Abstract
Personal protective factors classified into social, emotional, and moral competencies have been described in Chap. 3. Children with better competencies are less likely to be involved in bullying. Nevertheless, bullying is a very complex phenomenon that is influenced by the individual, social, and contextual factors. There is always an interaction between the individual and the environment. While, some children are more vulnerable than others to get involved in bullying, specific circumstances are also needed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Baldry, A. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2000). Bullies and delinquents: Personal characteristics and parental styles. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 10, 17–31.
Baldry, A. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2005). Protective factors as moderators of risk factors in adolescence bullying. Social Psychology of Education, 8, 263–284.
Beltrán-Catalán, M., Zych, I., & Ortega-Ruíz, R. (2015). El papel de las emociones y el apoyo percibido en el proceso de superación de los efectos del acoso escolar: un estudio retrospectivo. Ansiedad y Estrés, 21, 219–232.
Bollmer, J. M., Milich, R., Harris, M. J., & Maras, M. A. (2005). A friend in need—The role of friendship quality as a protective factor in peer victimization and bullying. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 701–712.
Boulton, M. J., Trueman, M., Chau, C., Whitehand, C., & Amatya, K. (1999). Concurrent and longitudinal links between friendship and peer victimization: Implications for befriending interventions. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 461–466.
Bowes, L., Arseneault, L., Maughan, B., Taylor, A., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2009). School, neighborhood, and family factors are associated with children’s bullying involvement: A nationally representative longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 545–553.
Bradshaw, C. P., Waasdorp, T. E., Debnam, K. J., & Johnson, S. L. (2014). Measuring school climate in high schools: A focus on safety, engagement, and the environment. Journal of School Health, 84, 593–604.
Bradshaw, C. P., Waasdorp, T. E., Goldweber, A., & Johnson, S. L. (2013). Bullies, gangs, drugs, and school: Understanding the overlap and the role of ethnicity and urbanicity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 220–234.
Caravita, S. C. S., Di Blasio, P., & Salmivalli, C. (2009). Unique and interactive effects of empathy and social status on involvement in bullying. Social Development, 18, 140–163.
Casas, J. A., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Del Rey, R. (2015). Bullying: The impact of teacher management and trait emotional intelligence. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 407–423.
Cava, M. J., Musitu, G., Buelga, S., & Murgui, S. (2010). The relationship of family and classrooms environment with peer relational victimization: An analysis if their gender differences. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13, 156–165.
Chalmers, C., Campbell, M. A., Spears, B. A., Butler, D., Cross, D., Slee, P., et al. (2016). School policies on bullying and cyberbullying: Perspectives across three Australian states. Educational Research, 58, 91–109.
Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T. E., & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25, 65–83.
Córdoba, F. (2013). El constructo convivencia escolar en Educación Primaria: naturaleza y dinámicas. Córdoba: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Córdoba.
Cordoba Alcaide, F., Del Rey Alamillo, R., Casas Bolaños, J. A., & Ortega Ruiz, R. (2016). Valoración del alumnado de primaria sobre convivencia escolar: El valor de la red de iguales. Psicoperspectivas, 15, 79–90.
Dake, J. A., Price, J. H., Telljohann, S. K., & Funk, J. B. (2003). Teacher perceptions and practices regarding school bullying prevention. Journal of School Health, 73, 347–355.
Del Rey, R., & Ortega, R. (2008). Bullying en los países pobres: prevalencia y coexistencia con otras formas de violencia. International Journal of Psychology and psychological therapy, 8, 39–50.
Del Rey, R., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Feria, I. (2009). Convivencia escolar: fortaleza de la comunidad educativa y protección ante la conflictividad escolar. Revista interuniversitaria de formación del profesorado, 66, 159–180.
Due, P., Merlo, J., Harel-Fisch, Y., Damsgaard, M. T., Mag scient soc, Holstein, B. E., Mag scient soc, Hetland, J., Currie, C., Gabhainn, S. N., Gaspar de Matos, M., & Lynch, J. (2009). Socioeconomic inequality in exposure to bullying during adolescence: A comparative, cross-sectional, multilevel study in 35 countries. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 907–914.
