Skip to main content

Gratitude, Spirituality and Meaning: Their Clinical Implications

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Positive Psychology in the Clinical Domains

Abstract

This chapter reports the most recent findings of scientific literature concerning gratitude, spirituality, and meaning and their possible applications in clinical settings. Although these dimensions were found to be protective for individuals’ physical and mental health, they sometimes showed controversial and paradoxical effects. Finally, this chapter briefly describes some of the most recent psychotherapeutic interventions that are based on the above-mentioned transcendental aspects of human functioning and are focused on the importance of the mind-body connections. Among them, Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy, Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Meaning-Making Intervention, Naikan Therapy and narrative strategies based on positive psychology research are illustrated.

The function of prayer is not to influence God,

but rather to change the nature of the one who prays.

Søren Kierkegaard

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aldwin, C. M., Park, C. L., Jeon, Y. J., & Nath, R. (2014). Differing pathway between religiousness, spirituality, and health: A self-regulation perspective. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6, 9–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, M. J., Haugland, G., Ashenden, P., Knight, E., & Brown, I. (2009). Coping with thoughts of suicide: Techniques used by consumers of mental health services. Psychiatric Services, 60(9), 1214–1221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anema, C., Johnson, M., Zeller, J. M., Fogg, L., & Zetterlund, J. (2009). Spiritual well-being in individuals with fibromyalgia syndrome: Relationships with symptom pattern variability, uncertainty, and psychosocial adaptation. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 23(1), 8–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antonovsky, A. (1979). Health, stress and coping. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archibald, P. C., Sydnor, K. D., Daniels, K., & Bronner, Y. (2013). Explaining African-Americans’ depressive symptoms: A stress-distress and coping perspective. Journal of Health Psychology, 18(3), 321–331.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baetz, M., & Toews, J. (2009). Clinical implications of research on religion, spirituality, and mental health. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 292–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballew, S. H., Hannum, S. M., Gaines, J. M., Marx, K. A., & Parrish, J. M. (2012). The role of spiritual experiences and activities in the relationship between chronic illness and psychological well-being. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(4), 1386–1396.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Babamohamadi, H., Negarandeh, R., & Dehghan-Nayeri, N. (2011). Barriers to and facilitators of coping with spinal cord injury for Iranian patients: A qualitative study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 13(2), 207–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, J. J., McAdams, D. P., & Pals, J. L. (2008). Narrative identity and eudaimonic well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 81–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, K. S., & Shepherd, J. M. (2013). Depression in Australian women: The varied roles of spirituality and social support. Journal of Health Psychology, 18(3), 429–438.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bettelheim, B. (1976). The uses of enchantment: the meaning and importance of fairy tales. New York: Vintage Books.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bettelheim, B. (1987). ‘Hansel and Gretel—My favourite fairy tale’. [‘HANSEL UND GRETEL, MEIN LIEBLINGSMARCHEN’]. Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie, 37(1), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beuscher, L., & Grando, V. T. (2009). Using spirituality to cope with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 31(5), 583–598.