Abstract
This chapter outlines the ethnographic basis for the book, and develops particular arguments linking ethnographic approaches with practice-based and sociomaterial perspectives. Details of the fieldwork undertaken at Karitane are then provided, framing the account in practice theoretical terms by describing fieldwork practices and the site of research. Issues of participation, observation and intimate outsidership are then discussed. The ethnographic approach taken in this study is located within a contested methodological terrain, and links are made to Baradian notions of diffraction , before questions relating to the role of theory in ethnography are considered. Relationships with other ethnographies in similar health settings are explored, before a final section that accounts for the ethnographic work underpinning this book as both a solo and joint endeavour.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
While the organisation and particular service are referred to with their real names (as requested by Karitane), aliases are used throughout this book for particular individuals.
References
Allen, D. (1997). The nursing-medical boundary: A negotiated order? Sociology of Health & Illness, 19(4), 498–520. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.1997.tb00415.x
Atkinson, P., Shone, D., & Rees, T. (1993). Labouring to learn? Industrial training for slow learners. In R. Gomm & P. Woods (Eds.), Educational research: In action (pp. 3–22). London: Paul Chapman.
Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., & Delamont, S. (2001a). A debate about our canon. Qualitative Research, 1(1), 5–21. doi:10.1177/146879410100100101
Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J., & Lofland, L. (2001b). Editorial introduction. In P. Atkinson, A. Coffey, S. Delamont, J. Lofland, & L. Lofland (Eds.), Handbook of ethnography (pp. 1–9).
Atkinson, P., Delamont, S., & Housley, W. (2007). Contours of culture: Complex ethnography and the ethnography of complexity. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press.
Ball, S. J. (1981). Beachside Comprehensive. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Barad, K. (2003). Posthumanist performativity: Toward an understanding of how matter comes to matter. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 28(3), 801–831. doi:10.1086/345321
Barad, K. (2007). Meeting the universe halfway: Quantum physics and the entanglement of matter and meaning. London: Duke University Press.
Bower, K., Clerke, T., & Lee, A. (2009). Endangered practices: Writing feminist research. In J. Higgs, D. Horsfall, & S. Grace (Eds.), Writing qualitative research on practice (pp. 127–138). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Clegg, S. (2012). On the problem of theorising: An insider account of research practice. Higher Education Research & Development, 31(3), 407–418. doi:10.1080/07294360.2011.634379
Clerke, T. (2010, 28 June–1 July). Desire and tactics: Women and design education. Paper presented at the 2nd connected international conference in design education, Sydney.
Clerke, T., & Hopwood, N. (2013). Asymmetrical ethnography. Sydney: Centre for Research in Learning & Change.
Costello, J. (2001). Nursing older dying patients: Findings from an ethnographic study of death and dying in elderly care wards. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35(1), 59–68. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01822.x
Czarniawska, B. (2004). On time, space and action nets. Organization, 11(6), 773–791. doi:10.1177/1350508404047251
Czarniawska, B. (2012). Cyberfactories: How news agencies produce news. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
de Laine, M. (1997). Ethnography: Theory and applications in health research. London: Maclennan & Petty.
Denshire, S. (2015). Looking like an occupational therapist: (Re)presentations of her comportment within autoethnographic tales. In B. Green & N. Hopwood (Eds.), The body in professional practice, learning and education: Body/practice (pp. 227–242). Dodrecht: Springer.
Dhand, A. (2007). Using learning theory to understand access in ethnographic research. In G. Walford (Ed.), Studies in educational ethnography, Volume 12: Methodological developments in ethnography (pp. 1–25). Oxford: Elsevier.
Edvardsson, D., & Street, A. (2007). Sense or no-sense: The nurse as embodied ethnographer. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 13(1), 24–32. doi:10.1111/j.1440-172X.2006.00605.x
Edwards, A., Daniels, H., Gallagher, T., Leadbetter, J., & Warmington, P. (2009). Improving inter-professional collaborations: Multi-agency working for children’s wellbeing. London: Routledge.
Ellingson, L. L. (2006). Embodied knowledge: Writing researchers’ bodies into qualitative health research. Qualitative Health Research, 16(2), 298–310. doi:10.1177/1049732305281944
Ellingson, L. L. (2015). Embodied practices in dialysis care: On (para)professional work. In B. Green & N. Hopwood (Eds.), The body in professional practice, learning and education: Body/practice (pp. 173–189). Dodrecht: Springer.
Fenwick, T., Edwards, R., & Sawchuk, P. (2011). Emerging approaches to educational research: Tracing the sociomaterial. London: Routledge.
Ganong, L. (1995). Current trends and issues in family nursing research. Journal of Family Nursing, 1(2), 171–206. doi:10.1177/107484079500100204
Ganong, L. (2011). Return of the ‘intimate outsider’: Current trends and issues in family nursing research revisited. Journal of Family Nursing, 17(4), 416–440. doi:10.1177/1074840711425029
Gherardi, S. (2006). Organizational knowledge: The texture of workplace learning. Oxford: Blackwell.
Gherardi, S., & Nicolini, D. (2002). Learning in a constellation of interconnected practices: Canon or dissonance? Journal of Management Studies, 39(4), 419–436. doi:10.1111/1467-6486.t01-1-00298
Grahame, P. R. (1998). Ethnography, institutions and the problematic of the everyday world. Human Studies, 21, 347–360. doi:10.1023/A:1005469127008
Hager, P., Lee, A., & Reich, A. (Eds.). (2012). Practice, learning and change: Practice-theory perspectives on professional learning. Dordrecht: Springer.
Hammersley, M. (1998). Reading ethnographic research: A critical guide. London: Longman.
Hammersley, M. (2005). Countering the ‘new orthodoxy’ in educational research: A response to Phil Hodkinson. British Educational Research Journal, 31(2), 139–155. doi:10.1080/0141192052000340189
Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (2007). Ethnography: Principles in practice (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
Hargreaves, D. H. (1967). Social relations in a secondary school. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Hindmarsh, J., & Pilnick, A. (2007). Knowing bodies at work: Embodiment and ephemeral teamwork in anaesthesia. Organization Studies, 28(9), 1395–1416. doi:10.1177/0170840607068258
Hockey, J. (2006). Sensing the run: The senses and distance running. Senses and Society, 1(2), 183–202. doi:10.2752/174589206778055565
Hopwood, N. (2004). Pupils’ conceptions of geography: Towards an improved understanding. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 13(4), 348–361. doi:10.1080/14724040408668455
Hopwood, N. (2007a). Environmental education: Pupils’ perspectives on classroom experience. Environmental Education Research, 13(4), 453–465. doi:10.1080/13504620701581547
Hopwood, N. (2007b). Researcher roles in a school-based ethnography. In G. Walford (Ed.), Studies in educational ethnography (Vol. 12, pp. 51–68). Methodological developments in ethnography Oxford: Elsevier.
Hopwood, N. (2008). Values in geographic education: The challenge of attending to learners’ perspectives. Oxford Review of Education, 34(5), 589–608. doi:10.1080/03054980701768766
Hopwood, N. (2009). UK high school pupils’ conceptions of geography: Research findings and methodological implications. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 18(3), 185–197. doi:10.1080/10382040903054016
Hopwood, N. (2011). Young people’s conceptions of geography and education. In G. Butt (Ed.), Geography, education and the future (pp. 30–43). London: Continuum.
Hopwood, N. (2012). Geography in secondary schools: Researching pupils’ classroom experiences. London: Continuum.
Hopwood, N. (2013). Ethnographic fieldwork as embodied material practice: Reflections from theory and the field. In N. K. Denzin (Ed.), 40th anniversary of studies in symbolic interaction (Studies in symbolic interaction, volume 40) (pp. 227–245). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Hopwood, N. (2014). Using video to trace the embodied and material in a study of health practice. Qualitative Research Journal, 14(2), 197–211. doi:10.1108/QRJ-01-2013-0003
Hopwood, N. (2015). Relational geometries of the body: Doing ethnographic fieldwork. In B. Green & N. Hopwood (Eds.), The body in professional practice, learning and education: Body/practice (pp. 53–69). Dodrecht: Springer.
Hopwood, N., & Clerke, T. (2012). Partnership and pedagogy in child and family health practice: A resource for professionals, educators and students. Hertsellung: Lambert Academic Publishing.
Johnsson, M. C. (2012). Sensing the tempo-rhythm of practice: The dynamics of engagement. In P. Hager, A. Lee, & A. Reich (Eds.), Practice, learning and change: Practice-theory perspectives on professional learning (pp. 51–65). Dordrecht: Springer.
King, R. (1978). All things bright and beautiful? A sociological study of infants’ classrooms. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Kingfisher, C. P., & Millard, A. V. (1998). ‘Milk makes me sick but my body needs it’: Conflict and contradiction in the establishment of authoritative knowledge. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 12(4), 447–466. doi:10.1525/maq.1998.12.4.447
Lacey, C. (1970). Hightown Grammar: The school as a social system. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Landri, P. (2007). The pragmatics of passion: A sociology of attachment to mathematics. Organization, 14(3), 407–429. doi:10.1177/1350508407076152
Landri, P. (2012). A re-turn to practice: Practice-based studies of education. In P. Hager, A. Lee, & A. Reich (Eds.), Practice, learning and change: Practice-theory perspectives on professional learning (pp. 85–100). Dordrecht: Springer.
Landri, P. (2013). Mobilizing ethnographer(s) in investigating technologized learning. Ethnography and Education, 8(2), 239–254. doi:10.1080/17457823.2013.792512
Lawler, J. (1991). Behind the screens: Nursing, somology, and the problem of the body. Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone.
Lawler, J. (1997a). Knowing the body and embodiment: Methodologies, discourses and nursing. In J. Lawler (Ed.), The body in nursing (pp. 31–51). Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone.
Lawler, J. (1997b). Locating the body in nursing: An introduction. In J. Lawler (Ed.), The body in nursing (pp. 1–5). Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone.
Lee, A., Dunston, R., & Fowler, C. (2012). Seeing is believing: An embodied pedagogy of ‘doing partnership’ in child and family health. In P. Hager, A. Lee, & A. Reich (Eds.), Practice, learning and change: Practice-theory perspectives on professional learning (pp. 267–276). Dordrecht: Springer.
Lenz Taguchi, H. (2012). A diffractive and Deleuzian approach to analysing interview data. Feminist Theory, 13(3), 265–281. doi:10.1177/1464700112456001
Mac an Ghaill, M. (1994). The making of men: Masculinities, sexualities and schooling. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Manidis, M., & Scheeres, H. (2012). Towards understanding workplace learning through theorising practice: At work in hospital emergency departments. In P. Hager, A. Lee, & A. Reich (Eds.), Practice, learning and change: practice-theory perspectives on professional learning (pp. 103–118). Dordrecht: Springer.
Marcus, G. (2006). Where have all the tales of fieldwork gone? Ethnos, 71(1), 113–122. doi:10.1080/00141840600603244
Marcus, G. (2007a). How short can fieldwork be? Social Anthropology, 15(3), 353–357. doi:10.1111/j.0964-0282.2007.00025_1.x
Marcus, G. (2007b). Response to Judith Okely. Social Anthropology, 15(3), 361–364. doi:10.1111/j.0964-0282.2007.00025_3.x
Mason, J. I., & Davies, K. (2009). Coming to our senses? A critical approach to sensory methodology. Qualitative Research, 9(5), 587–603. doi:10.1177/146879434628
McGibbon, E., Peter, E., & Gallop, R. (2010). An institutional ethnography of nurses’ stress. Qualitative Health Research, 20(10), 1353–1378. doi:10.1177/1049732310375435
Michael, M. (2012, 9–11 May). The things of her practice: Exploring visual methods for the study of artist’s work. Paper presented at the ProPEL international conference—Professions and professional learning in troubling times: Emerging practices and transgressive knowledges, Stirling.
Miettinen, R., Samra-Fredericks, D., & Yanow, D. (2009). Re-turn to practice: An introductory essay. Organization Studies, 30(12), 1309–1327. doi:10.1177/0170840609349860
Mills, D., & Ratcliffe, R. (2012). After method? Ethnography in the knowledge economy. Qualitative Research, 12(2), 147–164. doi:10.1177/1468794111420902
Mol, A. (2002). The body multiple: Ontology in medical practice. London: Duke University Press.
Mol, A. (2006). The logic of care. London: Routledge.
Nicolini, D. (2009). Zooming in and out: Studying practices by switching lenses and trailing connections. Organization Studies, 30(12), 1391–1418. doi:10.1177/0170840609349875
Nicolini, D. (2011). Practice as the site of knowing: Insights from the field of telemedicine. Organization Science, 22(3), 602–620. doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0556
Nicolini, D., & Roe, B. (2014). Surfacing the multiple: Diffractive methods for rethinking professional practice and knowledge. In T. Fenwick & M. Nerland (Eds.), Reconceptualising professional learning: Sociomaterial knowledges, practices, and responsibilities (pp. 67–81). London: Routledge.
Okely, J. (2007a). Fieldwork embodied. In C. Schilling (Ed.), Embodying sociology: Retrospect, progress and prospects (pp. 65–79). Oxford: Blackwell.
Okely, J. (2007b). Response to George E. Marcus. Social Anthropology, 15(3), 357–361. doi:10.1111/j.0964-0282.2007.00025_2.x
Osterlund, C. (2007). Genre combinations: A window into dynamic communication practices. Journal of Management Information Systems, 23(4), 81–108.
Pink, S. (2005). Dirty laundry: Everyday practice, sensory engagement and the constitution of identity. Social Anthropology, 13(3), 275–290. doi:10.1017/S0964028205001540
Pink, S. (2008). An urban tour: The sensory sociality of ethnographic place-making. Ethnography, 9(2), 175–196. doi:10.1177/1466138108089467
Pink, S. (2009). Doing sensory ethnography. London: Sage.
Pope, C., & Mays, N. (1995). Qualitative research: Reaching the parts other methods cannot reach: An introduction to qualitative methods in health and health services research. British Medical Journal, 311, 42–45. doi:10.1136/bmj.b3425
Pope, C., & Mays, N. (2009). Critical reflections on the rise of qualitative research. British Medical Journal, 339, b3425.
Reeves, S., Kuper, A., & Hodges, B. D. (2008). Qualitative research methodologies: Ethnography. British Medical Journal, 337, a1020. doi:10.1136/bmj.a1020
Savage, J. (2000a). Ethnography and health care. British Medical Journal, 321, 1400–1402. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1400
Savage, J. (2000b). Participative observation: Standing in the shoes of others? Qualitative Health Research, 10(3), 324–339. doi:10.1177/104973200129118471
Schatzki, T. R. (2003). A new societist social ontology. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 33(2), 174–202. doi:10.1177/0048393103033002002
Schatzki, T. R. (2010). The timespace of human activity: On performance, society, and history as indeterminate teleological events. Lanham, MD: Lexington.
Schatzki, T. R. (2012). A primer on practices. In J. Higgs, R. Barnett, S. Billett, M. Hutchings, & F. Trede (Eds.), Practice-based education: Perspectives and strategies (pp. 13–26). Rotterdam: Sense.
Seymour, W. (2007). Exhuming the body: Revisiting the role of the visible body in ethnographic research. Qualitative Health Research, 17(9), 1188–1197. doi:10.1177/1049732307308517
Smith, D. E. (1990). Texts, facts, and feminity: Exploring the relations of ruling. London: Routledge.
Srivastava, P., & Hopwood, N. (2009). A practical iterative framework for qualitative data analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(1), 76–84.
Stephens, N., & Delamont, S. (2006). Balancing the berimbau: Embodied ethnographic understanding. Qualitative Inquiry, 12(2), 316–339. doi:10.1177/1077800405284370
Strati, A. (2003). Knowing in practice: Aesthetic understanding and tacit knowledge. In D. Nicolini, S. Gherardi, & D. Yanow (Eds.), Knowing in organizations (pp. 53–73). Armonk, NY: M E Sharpe.
Strati, A. (2007). Sensible knowledge and practice-based learning. Management Learning, 38(1), 61–77. doi:10.1177/1350507607073023
Strati, A. (2008). Aesthetics in the study of organizational life. In D. Barry & H. Hansen (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of new approaches in management and organization (pp. 229–238). London: Sage.
The, A.-M., Hak, T., Koeter, G., & van der Wal, G. (2000). Collusion in doctor-patient communication about imminent death: An ethnographic study. British Medical Journal, 321, 1376–1381. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1376
Todres, L. (2007). Embodied enquiry: Phenomenological touchstones for research, psychotherapy and spirituality. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Todres, L. (2008). Being with that: The relevance of embodied understanding for practice. Qualitative Health Research, 18(11), 1566–1573. doi:10.1177/1049732308324249
Trowler, P. R. (2013). Practice-focused ethnographies of higher education: Method/ological corollaries of a social practice perspective. European Journal of Higher Education, 4(1), 18–29. doi:10.1080/21568235.2013.833485
Walford, G. (1986). Life in public schools. London: Methuen & Co.
Walford, G. (1987). Research role conflicts and compromises in public schools. In G. Walford (Ed.), Doing sociology of education (pp. 45–65). London: Falmer Press.
Walford, G. (1991a). Choice of school and the first City Technology College. Educational Studies, 17(1), 65–75.
Walford, G. (Ed.). (1991b). Doing educational research. London: Routledge.
Walford, G. (1996). Reflexive accounts of doing educational research. In G. Walford (Ed.), Doing educational research (pp. 1–18). London: Routledge.
Walford, G. (1998). Introduction: Research accounts count. In G. Walford (Ed.), Doing research about education (pp. 1–10). London: Falmer.
Walford, G. (2001). Doing qualitative educational research: A personal guide to the research process. London: Continuum.
Walford, G. (2009). For ethnography. Ethnography and Education, 4(3), 271–282. doi:10.1080/17457820903170093
Walford, G., & Miller, H. (1991). City Technology College. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Ware, N. C., Lachiotte, W. S., Kirschner, S. R., Cortes, D. E., & Good, B. J. (2000). Clinical experiences of managed health care: A rereading of the threat. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 14(1), 3–27.
Willis, P. (1977). Learning to labour. Farnborough: Saxon House.
Willis, P. (2004). Twenty-five years on. Old books, new times. In N. Dolby & G. Dimitriadis (Eds.), Learning to labor in new times (pp. 167–196). New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
Wilson, H. (2001). Power and partnership: A critical analysis of the surveillance discourse of child health nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36(2), 294–301. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01971.x
Zukas, M., & Kilminster, S. (2012). Learning to practise, practising to learn: Doctors’ transitions to new levels of responsibility. In P. Hager, A. Lee, & A. Reich (Eds.), Practice, learning and change: Practice-theory perspectives on professional learning (pp. 119–213). Dordrecht: Springer.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hopwood, N. (2016). Ethnographic Underpinnings. In: Professional Practice and Learning. Professional and Practice-based Learning, vol 15. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26164-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26164-5_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26162-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26164-5
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)