Duncan, R. D. (1999). Peer and sibling aggression: An investigation of intra- and extra-familial bullying. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 871–886.
Eslea, M., Menesini, E., Morita, Y., O’Moore, M., Mora-Merchan, J. A., Pereira, B., et al. (2004). Friendship and loneliness among bullies and victims: Data from seven countries. Aggressive Behavior, 30, 71–83.
Espelage, D. L., Bosworth, K., & Simon, T. R. (2000). Examining the social context of bullying behaviors in early adolescence. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 326–333.
Espelage, D. L., Green, H. D., & Wasserman, S. (2007). Statistical analysis of friendship patterns and bullying behaviors among youth. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 118, 61–75.
Flaspohler, P. D., Elfstrom, J. L., Vanderzee, K. L., Sink, H. E., & Birchmeier, Z. (2009). Stand by me: The effects of peer and teacher support in mitigating the impact of bullying on quality of life. Psychology in the Schools, 46, 636–649.
Georgiou, S. N. (2008). Bullying and victimization at school: The role of mothers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 109–125.
Glew, G. M., Fan, M. Y., Katon, W., & Rivara, F. P. (2008). Bullying and school safety. Journal of Pediatrics, 152, 123–128.
Goldweber, A., Waasdorp, T. E., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2013). Examining the link between forms of bullying behaviors and perceptions of safety and belonging among secondary school students. Journal of School Psychology, 51, 469–485.
Gomez-Ortiz, O., Del Rey, R., Casas, J. A., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2014). Parenting styles and bullying involvement. Cultura y Educacion, 26, 132–158.
Gomez-Ortiz, O., Romera, E. M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2016). Parenting styles and bullying. The mediating role of parental psychological aggression and physical punishment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 51, 132–143.
Gregory, A., Cornell, D., Fan, X. T., Sheras, P., Shih, T. H., & Huang, F. (2010). Authoritative school discipline: High school practices associated with lower bullying and victimization. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102, 483–496.
Holt, T. J., Turner, M. G., & Exum, M. L. (2014). The impact of self control and neighborhood disorder on bullying victimization. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42, 347–355.
Kochenderfer-Ladd, B., & Pelletier, M. E. (2008). Teachers’ views and beliefs about bullying: Influences on classroom management strategies and students’ coping with peer victimization. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 431–453.
Konishi, C., Hymel, S., Zumbo, B. D., & Li, Z. (2010). Do school bullying and student-teacher relationships matter for academic achievement? A multilevel analysis. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 25, 19–39.
Lenzi, M., Vieno, A., Gini, G., Pozzoli, T., Pastore, M., Santinello, M., et al. (2014). Perceived teacher unfairness, instrumental goals, and bullying behavior in early adolescence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29, 1834–1849.
Ma, T. L., & Bellmore, A. (2012). Peer victimization and parental psychological control in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 413–424.
Machado Azeredo, C., Rinaldi, A. E. M., Leite de Moraes, C., Bertazzi Levy, R., & Rossi Menezes, P. (2015). School bullying: A systematic review of contextual-level risk factors in observational studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 22, 65–76.
Nation, M., Vieno, A., Perkins, D. D., & Santinello, M. (2008). Bullying in school and adolescent sense of empowerment: An analysis of relationships with parents, friends, and teachers. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 18, 211–232.
National School Climate Center (n.d.). School climate. Retrieved June 3, 2016, from http://www.schoolclimate.org/
Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2007). La convivencia: un regalo de la cultura a la escuela. Idea La Mancha: Revista de Educación de Castilla-La Mancha, 4, 50–54.
Ortega-Ruiz, R., Del Rey, R., & Casas, J. A. (2013). La Convivencia escolar: clave en la predicción del bullying. RIEE. Revista Iberoamericana de Evaluación Educativa, 6, 91–102.
Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Zych, I. (Eds.). (2016). Convivencia escolar: Manual para docentes. Madrid: Grupo 5.
Piquero, A. R., Jennings, W. G., Diamond, B., Farrington, D. P., Tremblay, R. E., Welsh, B. C., et al. (2016). A meta-analysis update on the effects of early family/parent training programs on antisocial behavior and delinquency. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 12, 229–248.
Pouwels, J. L., Lansu, T. A. M., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2016). Participant roles of bullying in adolescence: Status characteristics, social behavior, and assignment criteria. Aggressive Behavior, 42, 239–253.
Romera, E. M., Del Rey, R., & Ruiz, R. O. (2011). Prevalence and differentiating aspects related to gender with regard to the bullying phenomenon in poor countries. Psicothema, 23, 624–629.
Salmivalli, C., Huttunen, A., & Lagerspetz, K. M. J. (1997). Peer networks and bullying in schools. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 38, 305–312.
Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1–15.
Samara, M., & Smith, P. K. (2008). How schools tackle bullying, and the use of whole school policies: Changes over the last decade. Educational Psychology, 28, 663–676.
Smith, P. K., Kupferberg, A., Mora-Merchan, J. A., Samara, M., Bosley, S., & Osborn, R. (2012). A content analysis of school anti-bullying policies: A follow-up after six years. Educational Psychology in Practice, 28, 47–70.
Smith, P. K., Smith, C., Osborn, R., & Samara, M. (2008). A content analysis of school antibullying policies: Progress and limitations. Educational Psychology in Practice, 24, 1–12.
Thapa, A., Cohen, J., Guffey, S., & Higgins-D’Alessandro, A. (2013). A review of school climate research. Review of Educational Research, 83, 357–385.
Tippett, N., & Wolke, D. (2014). Socioeconomic status and bullying: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 104, E48–E59.
Tippett, N., & Wolke, D. (2015). Aggression between siblings: Associations with the home environment and peer bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 41, 14–24.
Troop-Gordon, W., & Ladd, G. W. (2015). Teachers’ victimization-related beliefs and strategies: Associations with students’ aggressive behavior and peer victimization. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 45–60.
Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2011). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7, 27–56.
US Department of Education. Safe and Supportive Schools (n.d.). Retrieved June 1, 2016, from http://safesupportiveschools.ed.gov/index.php?id=33
Van der Zanden, P. J. A. C., Denessen, E. J. P. G., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2015). The effects of general interpersonal and bullying-specific teacher behaviors on pupils’ bullying behaviors at school. School Psychology International, 36, 467–481.
Varjas, K., Henrich, C. C., & Meyers, J. (2009). Urban middle school students’ perceptions of bullying, cyberbullying, and school safety. Journal of School Violence, 8, 159–176.
Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Munniksma, A., & Dijkstra, J. K. (2010). The complex relation between bullying, victimization, acceptance, and rejection: Giving special attention to status, affection, and sex differences. Child Development, 81, 480–486.
Wei, H. S., & Jonson-Reid, M. (2011). Friends can hurt you: Examining the coexistence of friendship and bullying among early adolescents. School Psychology International, 32, 244–262.
Wei, H. S., Williams, J. H., Chen, J. K., & Chang, H. Y. (2010). The effects of individual characteristics, teacher practice, and school organizational factors on students’ bullying: A multilevel analysis of public middle schools. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 137–143.
Wolke, D., & Samara, M. M. (2004). Bullied by siblings: Association with peer victimisation and behaviour problems in Israeli lower secondary school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1015–1029.
Wolke, D., Woods, S., Stanford, K., & Schulz, H. (2001). Bullying and victimization of primary school children in England and Germany: Prevalence and school factors. British Journal of Psychology, 92, 673–696.
Woods, S., & Wolke, D. (2003). Does the content of anti-bullying policies inform us about the prevalence of direct and relational bullying behaviour in primary schools? Educational Psychology, 23, 381–402.
Yoon, J., Sulkowski, M. L., & Bauman, S. A. (2016). Teachers’ responses to bullying incidents: Effects of teacher characteristics and contexts. Journal of School Violence, 15, 91–113.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zych, I., Farrington, D.P., Llorent, V.J., Ttofi, M.M. (2017). Contextual Protective Factors Against Bullying. In: Protecting Children Against Bullying and Its Consequences. SpringerBriefs in Psychology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53028-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53028-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-53027-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-53028-4
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)