. Journal of Dispute Resolution 2(Suppl.): 349–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson JL (2002) Truth, justice, and reconciliation: Judging the fairness of amnesty in South Africa. American Journal of Political Science 46(3):540–556. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groh A (2011) Restorative justice: a healing approach to elder abuse. In: Elliot E, Gordon RM (eds) New directions in restorative justice: Issues, practice, evaluation. Routledge, London, pp 175–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honwana A (2006) Child soldiers in Africa. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jourdan L (2011) Mayi-Mayi: young Rebels in Kivu, DRC. Africa Development 36:89–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiyala JCK (2015) Challenges of Reintegrating Self-Demobilised Child Soldiers in North Kivu Province: Prospects for Accountability and Reconciliation via Restorative Justice Peacemaking Circles. Human Rights Review 16(12):99–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-015-0361-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lanni A (2005) Future of community justice. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 40(Suppl.):359–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latimer J, Dowden C, Muise D (2005) The effectiveness of restorative justice practices: A meta-analysis. The Prison Journal 85(2):127–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merten M (2012) Zuma frees non-violent prisoners early. IOL News, April 28 2012 at 08:56am; at: http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/zuma-frees-non-violent-prisoners-early-1.1285484#.UeZn9I21Gqk (17 July 2013).

  • Morrison B (2011) Restorative justice in schools. In: Elliott E, Gordon RM (eds) New directions in restorative justice: Issues, practice, evaluation. Routledge, London, pp 26–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Negara K (2012) Bitter Root: two former Lord’s Resistance Army commanders seek tribal justice in order to be granted atonement for their crimes. Al Jazeera. 28 Jun 2012 06h36 GMT; at: http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2011/10/20111012152024670219.html (30 January 2015).

  • NewDaily T (2016) Prison population in Australia has climbed; at: http://thenewdaily.com.au/news/national/2016/02/18/australian-prison-population/ (14 July 2017).

  • Noll D (2003) Peacemaking: practicing at the intersection of law and human conflict. Cascadia Publishing House, Telford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orentlicher DF (1991) Settling accounts: the duty to prosecute human rights violations of a prior regime. The Yale Law Journal 100(8):2537–2615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orentlicher DF (2007) ‘Settling accounts’ revisited: reconciling global norms with local agency. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1(1):10–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Packer HL (1964) Two models of the criminal process. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 113(1):1–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parmar S, Roseman MJ, Siegrist S, Sowa T (2010) Children and transitional justice: truth-telling, accountability and reconciliation. In: Annex I. Human Rights Program at Harvard Law School. Harvard University Press, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pranis K, Stuart B, Wedge M (2003) Peacemaking circles: From crime to community. Living Justice Press, Minnesota.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinn JR What of reconciliation? traditional mechanisms of acknowledgement in Uganda. In: Reconciliation, a conference held by the Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict Research Centre on 14–15 May 2005, the University of Western Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roach K (1999a) Due process and victims’ rights: the new law and politics of criminal justice. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roach K (1999b) Four models of the criminal process. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 89(2):671–716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson M (2015) What is social justice? Appalachian State University. Department of Government and Justice Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Servaes S, Birtsch N (2008) Engaging with victims and perpetrators in transitional justice and peace building processes. In: Workshop Report by the Working Group on Development and Peace (FriEnt). KOFF Swisspeace. 12–13 February 2008, Bonn. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Frieden und Entwicklung (FriEnt): Initiative for Peacebuilding, pp 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seymour C (2011) Selective outrage: the dangers of children’s DDR in eastern DRC. In: Vignard K, McRae R (eds) Children and conflict: Disarmament forum. United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, Geneva, pp 57–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapland J, Robinson G, Sorsby A (2011) Restorative justice in practice: evaluating what works for victims and offenders. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman LW, Strang H (2013) Restorative justice: the evidence. In: Johnstone G (ed) A restorative justice reader, vol 2. Routledge, London, pp 292–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons M (2016) Dominic Ongwen, Ugandan Rebel Leader, Denies Charges at ICC Trial. The New York Times; at: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/06/world/africa/dominic-ongwen-uganda-rebel-hague-icc.html (16 July 2016).

  • Skelton A (2002) Restorative justice as a framework for juvenile justice reform: a South African perspective. British Journal of Criminology 42(3):496–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • South African Government (2016) Correctional services; at: http://www.gov.za/about-government/government-system/justice-system/correctional-services (14 July 2017).

  • Stauffer C (2013) Restorative interventions for postwar nations. In: Wormer KSv, Walker L (eds) Restorative justice today: practical applications. Sage, Los Angeles, pp 195–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stearns JK (2014) Causality and conflict: tracing the origins of armed groups in the eastern Congo. Peacebuilding 2(2):157–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stuart B, Pranis K (2008) Peacemaking circles: reflections on principal features and primary outcomes. In: Sullivan D, Tifft L (eds) Handbook of restorative justice. Routledge, London, pp 121–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakur M (2008) Demilitarising militias in the Kivus (eastern Democratic Republic of Congo). African Security Studies 17(1):51–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Theissen G (2004) Supporting justice, co-existence and reconciliation after armed conflict: strategies for dealing with the past. In: Austin A, Fischer M, Ropers N (eds) Transforming Ethnopolitical Conflict. Springer, Wiesbaden, pp 421–440.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler TR (2006) Restorative justice and procedural justice: dealing with rule breaking. Journal of Social Issues 62(2):307–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler TR, Boeckmann RJ, Smith HJ, Huo YJ (1997) Social justice in a diverse society (book abstract). Westview Press, Boulder.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umbreit MS, Coates RB, Vos B (2002) The impact of restorative justice conferencing: A review of 63 empirical studies in 5 countries. University of Minnesota Center for Restorative Justice and Peacemaking, School of Social Work, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Villa-Vicencio C (2008) Transitional justice, restoration and prosecution. In: Sullivan D, Tifft L (eds) Handbook of restorative justice. Routledge, London, pp 387–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlassenroot K (2001) Violence et constitution de milices dans l’est du Congo: Le cas des mayi-mayi. L’Afrique des Grands Lacs, Annuaire 2002(Suppl.):115–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walgrave L (2011a) Integrating criminal justice and restorative justice. In: Johnstone G, Ness DWV (eds) Handbook of restorative justice. Routledge, London, pp 559–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walgrave L (2011b) Towards restoration as the mainstream in youth justice. In: Elliott E, Gordon RM (eds) New directions in restorative justice. Routledge, London, pp 3–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker L (2013) Restorative justice for victims without offender participation. In: van Wormer KS, Walker L (eds) Restorative justice today. Sage, Los Angeles, pp 33–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wessells M (2006) Child soldiers: from violence to protection. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams T (2016) U.S. Correctional Population at Lowest Level in Over a Decade. The New York Times; at: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/29/us/us-prison-population.html (19 July 2017).

  • World Prison Brief (2016) South Africa. World Prison Brief data; at: http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/south-africa (14 July 2017).

  • Zehr H (2002) The little book of restorative justice. Good Books, Pennsyvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zehr H, Mika H (2003) Fundamental concepts of restorative justice. In: McLaughlin E, Fergusson R, Hugues G, Westmarland L (eds) Restorative justice: critical issues. Sage Publications, London, pp 40–43.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Centre of Nonviolence, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa

    Jean Chrysostome K. Kiyala

Authors
  1. Jean Chrysostome K. Kiyala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jean Chrysostome K. Kiyala .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kiyala, J.C.K. (2019). An Integrative Approach to Child Soldiering Accountability. In: Child Soldiers and Restorative Justice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90071-1_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation