Skip to main content
  • 4071 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, G. R., Jones, R. M., Schvaneveldt, J. D., & Jenson, G. O. (1982). Antecedents of affective role-taking behaviour: Adolescent perceptions of parental socialization styles. Journal of Adolescence, 5, 259–265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1985a). Attachment across the life span. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 61, 792–812.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1985b). Patterns of infant-mother attachment: Antecedents and effects on development. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 61, 771–791.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amini, F., Lewis, T., Lannon, R., Louie, A., Baumbacher, G., McGuinness, T., et al. (1996). Affect, attachment, memory: Contributions toward psychobiologic integration. Psychiatry, 59, 213–239.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8, 291–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashcroft, J., & Straus, A. (1993). Families first: Report of the National Commission on America’s Urban Families. Washington, DC: National Commission on America’s Urban Families.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballou, J. W. (1978). The psychology of pregnancy. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, M. A. (1987). Empathy and related responses to children. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 146–162). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, M. A., Howard, J. A., King, L. M., & Dino, G. A. (1980). Antecedents of empathy: Retrospective accounts of early socialization. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 361–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. (1991). Attachment styles among adults: A test of four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226–244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bavelas, J. B., Black, A., Lemery, C. R., & Mullett, J. (1986). “I show how you feel”: Motor mimicry as a communicative act. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 322–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J. (1988). The “effects” of infant day care reconsidered. Childhood Research Quarterly, 3, 235–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorklund, D. F., & Kipp, K. (1996). Parental investment theory and gender differences in the evolution of inhibition mechanism. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 163–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, D. M. (2004). Sympathy reconfigured: Some reflections on sympathy, empathy and the discovery of values. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 85, 579–595.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borke, H. (1971). Interpersonal perception of young children: Ego-centrism or empathy. Developmental Psychology, 5, 263–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss (Vol. 2): Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss (Vol. 3): Loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss (Vol. 1): Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bretherton, I. (1987). New perspectives on attachment relations: Security, communication, and internal working models. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 1061–1100). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlingham, D. (1967). Empathy between infant and mother. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 15, 764–780.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bush, L. K., Barr, C. L., McHugo, G. J., & Lanzetta, J. T. (1989). The effects of facial control and facial mimicry on subjective reactions to comedy routines. Motivation and Emotion, 13, 31–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M. (2003). The evolution of desire: Strategies of human mating. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campos, J., & Sternberg, C. (1981). Perception, appraisal and emotion in the onset of social referencing. In M. E. Lamb & L. R. Sherrod (Eds.), Infant social cognition (pp. 273–314). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Wakschlag, L. S., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1995). A psychological perspective on the development of caring in children and youth: The role of the family. Journal of Adolescence, 18, 515–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chow, K. L., Riesen, A. H., & Newell, F. W. (1957). Degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in infant chimpanzees reared in darkness. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 107, 27–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciechanowski, P. S., Russo, J. E., Katon, W. J., & Walker, F. A. (2004). Attachment theory in health care: The influence of relationship style on medical students’ specialty choice. Medical Education, 38, 262–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, F. S. (1999). Shattuck lecture—Medical and societal consequences of the human genome project. New England Journal of Medicine, 341, 28–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davison, A. N., & Peters, A. (1970). Myelination. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeCasper, A. J., & Fifer, W. P. (1980). Of human bonding: Newborns prefer their mothers’ voices. Science, 208, 1174–1176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeCasper, A. J., & Prescott, P. A. (1984). Human newborn’s perception of male voices preference, discrimination, and reinforcing value. Developmental Psychology, 17, 481–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience Review, 3, 71–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2006). A social-neuroscience perspective on empathy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 54–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demos, E. (1988). Affect and the development of self: A new frontier. In A. Goldberg (Ed.), Frontiers in self psychology: Progress in self psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 27–33). Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eibel-Eibesfeldt, I. (1979). The biology of peace and war. New York: Viking.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (1987b). Empathy and its development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eslinger, P. J. (1998). Neurological and neuropsychological bases of empathy. European Neurology, 93, 193–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahrbach, S. E., Morrell, I. I., & Pfaff, D. W. (1985). Role of oxytocin in the onset of estrogen-facilitated maternal behavior. In J. A. Amico & A. G. Robinson (Eds.), Oxytocin: Clinical and laboratory studies (pp. 372–388). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farber, N. J., Novack, D. H., & O’Brien, M. K. (1997). Love, boundaries, and the patient-physician relationship. Archives of Internal Medicine, 157, 2291–2294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fifer, W. P., & Moon, C. M. (1994). The role of mother’s voice in the organization of brain function in the newborn. Acta Pædiatrica Scandinavica, 397, 86–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fonagy, P. (2001). Attachment theory and psychoanalysis. New York: Other Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1996). Playing with reality: I. Theory of mind and the normal development of psychic reality. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 77, 217–233.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1964). An outline of psychoanalysis. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 23, pp. 139–301), London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis (original work published in 1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallese, V. (2001). The ‘shared manifold’ hypothesis: From mirror neurons to empathy. Journal of Conscious Studies, 8, 33–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, E. J., & Walk, R. D. (1960). The visual cliff. Scientific American, 202, 64–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, A. P., & Michaels, G. Y. (1985). Empathy: Development, training, and consequences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, J. P. (1991). The state of the world’s children. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzzetta, R. A. (1976). Acquisition and transfer of empathy by the parents of early adolescents through structured learning training. Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 449–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebb, D. (1946). The organization of behaviour. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, S. (1974). Care-eliciting behavior in man. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 159, 172–181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L. (1982). The measurement of empathy. In C. E. Izard (Ed.), Measuring emotions in infants and children (pp. 279–296). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hojat, M. (1993). The world’s declaration of the rights of the child: Anticipated challenges. Psychological Reports, 72, 1011–1022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hojat, M. (1995). Developmental pathways to violence: A psychodynamic paradigm. Peace Psychology Review, 1, 177–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hojat, M. (1996). Perception of maternal availability in childhood and selected psychosocial characteristics in adulthood. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 122, 425–450.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hojat, M. (1997). The U.N. Convention: Lost in the clash of adverse opinions. American Psychologist, 52, 1384–1385.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hojat, M. (1998). Satisfaction with early relationships with parents and psychosocial attributes in adulthood: Which parent contributes more? Journal of General Psychology, 159, 203–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hojat, M., Borenstein, B. D., & Shapurian, R. (1990). Perception of childhood dissatisfaction with parents and selected personality traits in adulthood. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 117, 241–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hojat, M., Zuckerman, M., Gonnella, J. S., Mangione, S., Nasca, T., Vergare, M., & Magee, M. (2005). Empathy in medical students as related to specialty interest, personality, and perception of mother and father. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1205–1215. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.04.007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoover, R. N. (2000). Cancer: Nature, nurture, or both. The New England Journal of Medicine, 343, 135–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubel, D. H. (1967). Effect of distortion of sensory input on the visual system of kittens. The Physiologist, 10, 17–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1963). Receptive fields of cell in striate cortex of young, visually inexperienced kittens. Journal of Neurophysiology, 26, 994–1002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1970). The period of susceptibility to the physiological effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens. Journal of Physiology, 206, 419–436.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ickes, W. (1997). Empathic accuracy. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Insel, T. R. (2000). Toward a neurology of attachment. Review of General Psychology, 4, 176–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isabella, R. A., & Belsky, J. (1991). Interaction synchrony and the origin of infant-mother attachment: A replication study. Child Development, 62, 373–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janssens, J. M. A. M., & Gerris, J. R. M. (1992). Child rearing, empathy and prosocial development. In J. M. A. M. Janssens & J. R. M. Gerris (Eds.), Child rearing: Influence on prosocial development (pp. 57–75). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karen, R. (1994). Becoming attached. New York: Warner Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kestenbaum, R., Farber, E. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1989). Individual differences in empathy among preschoolers: Relation to attachment history. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Empathy and related emotional responses (pp. 51–64). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keysers, C., & Perrett, D. I. (2004). Demystifying social cognition: A Hebbian perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 501–507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klaus, M. H., Jerauld, R., Kreger, N. S., McAlpine, W., Steffa, M., & Kennell, J. H. (1972). Maternal attachment: Importance of the first post-partum days. New England Journal of Medicine, 286, 460–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klaus, M., & Kennell, J. H. (1970). Mothers separated from their newborn infants. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 17, 1015–1037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konner, M. (2004). The ties that bind [Comment]. Nature, 429, 705.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krevans, J., & Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Parents’ use of inductive discipline: Relations to children’s empathy and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67, 3263–3277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leiper, R., & Casares, P. (2000). An investigation of the attachment organization of clinical psychologists and its relationship to clinical practice. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 73, 449–464.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Letourneau, C. (1981). Empathy and stress: How they affect parental aggression. Social Work, 26, 383–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, T., Amini, F., & Lannon, R. (2000). A general theory of love. New York: Vintage Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein, P., Holm, N. V., Verkasalo, P. K., Iliadou, A., Kaprio, J., Koskenvuo, M., … Hemminki, K. (2000). Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer: Analyses of cohort twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. New England Journal of Medicine, 343, 78–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Social cognitive neuroscience: A review of core processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 259–289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lott, D. A. (1998). Brain development, attachment and impact on psychic vulnerability. Psychiatric Times, 15. Retrieved 20 Dec 2004 from: http://www.psychiatrictimes.com.

  • Lounsburg, M. L., & Bates, J. E. (1982). The cries of infants of differing levels of perceived temperamental difficultness: Acoustic properties and effects on listeners. Child Development, 53, 677–686.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLean, P. D. (1967). The brain in relation to empathy and medical education. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 144, 374–382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth strange situation. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research and intervention (pp. 121–160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, B. P., Heidt, J. M., & Gold, S. D. (2005). Perceived uncontrollability and unpredictability, self-regulation, and sexual revictimization. Review of General Psychology, 9, 67–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mays, L. C., Carter, A. S., Eggar, H. L., & Pajer, K. A. (1991). Reflection on stillness: Mother’s reaction to the still-face situation. Journal of Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 22–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. A. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525–543.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrabian, A., Young, A. L., & Sato, S. (1988). Emotional empathy and associated individual differences. Current Psychology: Research & Reviews, 7, 221–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science, 198, 75–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1983). Newborn infants imitate adult facial gestures. Child Development, 54, 702–709.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mengel, M. B. (1987). Physician ineffectiveness due to family-of-origin issues. Family Systems Medicine, 5, 176–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mori, M. S., Vigh, A., Miayata, T., & Yoshihara, S. (1990). Oxytocin is the major prolactin releasing factor in the posterior pituitary. Endocrinology, 125, 1009–1013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mussen, P., & Eisenberg-Berg, N. (1977). Roots of caring, sharing, and helping: The development of prosocial behavior in children. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nathanson, D. L. (Ed.). (1996). Knowing feeling: Affect, script, and psychotherapy. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neubauer, R. B., & Neubauer, A. (1990). Nature’s thumbprint: The new genetics of personality. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, N., Feeler, D., & Rawlins, C. (1968). Effect of lactation on maternal behavior in mice with comparative data on humans. Lying-in: Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 1, 257–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, N., & Newton, M. (1967). Psychologic aspects of lactation. New England Journal of Medicine, 277, 1179–1188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, J. (1939). An ancient poem on the duties of a physician, Part 1. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 7, 315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papousek, M., Papousek, H., & Symmes, D. (1991). The meanings of melodies in motherese in tone and stress languages. Infant Behavior & Development, 14, 415–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pascalis, O., DeSchonen, S., Morton, J., Deruella, C., & Fabre-Grenet, M. (1995). Mother’s face recognition by neonates: A replication and extension. Infant Behavior & Development, 18, 79–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, C. A., Ascher, J. A., Monroe, Y. L., & Prange, A. J. J. (1982). Oxytocin induces maternal behavior in virgin female rats. Science, 216, 648–649.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, C. A., & Prange, A. J. J. (1979). Induction of maternal behavior in virgin rats after intracerebroventicular administration of oxytocin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 76, 6661–6665.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, R. J., Rosen, H. R., Kramer, J. H., Beer, J. S., Levenson, R. L., & Miller, B. L. (2001). Hemispheric dominance for emotions, empathy and social behaviour: Evidence from right and left handers with frontotemporal dementia. Neurocase, 7, 145–160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1967). Six psychological studies. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rempel, J. K., Holmes, J. G., & Zanna, M. P. (1985). Trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 95–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. L., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Emde, R. N. (1994). Patterns of development in early empathic behavior: Environmental and child constitutional influences. Social Development, 3, 125–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roe, A. (1957). Early determinants of vocational choice. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 4, 212–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, J. B., & McLaughlin, M. M. (1949). The portable medieval reader. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russek, L. G., & Schwartz, G. E. (1997). Perceptions of parental caring predict health status in midlife: A 35-year follow up of the Harvard Mastery of Stress study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59, 144–149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaflen, A. E. (1964). The significance of posture in communication systems. Psychiatry, 27, 316–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schore, A. N. (1996). Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwaber, E. (1981). Empathy: A mode of analytic listening. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 1, 357–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, T. (1974). The development and distortions of empathy. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 43, 4–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, P., & Hazan, C. (1989). Being lonely, falling in love: Perspectives from attachment theory. In M. Hojat & R. Crandall (Eds.), Loneliness: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 105–124). Newbury, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D. J. (1999). The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smotherman, W. P., & Robinson, S. R. (1994). Milk as the proximal mechanism for behavioral change in the newborn. Acta Pædiatrica Scandinavica, 397, 64–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soenens, B., Duriez, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Goossens, L. (2007). The intergeneration transmission of empathy-related responding in adolescence: The role of maternal support. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 200–311. doi:10.1177/0146167206296300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorce, J. F., Emde, R. N., Campos, J., & Klinnert, M. D. (1985). Maternal emotional signaling: Its effect on the visual cliff behavior of 1-year-olds. Developmental Psychology, 21, 195–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, D. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant: A view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness: I. The positive effects. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. S. (1963). Affect, imagery, consciousness: II. The negative effects. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. S. (1987). Script theory. In J. Aronoff, A. J. Rubin, & R. A. Zucker (Eds.), The emergence of personality (pp. 147–216). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man (pp. 136–179). Chicago, IL: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trommsdorff, G. (1991). Child-rearing and children’s empathy. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 72, 387–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trommsdorff, G. (1995). Person-context relations as developmental conditions for empathy and prosocial action: A cross-cultural analysis. In T. A. Kindermann & J. Valsiner (Eds.), Development of person-context relations (pp. 189–208). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tronick, E., Als, H., Adamson, L., Wise, S., & Brazelton, T. B. (1978). The infant’s response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17, 1–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, D., Luu, P., & Derryberry, D. (2005). Love hurts: The evolution of empathic concern through the encephalization of nociceptive capacity. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 699–713.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. B. (1924). Behaviorism. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. C. (2002). Re-visioning empathy. In D. Cain & J. Seeman (Eds.), Humanistic psychotherapies: Handbook of research and practice (pp. 445–471). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, M. K., Tronick, E. Z., & Cohn, J. F. (1999). Gender differences in emotional expressivity and self-regulation during early infancy. Developmental Psychology, 35, 175–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, M. K., & Tronik, E. Z. (1996). Infant affective reaction to the resumption of maternal interaction after the still-face. Child Development, 67, 905–914.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wellman, H. (1991). The child’s theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiesenfeld, A. R., Whitman, P. B., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1984). Individual differences among adult women in sensitivity to infants: Evidence in support of an empathy concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 118–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winnicott, D. W. (1987). Babies and their mothers. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahn-Waxler, C., & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1990). The origin of empathic concern. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 107–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., & King, R. A. (1979). Child rearing and children’s prosocial initiations toward victims of distress. Child Development, 50, 319–330.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., Losoya, S. H., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Guthrie, I. K., … Shepard, S. A. (2002). The relations of parental warmth and positive expressiveness to children’s empathy-related responding and social functioning: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 73, 893–915.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hojat, M. (2016). Psychodynamics and Development. In: Empathy in Health Professions Education and Patient Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27625-0_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics