Abstract
Creativity is of great appeal and importance to people, and they strive to understand creativity by developing lay theories. Such lay theories about creativity concern, for example, the characteristics of creative persons, such as the ‘mad genius’ idea, or environmental factors that contribute to creative performance, such as ‘group brainstorming.’ Many lay theories about creativity are completely false, and some are only partly correct. Given the importance of creativity for all domains of life, including diverse endeavors such as science, art, technology, design, sports, and medicine, we cannot afford to let lay theories guide our creative efforts without empirical scrutiny. In the current chapter, we therefore describe lay beliefs related to characteristics of the creative person, the skills and processes that are needed to achieve creativity, environments that supposedly stimulate or hinder creativity, and the properties of creative output and behavior, and critically appraise these beliefs in light of what creativity research has shown.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amabile, T. M. (1982). Children’s artistic creativity: Detrimental effects of competition in a field setting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8, 573–578.
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity. New York: Springer.
Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context: Update to “the social psychology of creativity”. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999). A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106, 529–550.
Baas, M., Koch, S., Nijstad, B. A., & De Dreu, C. K. (2015). Conceiving creativity: The nature and consequences of laypeople’s beliefs about the realization of creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 9, 340.
Baas, M., Nijstad, B. A., Boot, N. C., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2016). Mad genius revisited: Vulnerability to psychopathology, biobehavioral approach-avoidance, and creativity. Psychological Bulletin, 142, 668–692.
Bachelor, P., & Michael, W. B. (1991). Higher-order factors of creativity within Guilford’s structure-of-intellect model: A re-analysis of a fifty-three variable data base. Creativity Research Journal, 4, 157–175.
Bachelor, P. A., & Michael, W. B. (1997). The structure of intellect model revisited. The Creativity Research Handbook, 1, 155–182.
Baddeley, A. (1996). Exploring the central executive. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49, 5–28.
Baird, B., Smallwood, J., Mrazek, M. D., Kam, J. W., Franklin, M. S., & Schooler, J. W. (2012). Inspired by distraction: Mind wandering facilitates creative incubation. Psychological Science, 23, 1117–1122.
Barron, F. (1955). The disposition toward originality. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 478–485.
Bar-Tal, D., Graumann, C. F., Kruglanski, A. W., & Stroebe, W. (Eds.). (2013). Stereotyping and prejudice: Changing conceptions. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media.
Benedek, M., Jauk, E., Sommer, M., Arendasy, M., & Neubauer, A. C. (2014). Intelligence, creativity, and cognitive control: The common and differential involvement of executive functions on intelligence and creativity. Intelligence, 46, 73–83.
Benedek, M., Mühlmann, C., Jauk, E., & Neubauer, A. C. (2013). Assessment of divergent thinking by means of the subjective top-scoring method: Effects of the number of top-ideas and time-on-task on reliability and validity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 7, 341–349.
Boden, M. A. (2004). The creative mind: Myths and mechanisms. London, UK: Routledge.
Boden, M. A. (2009). Computer models of creativity. AI Magazine, 30, 23–24.
Bodenhausen, G. V., & Lichtenstein, M. (1987). Social stereotypes and information-processing strategies: The impact of task complexity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 871–880.
Branscombe, N. R., & Cohen, B. M. (1991). Motivation and complexity levels as determinants of heuristic use in social judgment. In J. Forgas (Ed.), Emotion and social judgments (pp. 145–160). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.
Burnette, J. L., O’Boyle, E. H., VanEpps, E. M., Pollack, J. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2013). Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 655–701.
Byrne, R. (1998). The early evolution of creative thinking: Evidence from monkeys and apes. In S. Mithen (Ed.), Creativity in human evolution and prehistory (pp. 110–124). London, UK: Routledge.
Campbell, D. T. (1960). Blind variation and selective retentions in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. Psychological Review, 67, 380–400.
Caroff, X., & Besançon, M. (2008). Variability of creativity judgments. Learning and Individual Differences, 18, 367–371.
Carver, C. S., Sutton, S. K., & Scheier, M. F. (2000). Action, emotion, and personality: Emerging conceptual integration. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 741–751.
Chang, J. W., Huang, D. W., & Choi, J. N. (2012). Is task autonomy beneficial for creativity? Prior task experience and self-control as boundary conditions. Social Behavior and Personality, 40, 705–724.
Chermahini, S. A., & Hommel, B. (2010). The (b)link between creativity and dopamine: Spontaneous eye blink rates predict and dissociate divergent and convergent thinking. Cognition, 115, 458–465.
Chomsky, C. (1972). Stages in language development and reading exposure. Harvard Educational Review, 42, 1–33.
Cohen, H. (1995). The further exploits of AARON Painter. In S. Franchi & G. Guzeldere (Eds.), Constructions of the mind: Artificial intelligence and the humanities (Vol. 4, pp. 141–160). Standford, CA: Special edition of Stanford Humanities Review.
Cohen, H. (2002). A Million Millennial Medicis. In L. Candy & E. A. Edmonds (Eds.), Explorations in art and technology (pp. 91–104). London, UK: Springer.
Cope, D. (2006). Computer models of musical creativity. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Creating Minds. (n.d.). Age and creativity. Retrieved on August 4th, 2016, from http://creatingminds.org/articles/age.htm
Cropley, A. J. (1990). Creativity and mental health in everyday life. Creativity Research Journal, 3, 167–178.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Cuddy, A. J. C., Norton, M. I., & Fiske, S. T. (2005). This old stereotype: The pervasiveness and persistence of the elderly stereotype. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 267–285.
Dart, P. (1989). Bus-bath-bed: A rationale for irrational predicate identifications in the service of creativity. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association (75th, San Francisco, CA, November 18–21, 1989).
De Bloom, J., Ritter, S., Kühnel, J., Reinders, J., & Geurts, S. (2014). Vacation from work: A ‘ticket to creativity’? The effects of recreational travel on cognitive flexibility and originality. Tourism Management, 44, 164–171.
De Buisonjé, D. R., Ritter, S. M., De Bruin, S., Ter Horst, J. M.-L., & Meeldijk, A. (under review). Facilitating creative idea selection: The combined effects of self-affirmation, promotion focus and positive affect. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
De Dreu, C. K., Baas, M., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: Toward a dual pathway to creativity model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 739–756.
De Dreu, C. K., Nijstad, B. A., Baas, M., Wolsink, I., & Roskes, M. (2012). Working memory benefits creative insight, musical improvisation, and original ideation through maintained task-focused attention. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 656–669.
de Montaigne, M. (1685/1877/2012). Essays of Michel de Montaigne. Available http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3600/3600-h/3600-h.htm [April 26, 2016].
Delbecq, A. L., & Van de Ven, A. H. (1971). A group process model for problem identification and program planning. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 7, 466–492.
Dennis, A. R., & Valacich, J. S. (1993). Computer brainstorms: More heads are better than one. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 531–537.
Dietrich, A., & Haider, H. (2015). Human creativity, evolutionary algorithms, and predictive representations: The mechanics of thought trials. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22, 897–915. doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0743-x.
Dodds, R. A., Ward, T. B., & Smith, S. M. (2003). A review of the experimental literature on incubation in problem solving and creativity. Creativity Research Handbook, 3, 285–302.
Dugosh, K. L., Paulus, P. B., Roland, E. J., & Yang, H. C. (2000). Cognitive stimulation in brainstorming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 722–735.
Duncker, K. (1945). On problem-solving. Psychological Monographs, 58(5), i-113.
Dweck, C. S., Hong, Y., & Chiu, C. (1993). Implicit theories individual differences in the likelihood and meaning of dispositional inference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 644–656.
Fasko, D. (2001). Education and creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 317–327.
Feist, G. J. (1998). A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 290–309.
Feist, G. J., & Gorman, M. E. (1998). The psychology of science: Review and integration of a nascent discipline. Review of General Psychology, 2, 3–47.
Feldman, D. H., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Gardner, H. (1994). Changing the world: A framework for the study of creativity. Greenwich, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Finke, R. A., Ward, T. B., & Smith, S. M. (1992). Creative cognition: Theory, research, and applications. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Finke, R. A., Ward, T. B., & Smith, S. M. (1995). The Creative cognition approach. Boston, MA: MIT press.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878–902.
Fleeson, W. (2001). Toward a structure-and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 1011.
Florida, R. (2002). The rise of the creative class. And how it’s transforming work, leisure and everyday life. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Ford, T. E., & Kuglanski, A. W. (2005). Effects of epistemic motivations on the use of accessible constructs in social judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 950–962.
Friedman, R. S., & Förster, J. (2001). The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1001–1013.
Furnham, A. (2014). Increasing your intelligence: Entity and incremental beliefs about the multiple “intelligences”. Learning and Individual Differences, 32, 163–167.
Furnham, A. F. (1988). Lay theories: Everyday understanding of problems in the social sciences. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
Gardner, H. (1993). Creating minds. New York: BasicBooks.
Ghiselin, B. (1952). The creative process. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Gingras, Y., Lariviere, V., Macaluso, B., & Robitaille, J.-P. (2008). The effects of aging on researchers’ publication and citation patterns. PLoS ONE, 3, e4048.
Gocłowska, M. A., Baas, M., Crisp, R. J., & De Dreu, C. K. (2014). Whether social schema violations help or hurt creativity depends on need for structure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 959–971.
Goodreads.com. (n.d.). Lady Gaga quotes. Retrieved from http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/201754-when-you-make-music-or-write-or-create-it-s-really
Greene, G. (1980). Ways of escape. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Gregoire, C. (2016, March 4). 18 Things highly creative people do differently. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/04/creativity-habits_n_4859769.html
Gregoire, C., & Kaufman, S. B. (2016, January 4). Creative people’s brains really do work differently. Quartz. Retrieved from http://qz.com/584850/creative-peoples-brains-really-do-work-differently/
Griskevicius, V., Cialdini, R. B., & Kenrick, D. T. (2006). Peacocks, Picasso, and parental investment: The effects of romantic motives on creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 63–76.
Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5, 444–454.
Guilford, J. P. (1967). Creativity: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 1, 3–14.
Guilford, J. P. (1968). Intelligence, creativity, and their educational implications. San Diego, CA: RR Knapp.
Gurman, E. B. (1989). Travel abroad: A way to increase creativity? Educational Research Quarterly, 13, 12–16.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250–279.
Hennessey, B. A., & Amabile, T. M. (1999). Consensual assessment. Encyclopedia of Creativity, 1, 347–359.
Hennessey, B. A., & Amabile, T. M. (2010). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 569–598.
Herman, A., & Reiter-Palmon, R. (2011). The effect of regulatory focus on idea generation and idea evaluation. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5, 13–20.
Hersey, G., & Freedman, R. (1992). Possible Palladian villas. Cambridge: Massachusetts MIT.
Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280–1300.
Hirt, E. R., Devers, E. E., & McCrea, S. M. (2008). I want to be creative: Exploring the role of hedonic contingency theory in the positive mood-cognitive flexibility link. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 214–230.
Howkins, J. (2002). The creative economy: How people make money from ideas. London, UK: Penguin.
Kaiser, K. (n.d.). 20 things only highly creative people would understand. Retrieved from http://www.lifehack.org/articles/communication/20-things-remember-you-love-highly-creative-person.html
Kaufman, J. C. (2002). Dissecting the golden goose: Components of studying creative writers. Communication Research Journal, 14, 27–40.
Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2009). Beyond big and little: The four C model of creativity. Review of General Psychology, 13, 1–12.
Kaufman, J. C., Plucker, J. A., & Baer, J. (2008). Essentials of creativity assessment (Vol. 53). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Kilgour, M., Sasser, S., & Koslow, S. (2013). Creativity awards: Great expectations? Creativity Research Journal, 25, 163–171.
Lamm, H., & Trommsdorff, G. (1973). Group versus individual performance on tasks requiring ideational proficiency (brainstorming): A review. European Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 361–388.
Lamont, R. A., Swift, H. J., & Abrams, D. (2015). A review and meta-analysis of age-based stereotype threat: Negative stereotypes, not facts, do the damage. Psychology and Aging, 30, 180–193.
Langfred, C. L., & Moye, N. A. (2004). Effects of task autonomy on performance: An extended model considering motivational, informational, and structural mechanisms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 934–945.
Lee, C. S., & Therriault, D. J. (2013). The cognitive underpinnings of creative thought: A latent variable analysis exploring the roles of intelligence and working memory in three creative thinking processes. Intelligence, 41, 306–320.
Lim, W., & Plucker, J. A. (2001). Creativity through a lens of social responsibility: Implicit theories of creativity with Korean samples. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 35, 115–130.
Mackinnon, D. W. (1962). The nature and nurture of creative talent. American Psychologist, 17, 484–495.
Maddux, W. W., & Galinsky, A. D. (2009). Cultural borders and mental barriers: The relationship between living abroad and creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1047–1061.
Maier, N. R. (1967). Assets and liabilities in group problem solving: The need for an integrative function. Psychological Review, 74, 239–294.
Mednick, S. A. (1962). The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological Review, 69, 220–232.
Mithen, S. J. (1998). Creativity in human evolution and prehistory. London, UK: Routledge.
Mueller, J. S., Melwani, S., & Goncalo, J. A. (2012). The bias against creativity why people desire but reject creative ideas. Psychological Science, 23, 13–17.
Mueller, J. S., Wakslak, C. J., & Krishnan, V. (2014). Construing creativity: The how and why of recognizing creative ideas. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 51, 81–87.
Mullen, B., Johnson, C., & Salas, E. (1991). Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: A meta-analytic integration. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 12, 3–23.
Mumford, M. D. (2003). Where have we been, where are we going? Taking stock in creativity research. Creativity Research Journal, 15, 107–120.
Mumford, M. D., Marks, M. A., Connelly, M. S., Zaccaro, S. J., & Johnson, J. F. (1998). Domain-based scoring in divergent-thinking tests: Validation evidence in an occupational sample. Creativity Research Journal, 11, 151–163.
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2008). The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 392–423.
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2012). Evaluating six common stereotypes about older workers with meta-analytical data. Personnel Psychology, 65, 821–858.
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2013). A meta-analysis of the relationships of age and tenure with innovation-related behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 585–616.
Nickerson, R. S. (1999). Enhancing Creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 392–430). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Nielsen, J. A., Zielinski, B. A., Fletcher, P. T., Alexander, A. L., Lange, N., Bigler, E. D., et al. (2014). Abnormal lateralization of functional connectivity between language and default mode regions in autism. Molecular Autism, 5, 1–8.
Nijstad, B. A., De Dreu, C. K., Rietzschel, E. F., & Baas, M. (2010). The dual pathway to creativity model: Creative ideation as a function of flexibility and persistence. European Review of Social Psychology, 21, 34–77.
Nijstad, B. A., & Stroebe, W. (2006). How the group affects the mind: A cognitive model of idea generation in groups. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 186–213.
Nijstad, B. A., Stroebe, W., & Lodewijkx, H. F. M. (2002). Cognitive stimulation and interference in groups: Exposure effects in an idea generation task. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 535–544.
Nijstad, B. A., Stroebe, W., & Lodewijkx, H. F. M. (2006). The illusion of group productivity: A reduction of failures explanation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 31–48.
Oberauer, K., Süβ, H. M., Wilhelm, O., & Wittmann, W. W. (2008). Which working memory functions predict intelligence? Intelligence, 36, 641–652.
Osborn, A. F. (1957). Applied imagination (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Paulus, P. B., Dzindolet, M. T., Poletes, G., & Camacho, L. M. (1993). Perception of performance in group brainstorming: The illusion of group productivity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 78–89.
Paulus, P. B., Larey, T. S., & Ortega, A. H. (1995). Performance and perception of brainstormers in an organizational setting. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17, 249–265.
Pinker, S. (1984). Visual cognition: An introduction. Cognition, 18, 1–63.
Plaks, J. E., & Chasteen, A. L. (2013). Entity versus incremental theories predict older adults’ memory performance. Psychology and Aging, 28, 948–957.
Plucker, J. A., & Renzulli, J. S. (1999). Psychometric approaches to the study of human creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 35–61). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Rattan, A., Good, C., & Dweck, C. S. (2012). “It’s ok—Not everyone can be good at math”: Instructors with an entity theory comfort (and demotivate) students. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 731–737.
Reiter-Palmon, R., Mumford, M. D., & Threlfall, K. V. (1998). Solving everyday problems creatively: The role of problem construction and personality type. Creativity Research Journal, 11, 187–197.
Rhodes, M. (1961). An analysis of creativity. The Phi Delta Kappan, 42, 305–310.
Rietzschel, E. F., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2007a). Personal need for structure and creative performance: The moderating influence of fear of invalidity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 855–866.
Rietzschel, E. F., Nijstad, B. A., & Stroebe, W. (2006). Productivity is not enough: A comparison of interactive and nominal brainstorming groups on idea generation and selection. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 244–251.
Rietzschel, E. F., Nijstad, B. A., & Stroebe, W. (2007b). Relative accessibility of domain knowledge and creativity: The effects of knowledge activation on the quantity and originality of generated ideas. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 933–946.
Rietzschel, E. F., Nijstad, B. A., & Stroebe, W. (2010). The selection of creative ideas after individual idea generation: Choosing between creativity and impact. British Journal of Psychology, 101, 47–68.
Rietzschel, E. F., Slijkhuis, J. M., & Van Yperen, N. W. (2014). Close monitoring as a contextual stimulator: How need for structure affects the relation between close monitoring and work outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23, 394–404.
Rietzschel, E. F., Zacher, H., & Stroebe, W. (2016). A lifespan perspective on creativity and innovation at work. Work, Aging and Retirement, 2, 105–129.
Ritter, S. M., Damian, R. I., Simonton, D. K., van Baaren, R. B., Strick, M., Derks, J., et al. (2012a). Diversifying experiences enhance cognitive flexibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 961–964.
Ritter, S. M., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2014). The unconscious foundations of creative thought. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 1–10.
Ritter, S. M., van Baaren, R. B., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2012b). Creativity: The role of unconscious processes in idea generation and idea selection. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 7, 21–27.
Ritter, S. M., & Mostert, N. (2016). Enhancement of creative thinking skills using a cognitive based creativity training. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement.
Ritter, S. M., Strick, M., Bos, M. W., van Baaren, R. B., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2012c). Good morning creativity: Task reactivation during sleep enhances beneficial effect of sleep on creative performance. Journal of Sleep Research, 21, 643–647.
Roskes, M., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2012). Necessity is the mother of invention: Avoidance motivation stimulates creativity through cognitive effort. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 242–256.
Rowe, G., Hirsh, J. B., & Anderson, A. K. (2007). Positive affect increases the breadth of attentional selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 383–388.
Runco, M. A. (1988). Creativity research: Originality, utility, and integration. Creativity Research Journal, 1, 1–7.
Runco, M. A. (1999). A longitudinal study of exceptional giftedness and creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 161–164.
Runco, M. A. (2004). Personal creativity and culture. In S. Lau, A. N. B. Hui, & G. Y. C. Ng (Eds.), Creativity when east meets west (pp. 9–22). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
Runco, M. A., & Charles, R. E. (1993). Judgments of originality and appropriateness as predictors of creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 537–546.
Runco, M. A., & Johnson, D. J. (2002). Parents’ and teachers’ implicit theories of children’s creativity: A cross-cultural perspective. Creativity Research Journal, 14, 427–438.
Runco, M. A., Johnson, D. J., & Bear, P. K. (1993). Parents’ and teachers’ implicit theories of children’s creativity. Child Study Journal.
Sagiv, L., Arieli, S., Goldenberg, J., & Goldschmidt, A. (2010). Structure and freedom in creativity: The interplay between externally imposed structure and personal cognitive style. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 1086–1110.
Schneider, B. (1987). The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40, 437–453.
Scott, G., Leritz, L. E., & Mumford, M. D. (2004). The effectiveness of creativity training: A quantitative review. Creativity Research Journal, 16, 361–388.
Scratchley, L. S., & Hakstian, A. R. (2001). The measurement and prediction of managerial creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 367–384.
Seibt, B., & Förster, J. (2004). Stereotype threat and performance: How self-stereotypes influence processing by inducing regulatory focus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 38–56.
Shalley, C. E., Gilson, L. L., & Blum, T. C. (2009). Interactive effects of growth need strength, work context, and job complexity on self-reported creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 489–505.
Shalley, C. E., & Perry-Smith, J. E. (2001). Effects of social-psychological factors on creative performance: The role of informational and controlling expected evaluation and modeling experience. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 84, 1–22.
Shalley, C. E., & Zhou, J. (2008). Organizational creativity research: A historical overview. In C. Shalley & J. Zhou (Eds.), Handbook of organizational creativity (pp. 3–31). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Shearring, H. A. (1992). Creativity and older adults. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 13, 11–16.
Silvia, P. J., & Kaufman, J. C. (2010). Creativity and mental illness. In J. C. Kaufman & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of creativity (pp. 381–394). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Willse, J. T., Barona, C. M., Cram, J. T., Hess, K. I., et al. (2008). Assessing creativity with divergent thinking tasks: Exploring the reliability and validity of new subjective scoring methods. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2, 68–85.
Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69, 99–118.
Simon, H. A., Newell, A., & Shaw, J. C. (1962). The processes of creative thinking. In H. E. Gruber, G. Terrell, & M. Wertheimer (Eds.), Contemporary approaches to creative thinking (pp. 63–119). New York, NY: Lieber-Atherton.
Simonton, D. K. (1997). Creative productivity: A predictive and explanatory model of career trajectories and landmarks. Psychological Review, 104, 66–89.
Simonton, D. K. (1999). Creativity as blind variation and selective retention: Is the creative process Darwinian? Psychological Inquiry, 10, 309–328.
Simonton, D. K. (2004). Creativity in science: Chance, logic, genius, and zeitgeist. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Simonton, D. K. (2014a). The mad-genius paradox: Can creative people be more mentally healthy but highly creative people more mentally ill? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 470–480.
Simonton, D. K. (2014b). More method in the mad-genius controversy: A historiometric study of 204 historic creators. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8, 53–61.
Sio, U. N., & Ormerod, T. C. (2009). Does incubation enhance problem solving? A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 94–120.
Sligte, D. J., De Dreu, C. K., & Nijstad, B. A. (2011). Power, stability of power, and creativity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 891–897.
Smith, G. F. (1998). Idea-generation techniques: A formulary of active ingredients. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 32, 107–134.
Smith, S. M., & Blankenship, S. E. (1991). Incubation and the persistence of fixation in problem solving. The American Journal of Psychology, 104, 61–87.
Smith, S. M., Ward, T. B., & Finke, R. A. (1995). The creative cognition approach. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797–811.
Stein, M. I. (1953). Creativity and culture. The Journal of Psychology, 36, 311–322.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1999). The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms. Handbook of creativity, 1, 3–15.
Sternberg, R. J., & O’Hara, L. A. (1999). Creativity and intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 251–272). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Stroebe, W. (2010). Age and scientific creativity. Wiley, Inc.
Stroebe, W., Nijstad, B. A., & Rietzschel, E. F. (2010). Beyond productivity loss in brainstorming groups: The evolution of a question. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 157–203. Burlington, MA: Academic Press.
Taylor, D. W., Berry, P. C., & Block, C. H. (1958). Does group participation when using brainstorming facilitate or inhibit creative thinking? Administrative Science Quarterly, 3, 23–47.
Treffinger, D. J. (1995). Creative problem solving: Overview and educational implications. Educational Psychology Review, 7, 301–312.
Trope, Yaacov, & Liberman, Nira. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440–463.
Valacich, J. S., Dennis, A. R., & Connolly, T. (1994). Idea-generation in computer-based groups: A new ending to an old story. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 57, 448–467.
Van Prooijen, J.-W., & Van De Veer, E. (2010). Perceiving pure evil: The influence of cognitive load and prototypical evilness on demonizing. Social Justice Research, 23, 259–271.
Van Strien, P. J. (2012). Psychologie van de wetenschap (Psychology of science). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press.
Van Strien, P. J. (2015). Het creatieve genie (The creative genius). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press.
Vincent, A. S., Decker, B. P., & Mumford, M. D. (2002). Divergent thinking, intelligence, and expertise: A test of alternative models. Creativity Research Journal, 14, 163–178.
Wallas, G. (1926). The art of thought. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Ward, T. B. (1994). Structured imagination: The role of category structure in exemplar generation. Cognitive Psychology, 27, 1–40.
Ward, T. B., Finke, R. A., & Smith, S. M. (1995). Creativity and the mind. New York, NY: Plenum.
West, M. A. (2002). Sparkling fountains or stagnant ponds: An integrative model of creativity and innovation implementation in work groups. Applied Psychology, 51, 355–387.
Zytkow, J. (1997). Machine discovery. London, UK: Kluwer Academic.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ritter, S.M., Rietzschel, E.F. (2017). Lay Theories of Creativity. In: Zedelius, C., Müller, B., Schooler, J. (eds) The Science of Lay Theories. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57306-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57306-9_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-57305-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-57306-9
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)