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brillhart, B. (2005). A study of spirituality and life satisfaction among persons with spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Nursing, 30(1), 31–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J. D., Yoon, D. P., & Johnstone, B. (2010). Determining relationships between physical health and spiritual experience, religious practices, and congregational support in a heterogeneous medical sample. Journal of Religion and Health, 49(1), 3–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charon, R. (2006). Narrative medicine: Honoring the stories of illness. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chida, Y., Steptoe, A., & Powell, L. H. (2009). Religiosity/spirituality and mortality. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78(2), 81–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chlan, K. M., Zebracki, K., & Vogel, L. C. (2011). Spirituality and life satisfaction in adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 49(3), 371–375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cozzolino, P. J. (2006). Death contemplation, growth, and defense: Converging evidence of dual-existential systems? Psychological Inquiry, 17(4), 278–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, H., Lauche, R., Haller, H., Langhorst, J., & Dobos, G. (2016). Mindfulness-and acceptance-based Interventions for psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 5(1), 30–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., … Sheridan, J. F. (2003). Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(4), 564–570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiesa, A., Brambilla, P., & Serretti, A. (2010). Functional neural correlates of mindfulness meditations in comparison with psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy and placebo effect. Is there a link? Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 22(3), 104–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, R. J. (2015). Behavioral interventions produce robust beneficial biological alterations. Biological Psychiatry, 78(10), 668–669.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, C. G., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1998). Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 561.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado, C. (2007). Sense of coherence, spirituality, stress and quality of life in chronic illness. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 39(3), 229–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dekker, R. L., Peden, A. R., Lennie, T. A., Schooler, M. P., & Moser, D. K. (2009). Living with depressive symptoms: patients with heart failure. American Journal of Critical Care, 18(4), 310–318.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • D’raven, L. L., & Pasha-Zaidi, N. (2014). Positive psychology interventions: A review for counselling practitioners/Interventions de psychologie positive: Une revue à l’intention des conseillers praticiens. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 48(4), 383–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A., & Crumpler, C. A. (2000). Gratitude as human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 56–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessing versus burden: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fava, G. A., & Ruini, C. (2003). Development and characteristics of a well-being enhancing psychotherapeutic strategy: Well-being therapy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34(1), 45–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fife, B. L. (1994). The conceptualization of meaning in illness. Social Science & Medicine, 38(2), 309–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2007). 12 Positive affect and meaning-focused coping during significant psychological stress. In The scope of social psychology: Theory and applications: Essays in honour of Wolfgang Stroebe (pp. 193–208). Hove: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankl, V. E. (1959). Man’ s search for meaning. Language, 20. http://doi.org/10.1080/10503300903527393.

  • Frankl, V. E. (1969). The will to meaning: Foundations and applications of logotherapy. New York: World Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankl, V. E. (2004). On the theory and therapy of mental disorders: An introduction to logotherapy and existential analysis. New York: Brunner-Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankl, V. E. (2010). The feeling of meaninglessness: A challenge to psychotherapy and philosophy (Alexander Batthyány, Ed.). Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 300–319.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365–376.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fukui, S., Starnino, V. R., & Nelson-Becker, H. B. (2012). Spiritual well-being of people with psychiatric disabilities: The role of religious attendance, social network size and sense of control. Community Mental Health Journal, 48(2), 202–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gall, T. L., Malette, J., & Guirguis-Younger, M. (2011). Spirituality and religiousness: A diversity of definitions. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 13, 158–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giovagnoli, A. R., Meneses, R. F., & da Silva, A. M. (2006). The contribution of spirituality to quality of life in focal epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 9(1), 133–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glover-Graf, N. M., Marini, I., Baker, J., & Buck, T. (2007). Religious and spiritual beliefs and practices of persons with chronic pain. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 51(1), 21–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey, K. M., Gallo, L. C., & Afari, N. (2015). Mindfulness-based interventions for binge eating: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38(2), 348–362.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg, J. L., & Arndt, J. (2008). The implications of death for health: a terror management health model for behavioral health promotion. Psychological Review, 115(4), 1032–1053.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, M. T. Q., Lee, Y. H., Salman, A., Seo, Y., Marin, P. A., Starling, R. C., & Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2007). Spirituality and well being among elders: differences between elders with heart failure and those without heart failure. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 2(4), 669–675.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(1), 35–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2015). How do mindfulness-based cognitive Therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 37, 1–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R. (2007). The happiness trap: Stop struggling, start living. Wollombi: Exisle Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Roche, B. (2001). Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., & Wilson, K. G. (1994). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Altering the verbal support for experiential avoidance. The Behavior Analyst, 17, 289–303.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35(4), 639–665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Levin, M. E., Plumb-Vilardaga, J., Villatte, J. L., & Pistorello, J. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behavior Therapy, 44(2), 180–198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, M., Cohen, S. R., Lee, V., Sauthier, P., Provencher, D., Drouin, P., … Gilbert, L. (2010). The Meaning-Making intervention (MMi) appears to increase meaning in life in advanced ovarian cancer: A randomized controlled pilot study. Psycho-Oncology, 19(12), 1340–1347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hicks, J. A., & King, L. A. (2009). Positive mood and social relatedness as information about meaning in life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 471–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169–183.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hollywell, C., & Walker, J. (2009). Private prayer as a suitable intervention for hospitalised patients: A critical review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(5), 637–651.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, J. (2000). Narrative in psychiatry and psychotherapy: The evidence? Journal of Medical Ethics, 26, 92–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt-Lunstad, J., Steffen, P. R., Sandberg, J., & Jensen, B. (2011). Understanding the connection between spiritual well-being and physical health: An examination of ambulatory blood pressure, inflammation, blood lipids and fasting glucose. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 34(6), 477–488.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishida, R. (1969). Naikan analysis. Psychologia, 12, 81–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivtzan, I., Chan, C. P., Gardner, H. E., & Prashar, K. (2013). Linking religion and spirituality with psychological well-being: Examining self-actualisation, meaning in life, and personal growth initiative. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(3), 915–929.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, L. (2011). Resurrecting the buried self: Fairy tales and the analytic encounter. Psychoanalytic Review, 98(6), 871–890.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jafari, N., Farajzadegan, Z., Loghmani, A., Majlesi, M., & Jafari, N. (2014). Spiritual well-being and quality of life of Iranian adults with type 2 diabetes. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2005). Positive adjustment to threatening events: An organismic valuing theory of growth through adversity. Review of General Psychology, 9(3), 262–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, S., & Wood, A. (2010). Assessment of positive functioning in clinical psychology: Theoretical and practical issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 830–838.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, C. (1964). Man and its symbols. London: Aldus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4, 33–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J., & Santorelli, S. F. (1999). Mindfulness-based stress reduction professional training resource manual. Worcester, MA: Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahl, K. G., Winter, L., & Schweiger, U. (2012). The third wave of cognitive behavioural therapies: what is new and what is effective? Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(6), 522–528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaliman, P., Álvarez-López, M. J., Cosín-Tomás, M., Rosenkranz, M. A., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2014). Rapid changes in histone deacetylases and inflammatory gene expression in expert meditators. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 40, 96–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, D. H., Jo, H. J., Jung, W. H., Kim, S. H., Jung, Y. H., Choi, C. H., … Kwon, J. S. (2013). The effect of meditation on brain structure: Cortical thickness mapping and diffusion tensor imaging. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(1), 27–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karwoski, L., Garratt, G. M., & Ilardi, S. S. (2006). On the integration of cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression and positive psychology. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20(2), 159–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kashdan, T. B., Uswatte, G., & Julian, T. (2006). Gratitude and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Vietnam War veterans. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(2), 177–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 865–878.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kast, V. (1996). The clinical use of fairy tales by a “classical” Jungian analyst. Psychoanalytic Review, 83(4), 508–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman, A. (1988). The illness narratives: Suffering, healing, and the human condition. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G., George, L. K., & Titus, P. (2004). Religion, spirituality, and health in medically ill hospitalized older patients. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 52, 554–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G. (2009). Research on religion, spirituality, and mental health: A review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 283–291.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The Research and clinical implications. International Scholarly Research Network Psychiatry, (ISRN Psychiatry) 1–33 doi:10.5402/2012/278730.

