Abstract
Although there is no specific profile of a child involved in bullying, there are some personal characteristics that increase a child’s likelihood of being involved. At the same time, there are certain competencies that can be acquired to protect children against becoming perpetrators or victims. These characteristics can be described in terms of risk and protective factors.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arsenio, W. F., & Lemerise, E. A. (2001). Varieties of childhood bullying: Values, emotion processes, and social competence. Social Development, 10, 59–73.
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 364–374.
Baroncelli, A., & Ciucci, E. (2014). Unique effects of different components of trait emotional intelligence in traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 807–815.
Blair, R. J. R. (2007). The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in morality and psychopathy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 387–392.
Camodeca, M., Caravita, S. C., & Coppola, G. (2015). Bullying in preschool: The associations between participant roles, social competence, and social preference. Aggressive Behavior, 41, 310–321.
Caravita, S. C. S., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2012). Agentic or communal? Associations between interpersonal goals, popularity, and bullying in middle childhood and early adolescence. Social Development, 21, 376–395.
Casas, J. A., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Del Rey, R. (2015). Bullying: The impact of teacher management and trait emotional intelligence. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 407–423.
Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T. E., & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25, 65–83.
Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in childrens social-adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101.
Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1999). ‘Superiority’ is in the eye of the beholder: A comment on Sutton, Smith, and Swettenham. Social Development, 8, 128–131.
Damasio, A. R. (2004). Emotions and feelings: A neurobiological perspective. In A. S. R. Manstead, N. Frijda, & A. Fischer (Eds.), Feelings and emotions: The Amsterdam symposium (pp. 49–57). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
De Bruyn, E. H., Cillessen, A. H. N., & Wissink, I. B. (2010). Associations of peer acceptance and perceived popularity with bullying and victimization in early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 30, 543–566.
Denham, S. (2007). Dealing with feelings: How children negotiate the worlds of emotions and social relationships. Cognition, Brain, Behavior, 11, 1–48.
Denham, S., Warren, H., Von Salisch, M., Benga, O., Chin, J.-C., & Geangu, E. (2011). Emotions and social development in childhood. In P. K. Smith & C. H. Hart (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of childhood social development (2nd ed., pp. 413–433). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82, 405–432.
Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169–200.
Ekman, P. (2007). Emotions revealed, second edition: Recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Elipe, P., Ortega, R., Hunter, S. C., & del Rey, R. (2012). Perceived emotional intelligence and involvement in several kinds of bullying. Behavioral Psychology-Psicologia Conductual, 20, 169–181.
Finger, E. C., Marsh, A. A., Mitchell, D. G., Reid, M. E., Sims, C., Budhani, S., et al. (2008). Abnormal ventromedial prefrontal cortex function in children with psychopathic traits during reversal learning. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 586–594.
Garcia-Sancho, E., Salguero, J. M., & Fernandez-Berrocal, P. (2014). Relationship between emotional intelligence and aggression: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 584–591.
Garner, P. W., & Hinton, T. S. (2010). Emotional display rules and emotion self-regulation: Associations with bullying and victimization in community-based after school programs. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 20, 480–496.
Gini, G. (2006). Social cognition and moral cognition in bullying: What’s wrong? Aggressive Behavior, 32, 528–539.
Gini, G., Pozzoli, T., & Hymel, S. (2014). Moral disengagement among children and youth: A meta-analytic review of links to aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 40, 56–68.
Gómez-Ortiz, O., Romera, E. M., & Ortega Ruiz, R. (2017). Multidimensionality of social competence: Measurement of the construct and its relationship with bullying roles. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 22, 37–44.
Greene, J. D. (2014). The cognitive neuroscience of moral judgment and decision making. In M. S. Gazzaniga & G. R. Mangun (Eds.), The cognitive neurosciences (5th ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108, 814–834.
Haidt, J. (2003). The moral emotions. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 852–870). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Happe, F., & Frith, U. (1996). Theory of mind and social impairment in children with conduct disorder. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 14, 385–398.
Izard, C. E. (1997). Human emotions. New York: Plenum.
Kohlberg, L. (1976). Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral development and behavior: Theory, research, and social issues (pp. 170–205). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Kokkinos, C. M., & Kipritsi, E. (2012). The relationship between bullying, victimization, trait emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and empathy among preadolescents. Social Psychology of Education, 15, 41–58.
LeDoux, J. (1998). The emotional brain. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Lomas, J., Stough, C., Hansen, K., & Downey, L. A. (2012). Emotional intelligence, victimisation and bullying in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 207–211.
Lopes, P. N., Salovey, P., & Straus, R. (2003). Emotional intelligence, personality, and the perceived quality of social relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 641–658.
Lösel, F., & Farrington, D. P. (2012). Direct protective and buffering protective factors in the development of youth violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43, S68–S83.
Mahady Wilton, M. M., Craig, W. M., & Pepler, D. J. (2000). Emotional regulation and display in classroom victims of bullying: Characteristic expressions of affect, coping styles and relevant contextual factors. Social Development, 9, 226–245.
Marsh, A. A., Finger, E. C., Mitchell, D. G. V., Reid, M. E., Sims, C., Kosson, D. S., et al. (2008). Reduced amygdala response to fearful expressions in children and adolescents with callous-unemotional traits and disruptive behavior disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 712–720.
Mavroveli, S., & Sanchez-Ruiz, M. J. (2011). Trait emotional intelligence influences on academic achievement and school behaviour. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 112–134.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators (pp. 3–31). New York: Basic Books.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 197–215.
Menesini, E., & Camodeca, M. (2008). Shame and guilt as behaviour regulators: Relationships with bullying, victimization and prosocial behaviour. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 26, 183–196.
Menesini, E., Nocentini, A., & Camodeca, M. (2013). Morality, values, traditional bullying, and cyberbullying in adolescence. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 31, 1–14.
Menesini, E., Sanchez, V., Fonzi, A., Ortega, R., Costabile, A., & Lo Feudo, G. (2003). Moral emotions and bullying: A cross-national comparison of differences between bullies, victims and outsiders. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 515–530.
Ortega-Ruiz, R., Sánchez, V., & Menesini, E. (2002). Violencia entre iguales y desconexión moral: Un análisis transcultural. Psicothema, 14, 37–49.
Ouellet-Morin, I., Wong, C. C., Danese, A., Pariante, C. M., Papadopoulos, A. S., Mill, J., et al. (2013). Increased serotonin transporter gene (SERT) DNA methylation is associated with bullying victimization and blunted cortisol response to stress in childhood: A longitudinal study of discordant monozygotic twins. Psychological Medicine, 43, 1813–1823.
Perren, S., Gutzwiller-Helfenfinger, E., Malti, T., & Hymel, S. (2012). Moral reasoning and emotion attributions of adolescent bullies, victims, and bully-victims. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 30, 511–530.
Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper and Row.
Polan, J., Sieving, R., & McMorris, B. (2010). Are young adolescents’ social and emotional skills protective against involvement in bullying and violence? Journal of Adolescent Health, 46, S64–S65.
Romera, E. M., Gómez-Ortiz, O., & Ortega Ruiz, R. (2016). The mediating role of psychological adjustment between peer victimization and social adjustment in adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1749.
Romera, E. M., Ortega, R., & Monks, C. (2008). Impacto de la actividad lúdica en el desarrollo de la competencia social. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 8, 193–202.
Rose-Krasnor, L. (1997). The nature of social competence: A theoretical review. Social Development, 6, 111–135.
Saarni, C. (1999). The development of emotional competence. New York: Guilford.
Salmivalli, C. (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 112–120.
Sanchez-Alvarez, N., Extremera, N., & Fernandez-Berrocal, P. (2016). The relation between emotional intelligence and subjective well-being: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Positive Psychology, 11, 276–285.
Schokman, C., Downey, L. A., Lomas, J., Wellham, D., Wheaton, A., Simmons, N., et al. (2014). Emotional intelligence, victimisation, bullying behaviours and attitudes. Learning and Individual Differences, 36, 194–200.
Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., et al. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 167–177.
Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Parental maltreatment and emotion dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimization in middle childhood. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 349–363.
Sutton, J., Smith, P. K., & Swettenham, J. (1999a). Bullying and ‘theory of mind’: A critique of the ‘social skills deficit’ view of anti-social behaviour. Social Development, 8, 117–127.
Sutton, J., Smith, P. K., & Swettenham, J. (1999b). Social cognition and bullying: Social inadequacy or skilled manipulation? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 435–450.
Topping, K., Bremmer, W., & Holmes, E. A. (2000). Social competence: The social construction of the concept. In R. Bar-On & J. D. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 28–39). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2008). Reintegrative shaming theory, moral emotions and bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 34, 352–368.
Viding, E., McCrory, E. J., Blakemore, S. J., & Frederickson, N. (2011). Behavioural problems and bullying at school: Can cognitive neuroscience shed new light on an old problem? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 289–291.
Woods, S., Wolke, D., Nowicki, S., & Hall, L. (2009). Emotion recognition abilities and empathy of victims of bullying. Child Abuse and Neglect, 33, 307–311.
Zych, I., Elipe, P., & Sánchez, V. (2016a). Competencias socio-emocionales para la convivencia y la ciberconvivencia. In F. Córdoba, O. Nail, & R. Ortega-Ruiz (Eds.), Gestión de la convivencia y afrontamiento de problemas de conflictividad, violencia escolar y bullying (pp. 37–50). Santiago de Chile: RiL Editores.
Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Del Rey, R. (2015). Systematic review of theoretical studies on bullying and cyberbullying: Facts, knowledge, prevention, and intervention. Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal, 23, 1–21.
Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Sibaja, S. (2016b). Children’s play and affective development: Affect, school adjustment and learning in preschoolers/El juego infantil y el desarrollo afectivo: Afecto, ajuste escolar y aprendizaje en la etapa preescolar. Infancia y Aprendizaje, 39, 380–400.
Zych, I., Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2017). Empathy and callous-unemotional traits in different bullying roles: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence and Abuse (in press).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zych, I., Farrington, D.P., Llorent, V.J., Ttofi, M.M. (2017). Personal Protective Factors Against Bullying: Emotional, Social, and Moral Competencies. In: Protecting Children Against Bullying and Its Consequences. SpringerBriefs in Psychology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53028-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53028-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-53027-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-53028-4
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)