  • Konopack, J. F., & McAuley, E. (2012). Efficacy-mediated effects of spirituality and physical activity on quality of life: A path analysis. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 10(1), 57.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kretchy, I. A., Owusu-Daaku, F. T., & Danquah, S. A. (2014). Mental health in hypertension: Assessing symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress on anti-hypertensive medication adherence. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 21, 8–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. S., Hayward, R. D., & Reed, P. G. (2014). Self-transcendence, spiritual perspective, and sense of purpose in family caregiving relationships: A mediated model of depression symptoms in Korean older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 18(7), 905–913.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, L. A. (2002). The writing cure: How expressive writing promotes health and emotional well-being (pp. 119–134). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lafforgue, P. (2008). The narration of folk fairy-tales within the therapeutic workshop. Funzione Gamma, 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee Duckworth, A., Steen, T. A., & Seligman, M. E. (2005). Positive psychology in clinical practice. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 629–651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linden, M., Baumann, K., Lieberei, B., Lorenz, C., & Rotter, M. (2011). Treatment of posttraumatic embitterment disorder with cognitive behaviour therapy based on wisdom psychology and Hedonia strategies. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 80(4), 199–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucchetti, G., Almeida, L. G. C. D., & Granero, A. L. (2010). Spirituality for dialysis patients: Should the nephrologist address? Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia, 32(1), 128–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, C. P., Hernandez-Tejada, M. A., Strom, J. L., & Egede, L. E. (2012). Association between spirituality and depression in adults with type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator, 38(3), 427–435.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marikar Bawa, F., Mercer, S., Atherton, R., Clague, F., Keen, A., Scott, N., & Bond, C. (2015). Does mindfulness improve outcomes in chronic pain patients?: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of General Practice, 65(635), 387–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. (1950). Self-actualizing people: A study of psychological health. Personality, 11–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5(2), 100–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAdams, D. P. (2008). Life story. The encyclopedia of adulthood and aging. In: John, OP., Robins RW., & Pervin LA (Eds). Handbook of personality: Theory & research (pp. 242–262) (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAdams, D. P., Bauer, J. J., Sakaeda, A. R., Anyidoho, N. A., Machado, M. A., Magrino-Failla, K., & Pals, J. L. (2006). Continuity and change in the life story: A longitudinal study of autobiographical memories in emerging adulthood. Journal of Personality, 74(5), 1371–1400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCauley, J., Tarpley, M. J., Haaz, S., & Bartlett, S. J. (2008). Daily spiritual experiences of older adults with and without arthritis and the relationship to health outcomes. Arthritis Care & Research, 59(1), 122–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112–127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mc Lean, K.-C., & Morrison-Cohen, S. (2013). Moms telling tales: Maternal identity development in conversation with their adolescents about the personal past. Identity, 13, 120–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLean, K. C. (2008). The emergence of narrative identity. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1685–1702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, T. (1995). How to want what you have. New York: Avon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naghi, J. J., Philip, K. J., Phan, A., Cleenewerck, L., & Schwarz, E. R. (2012). The effects of spirituality and religion on outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(4), 1124–1136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, K. A., & Skevington, S. M. (2005). The relevance of spirituality, religion and personal beliefs to health-related quality of life: Themes from focus groups in Britain. British Journal of Health Psychology, 10(3), 379–398.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pargament, K. I., Mahoney, A., Exline, J. J., Jones, J., & Shafranske, E. (2013). Envisioning an integrative paradigm for the psychology of religion and spirituality. In K. Pargament (Ed.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (pp. 3–19). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 603–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: an integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parks, A. C., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2014). Positive intervention: Past, present, future. In T. B. Kashdan, & J. Ciarrochi (Eds.), Mindfulness, acceptance, and positive psychology: The seven foundations for wellbeing (pp. 140–165). Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peirano, A. H., & Franz, R. W. (2012). Spirituality and quality of life in limb amputees. The International Journal of Angiology, 21(1), 47–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pennebaker, J. W. (2000). Telling stories: The health benefits of narrative. Literature and Medicine, 19, 3–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peter, C., Müller, R., Cieza, A., & Geyh, S. (2012). Psychological resources in spinal cord injury: A systematic literature review. Spinal Cord, 50(3), 188–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierini, D., & Stuifbergen, A. K. (2010). Psychological resilience and depressive symptoms in older adults diagnosed with post-polio syndrome. Rehabilitation Nursing, 35(4), 167–175.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pizutti, L. T., Taborda, J. G., & Tourinho, T. F. (2012). Evaluation of religious spiritual coping in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: A case–controlled study. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain, 20(3), 194–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proyer, R. T., & Ruch, W. (2011). The virtuousness of adult playfulness: the relation of playfulness with strengths of character. Psychology of Well-Being: Theory, Research and Practice, 1, 4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Propp, V. (1968). Morphology of the Folktale (L. Scott, Trans., 2nd ed., Vol. 6). Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pull, C. B. (2009). Current empirical status of acceptance and commitment therapy. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22(1), 55–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rashid, T. (2015). Positive psychotherapy: A strength-based approach. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(1), 25–40. doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.920411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rashiq, S., & Dick, B. D. (2009). Factors associated with chronic noncancer pain in the Canadian population. Pain Research & Management, 14, 454–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riessman, C. K. (1990). Strategic uses of narrative in the presentation of self and illness. Social Science & Medicine, 30, 172–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, D. K. (1982). The quiet therapies: Japanese pathways to personal growth. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rippentrop, A. E., Altmaier, E. M., Chen, J. J., Found, E. M., & Keffala, V. J. (2005). The relationship between religion/spirituality and physical health, mental health, and pain in a chronic pain population. Pain, 116(3), 311–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenkranz, M. A., Davidson, R. J., MacCoon, D. G., Sheridan, J. F., Kalin, N. H., & Lutz, A. (2013). A comparison of mindfulness-based stress reduction and an active control in modulation of neurogenic inflammation. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 27, 174–184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruini, C., & Vescovelli, F. (2013). The role of gratitude in breast cancer: Its relationships with post-traumatic growth, psychological well-being and distress. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(1), 263–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruini, C., Masoni, L., Ottolini, F., & Ferrari, S. (2014). Positive Narrative Group Psychotherapy: The use of traditional fairy tales to enhance psychological well-being and growth. Psychology of Well-Being, 4(1), 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruini, C., & Ottolini, F. (2014). The use of narrative strategies based on fairytales as a novel, integrative ingredient in CBT: A case report. EXPLORE: The Journal of Science and Healing, 10(2), 121–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Schacter, D. L. (1996). Searching for memory: The brain, the mind, and the past. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to relapse prevention. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E., Rashid, T., & Parks, A. C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 61(8), 774–788.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sergeant, S., & Mongrain, M. (2011). Are positive psychology exercises helpful for people with depressive personality styles? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(4), 260–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seybold, K. S. (2007). Physiological mechanism involved in religiosity/spirituality and health. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30, 303–309.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. L., Schwartz, G. E., & Santerre, C. (2002). Meditation and positive psychology. In Handbook of positive psychology, Vol. 2, pp. 632–645.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sin, N. L., Della Porta, M. D., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2011). Tailoring positive psychology interventions to treat depressed individuals. In S. Donaldson, M. Csikszentmihalyi, J. Nakamura (Eds.), Applied positive psychology: Improving everyday life, health, schools, work, and society (pp. 79–96). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorajjakool, S., Aja, V., Chilson, B., Ramírez-Johnson, J., & Earll, A. (2008). Disconnection, depression, and spirituality: A study of the role of spirituality and meaning in the lives of individuals with severe depression. Pastoral Psychology, 56(5), 521–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F., Oishi, S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(1), 43–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strada, E. A., Homel, P., Tennstedt, S., Billings, J. A., & Portenoy, R. K. (2013). Spiritual well-being in patients with advanced heart and lung disease. Palliative and Supportive Care, 11(03), 205–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. E. (1983). Adjustment to threatening events: A theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist, 38(11), 1161–1173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 615–623.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tedrus, G. M. A. S., Fonseca, L. C., Magri, F. D. P., & Mendes, P. H. M. (2013). Spiritual/religious coping in patients with epilepsy: Relationship with sociodemographic and clinical aspects and quality of life. Epilepsy & Behavior, 28, 386–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toepfer, S. M., Cichy, K., & Peters, P. (2012). Letters of gratitude: Further evidence for author benefits. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(1), 187–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Treadwell, T. W., Reisch, E. E., Travaglini, L. E., & Kumar, V. K. (2011). The effectiveness of collaborative story building and telling in facilitating group cohesion in a college classroom setting. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 61(4), 502–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waldron-Perrine, B., Rapport, L. J., Hanks, R. A., Lumley, M., Meachen, S. J., & Hubbarth, P. (2011). Religion and spirituality in rehabilitation outcomes among individuals with traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 56(2), 107–116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, B., Driver, S., & Warren, A. M. (2010). Resilience and indicators of adjustment during rehabilitation from a spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 55(1), 23–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westlake, C., Dyo, M., Vollman, M., & Heywood, J. T. (2008). Spirituality and suffering of patients with heart failure. Progress in Palliative Care, 16(5-6), 257–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. M. G. (2010). Mindfulness and psychological process. Emotion, 10(1), 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2008). Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(1), 49–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 854–871.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2009). Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the Big Five facets. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 443–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890–905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, H. (1972). Naikan Ryoho, (Naikan Therapy). Tokyo: Igaku Shoin Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ruini, C. (2017). Gratitude, Spirituality and Meaning: Their Clinical Implications. In: Positive Psychology in the Clinical Domains. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52112-1_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics