Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Headache Attributed to Intracranial Hypertension and Hypotension

  • Chapter
Pharmacological Management of Headaches

Part of the book series: Headache ((HEAD))

Abstract

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is characterized by an elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) of unknown etiology that mainly affects obese women of childbearing age. The clinical syndrome consists of an unspecific headache accompanied by visual disturbances that range from transient visual obscurations to complete visual loss but additional neurological deficits including a sixth nerve palsy may also occur. Diagnostic workup for IIH includes the direct measurement of CSF opening pressure, the identification of typical MR-imaging findings, and an ophthalmoscopic examination. A treatment strategy should always aim at the prevention of visual loss and include a strict weight reduction and, if needed, a pharmacological treatment which is commonly based on the use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Among these, acetazolamide has recently been proven effective in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. In case of imminent visual loss or an unsatisfactory reduction of ICP through weight loss and pharmacological treatments, surgical interventions such as CSF diversion procedures or an optic nerve sheath fenestration may be considered.

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a rare syndrome that results from a CSF leak which is typically located at the cervicothoracic junction or along the thoracic spine. While a trauma can account for around one-third of SIH patients, evidence for a generalized connective tissue disorder is found in a substantial number of patients. The clinical picture is characterized by an orthostatic headache that is believed to be caused by a downward displacement of the brain causing traction on the dura mater. The condition is commonly self-remitting but if treatment is required the placement of an epidural blood patch or the use of fibrin sealant is the treatment of choice. Only if these techniques fail to achieve a closure of the CSF leak or if anatomical abnormalities are responsible for repeated leaks, surgical treatment should be considered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bruce BB, Kedar S, Van Stavern GP et al (2009) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in men. Neurology 72:304–309

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Wall M (2010) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurol Clin 28:593–617

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wall M, George D (1991) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. A prospective study of 50 patients. Brain 114(Pt 1A):155–180

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Dandy WE (1937) Intracranial pressure without brain tumor: diagnosis and treatment. Ann Surg 106:492–513

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Smith JL (1985) Whence pseudotumor cerebri? J Clin Neuroophthalmol 5:55–56

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Friedman DI, Jacobson DM (2002) Diagnostic criteria for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology 59:1492–1495

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Friedman DI, Liu GT, Digre KB (2013) Revised diagnostic criteria for the pseudotumor cerebri syndrome in adults and children. Neurology 81:1159–1165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (2013) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia 33:629–808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Walker RW (2001) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: any light on the mechanism of the raised pressure? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71:1–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hoffmann J, Goadsby PJ (2013) Update on intracranial hypertension and hypotension. Curr Opin Neurol 26:240–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Degnan AJ, Levy LM (2011) Pseudotumor cerebri: brief review of clinical syndrome and imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 32:1986–1993

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Biousse V, Bruce BB, Newman NJ (2012) Update on the pathophysiology and management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83:488–494

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Rekate HL, Erwood S, Brodkey JA et al (1985) Etiology of ventriculomegaly in choroid plexus papilloma. Pediatr Neurosci 12:196–201

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Fishman RA (1984) The pathophysiology of pseudotumor cerebri. An unsolved puzzle. Arch Neurol 41:257–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Johnston I, Paterson A (1974) Benign intracranial hypertension. II. CSF pressure and circulation. Brain 97:301–312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Malm J, Kristensen B, Markgren P, Ekstedt J (1992) CSF hydrodynamics in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a long-term study. Neurology 42:851–858

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Radhakrishnan K, Thacker AK, Bohlaga NH, Maloo JC, Gerryo SE (1993) Epidemiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a prospective and case-control study. J Neurol Sci 116:18–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Galvin JA, Van Stavern GP (2004) Clinical characterization of idiopathic intracranial hypertension at the Detroit Medical Center. J Neurol Sci 223:157–160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Pollak L, Zohar E, Glovinsky Y, Huna-Baron R (2013) Reevaluation of presentation and course of idiopathic intracranial hypertension – a large cohort comprehensive study. Acta Neurol Scand 127:406–412

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Whiteley W, Al-Shahi R, Warlow CP, Zeidler M, Lueck CJ (2006) CSF opening pressure: reference interval and the effect of body mass index. Neurology 67:1690–1691

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Avery RA, Shah SS, Licht DJ et al (2010) Reference range for cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure in children. N Engl J Med 363:891–893

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Sugerman HJ, DeMaria EJ, Felton WL 3rd, Nakatsuka M, Sismanis A (1997) Increased intra-abdominal pressure and cardiac filling pressures in obesity-associated pseudotumor cerebri. Neurology 49:507–511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Sinclair AJ, Burdon MA, Nightingale PG et al (2010) Low energy diet and intracranial pressure in women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: prospective cohort study. BMJ 341:c2701

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sugerman HJ, Felton WL 3rd, Salvant JB Jr, Sismanis A, Kellum JM (1995) Effects of surgically induced weight loss on idiopathic intracranial hypertension in morbid obesity. Neurology 45:1655–1659

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nadkarni T, Rekate HL, Wallace D (2004) Resolution of pseudotumor cerebri after bariatric surgery for related obesity. J Neurosurg 101:878–880

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Newborg B (1974) Pseudotumor cerebri treated: by rice-reduction diet. Arch Intern Med 133:802–807

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kupersmith MJ, Gamell L, Turbin R, Peck V, Spiegel P, Wall M (1998) Effects of weight loss on the course of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in women. Neurology 50:1094–1098

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Johnson LN, Krohel GB, Madsen RW, March GA Jr (1998) The role of weight loss and acetazolamide in the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri). Ophthalmology 105:2313–2317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Egan RJ, Meredith HE, Coulston JE, Bennetto L, Morgan JD, Norton SA (2011) The effects of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding on idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Obes Surg 21:161–166

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fridley J, Foroozan R, Sherman V, Brandt ML, Yoshor D (2011) Bariatric surgery for the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg 114:34–39

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sinclair AJ, Woolley R, Mollan SP (2014) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. JAMA 312:1059–1060

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kesler A, Kliper E, Shenkerman G, Stern N (2010) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is associated with lower body adiposity. Ophthalmology 117:169–174

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Schwartz R, Kliper E, Stern N, Dotan G, Berliner S, Kesler A (2013) The obesity pattern of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in men. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 251:2643–2646

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. McGeeney BE, Friedman DI (2014) Pseudotumor cerebri pathophysiology. Headache J Head Face Pain 54:445–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Mendelson CR, Simpson ER (1987) Regulation of estrogen biosynthesis by human adipose cells in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 52:169–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Jacobson DM, Berg R, Wall M, Digre KB, Corbett JJ, Ellefson RD (1999) Serum vitamin A concentration is elevated in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology 53:1114–1118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Warner JE, Larson AJ, Bhosale P et al (2007) Retinol-binding protein and retinol analysis in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with and without idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neuroophthalmol 27:258–262

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Warner JE, Bernstein PS, Yemelyanov A, Alder SC, Farnsworth ST, Digre KB (2002) Vitamin A in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with and without idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Ann Neurol 52:647–650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kushida A, Tamura H (2009) Retinoic acids induce neurosteroid biosynthesis in human glial GI-1 Cells via the induction of steroidogenic genes. J Biochem 146:917–923

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Calhoun MC, Hurt HD, Eaton HD, Rousseau JE Jr, Hall RC Jr (1967) Rates of formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in bovine hypovitaminosis A. J Dairy Sci 50:1489–1494

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hayes KC, McCombs HL, Faherty TP (1971) The fine structure of vitamin A deficiency. II. Arachnoid granulations and CSF pressure. Brain 94:213–224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Farb RI, Vanek I, Scott JN et al (2003) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: the prevalence and morphology of sinovenous stenosis. Neurology 60:1418–1424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Owler BK, Parker G, Halmagyi GM et al (2005) Cranial venous outflow obstruction and pseudotumor Cerebri syndrome. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 30:107–174

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Pickard JD, Czosnyka Z, Czosnyka M, Owler B, Higgins JN (2008) Coupling of sagittal sinus pressure and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in idiopathic intracranial hypertension–a preliminary report. Acta Neurochir Suppl 102:283–285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ahmed R, Friedman DI, Halmagyi GM (2011) Stenting of the transverse sinuses in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neuroophthalmol 31:374–380

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Stienen A, Weinzierl M, Ludolph A, Tibussek D, Hausler M (2008) Obstruction of cerebral venous sinus secondary to idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Eur J Neurol 15:1416–1418

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Higgins JN, Pickard JD (2004) Lateral sinus stenoses in idiopathic intracranial hypertension resolving after CSF diversion. Neurology 62:1907–1908

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lee SW, Gates P, Morris P, Whan A, Riddington L (2009) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension; immediate resolution of venous sinus “obstruction” after reducing cerebrospinal fluid pressure to < 10cmH(2)O. J Clin Neurosci 16:1690–1692

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Corbett JJ, Digre K (2002) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: an answer to, “the chicken or the egg?”. Neurology 58:5–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Osterholm JL (1970) Reaction of the cerebral venous sinus system to acute intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg 32:654–659

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Riggeal BD, Bruce BB, Saindane AM et al (2013) Clinical course of idiopathic intracranial hypertension with transverse sinus stenosis. Neurology 80:289–295

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bedford THB (1935) The effect of increased intracranial venous pressure on the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. Brain 58(4):427–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Ahmed RM, Wilkinson M, Parker GD et al (2011) Transverse sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a review of 52 patients and of model predictions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 32:1408–1414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Fields JD, Javedani PP, Falardeau J et al (2013) Dural venous sinus angioplasty and stenting for the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurointerv Surg 5:62–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Higgins JN, Cousins C, Owler BK, Sarkies N, Pickard JD (2003) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: 12 cases treated by venous sinus stenting. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74:1662–1666

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Higgins JN, Owler BK, Cousins C, Pickard JD (2002) Venous sinus stenting for refractory benign intracranial hypertension. Lancet 359:228–230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Albuquerque FC, Dashti SR, Hu YC et al (2011) Intracranial venous sinus stenting for benign intracranial hypertension: clinical indications, technique, and preliminary results. World Neurosurg 75:648–652; discussion 592–645

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Bussiere M, Falero R, Nicolle D, Proulx A, Patel V, Pelz D (2010) Unilateral transverse sinus stenting of patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31:645–650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Arac A, Lee M, Steinberg GK, Marcellus M, Marks MP (2009) Efficacy of endovascular stenting in dural venous sinus stenosis for the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurosurg Focus 27, E14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Donnet A, Metellus P, Levrier O et al (2008) Endovascular treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: clinical and radiologic outcome of 10 consecutive patients. Neurology 70:641–647

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Alper F, Kantarci M, Dane S, Gumustekin K, Onbas O, Durur I (2004) Importance of anatomical asymmetries of transverse sinuses: an MR venographic study. Cerebrovasc Dis 18:236–239

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Friedman DI (2006) Cerebral venous pressure, intra-abdominal pressure, and dural venous sinus stenting in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neuroophthalmol 26:61–64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Mathew NT, Ravishankar K, Sanin LC (1996) Coexistence of migraine and idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilledema. Neurology 46:1226–1230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Bono F, Messina D, Giliberto C et al (2006) Bilateral transverse sinus stenosis predicts IIH without papilledema in patients with migraine. Neurology 67:419–423

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Vieira DS, Masruha MR, Goncalves AL et al (2008) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension with and without papilloedema in a consecutive series of patients with chronic migraine. Cephalalgia 28:609–613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Bono F, Messina D, Giliberto C et al (2008) Bilateral transverse sinus stenosis and idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilledema in chronic tension-type headache. J Neurol 255:807–812

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Bruce BB, Kedar S, Van Stavern GP, Corbett JJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V (2010) Atypical idiopathic intracranial hypertension: normal BMI and older patients. Neurology 74:1827–1832

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Digre KB, Nakamoto BK, Warner JE, Langeberg WJ, Baggaley SK, Katz BJ (2009) A comparison of idiopathic intracranial hypertension with and without papilledema. Headache 49:185–193

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Maxner CE, Freedman MI, Corbett JJ (1987) Asymmetric papilledema and visual loss in pseudotumour cerebri. Can J Neurol Sci 14:593–596

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Lepore FE (1992) Unilateral and highly asymmetric papilledema in pseudotumor cerebri. Neurology 42:676–678

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Schmidt C, Wiener E, Hoffmann J et al (2012) Structural olfactory nerve changes in patients suffering from idiopathic intracranial hypertension. PLoS One 7, e35221

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Giuseffi V, Wall M, Siegel PZ, Rojas PB (1991) Symptoms and disease associations in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): a case‐control study. Neurology 41:239

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hoffmann J, Huppertz HJ, Schmidt C et al (2013) Morphometric and volumetric MRI changes in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Cephalalgia 33:1075–1084

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Hoffmann J, Schmidt C, Kunte H et al (2014) Volumetric assessment of optic nerve sheath and hypophysis in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35:513–518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Degnan AJ, Levy LM (2011) Narrowing of Meckel’s cave and cavernous sinus and enlargement of the optic nerve sheath in Pseudotumor Cerebri. J Comput Assist Tomogr 35:308–312

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Agid R, Farb RI, Willinsky RA, Mikulis DJ, Tomlinson G (2006) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: the validity of cross-sectional neuroimaging signs. Neuroradiology 48:521–527

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Jacobson DM, Karanjia PN, Olson KA, Warner JJ (1990) Computed tomography ventricular size has no predictive value in diagnosing pseudotumor cerebri. Neurology 40:1454–1455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Higgins JN, Gillard JH, Owler BK, Harkness K, Pickard JD (2004) MR venography in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: unappreciated and misunderstood. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75:621–625

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Wong R, Madill SA, Pandey P, Riordan-Eva P (2007) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: the association between weight loss and the requirement for systemic treatment. BMC Ophthalmol 7:15

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Ko MW, Chang SC, Ridha MA et al (2011) Weight gain and recurrence in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a case-control study. Neurology 76:1564–1567

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Daniels AB, Liu GT, Volpe NJ et al (2007) Profiles of obesity, weight gain, and quality of life in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri). Am J Ophthalmol 143:635–641

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Ireland B, Corbett JJ, Wallace RB (1990) The search for causes of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. A preliminary case-control study. Arch Neurol 47:315–320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Ball AK, Clarke CE (2006) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Lancet Neurol 5:433–442

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Johnston I, Paterson A (1974) Benign intracranial hypertension: I. Diagnosis and prognosis. Brain 97:289–300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Scoffings DJ, Pickard JD, Higgins JN (2007) Resolution of transverse sinus stenoses immediately after CSF withdrawal in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78:911–912

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Bateman GA, Stevens SA, Stimpson J (2009) A mathematical model of idiopathic intracranial hypertension incorporating increased arterial inflow and variable venous outflow collapsibility. J Neurosurg 110:446–456

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. De Simone R, Marano E, Fiorillo C et al (2005) Sudden re-opening of collapsed transverse sinuses and longstanding clinical remission after a single lumbar puncture in a case of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Pathogenetic implications. Neurol Sci 25:342–344

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Maren TH (1988) The kinetics of HCO3- synthesis related to fluid secretion, pH control, and CO2 elimination. Annu Rev Physiol 50:695–717

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Praetorius J (2007) Water and solute secretion by the choroid plexus. Pflugers Arch (Eur J Physiol) 454:1–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Damkier HH, Brown PD, Praetorius J (2013) Cerebrospinal fluid secretion by the choroid plexus. Physiol Rev 93:1847–1892

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Speake T, Whitwell C, Kajita H, Majid A, Brown PD (2001) Mechanisms of CSF secretion by the choroid plexus. Microsc Res Tech 52:49–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Kallio H, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J et al (2006) Expression of carbonic anhydrases IX and XII during mouse embryonic development. BMC Dev Biol 6:22

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Vogh BP, Godman DR, Maren TH (1987) Effect of AlCl3 and other acids on cerebrospinal fluid production: a correction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 243:35–39

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Ames A 3rd, Higashi K, Nesbett FB (1965) Effects of Pco2 acetazolamide and ouabain on volume and composition of choroid-plexus fluid. J Physiol 181:516–524

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Rubin RC, Henderson ES, Ommaya AK, Walker MD, Rall DP (1966) The production of cerebrospinal fluid in man and its modification by acetazolamide. J Neurosurg 25:430–436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Cowan F, Whitelaw A (1991) Acute effects of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow velocity and pCO2 in the newborn infant. Acta Paediatr Scand 80:22–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Gucer G, Viernstein L (1978) Long-term intracranial pressure recording in the management of pseudotumor cerebri. J Neurosurg 49:256–263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Ball AK, Howman A, Wheatley K et al (2011) A randomised controlled trial of treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurol 258:874–881

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Celebisoy N, Gokcay F, Sirin H, Akyurekli O (2007) Treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: topiramate vs acetazolamide, an open-label study. Acta Neurol Scand 116:322–327

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Wall M, McDermott MP, Kieburtz KD et al (2014) Effect of acetazolamide on visual function in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension and mild visual loss: the idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial. JAMA 311:1641–1651

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Loring DW, Williamson DJ, Meador KJ, Wiegand F, Hulihan J (2011) Topiramate dose effects on cognition: a randomized double-blind study. Neurology 76:131–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Shah VA, Fung S, Shahbaz R, Taktakishvili O, Wall M, Lee AG (2007) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Ophthalmology 114:617

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Jefferson A, Clark J (1976) Treatment of benign intracranial hypertension by dehydrating agents with particular reference to the measurement of the blind spot area as a means of recording improvement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 39:627–639

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. McCarthy KD, Reed DJ (1974) The effect of acetazolamide and furosemide on cerebrospinal fluid production and choroid plexus carbonic anhydrase activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 189:194–201

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Melby JM, Miner LC, Reed DJ (1982) Effect of acetazolamide and furosemide on the production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid from the cat choroid plexus. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 60:405–409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Reed DJ (1969) The effect of furosemide on cerebrospinal fluid flow in rabbits. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 178:324–330

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Carta F, Supuran CT (2013) Diuretics with carbonic anhydrase inhibitory action: a patent and literature review (2005–2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 23:681–691

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Temperini C, Cecchi A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT (2009) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone, indapamide, trichloromethiazide, and furosemide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II, when several water molecules make the difference. Bioorg Med Chem 17:1214–1221

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Pollay M, Fullenwider C, Roberts PA, Stevens FA (1983) Effect of mannitol and furosemide on blood-brain osmotic gradient and intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg 59:945–950

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Paterson R, Depasquale N, Mann S (1961) Pseudotumor cerebri. Medicine (Baltimore) 40:85–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Elder BD, Rory Goodwin C, Kosztowski TA et al (2015) Venous sinus stenting is a valuable treatment for fulminant idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Clin Neurosci. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2014.10.012

  112. Owler BK, Parker G, Halmagyi GM et al (2003) Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome: venous sinus obstruction and its treatment with stent placement. J Neurosurg 98:1045–1055

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Lueck C, McIlwaine G (2005) Interventions for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD003434

    Google Scholar 

  114. Rosenberg ML, Corbett JJ, Smith C et al (1993) Cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedures in pseudotumor cerebri. Neurology 43:1071–1072

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Menger RP, Connor DE Jr, Thakur JD et al (2014) A comparison of lumboperitoneal and ventriculoperitoneal shunting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: an analysis of economic impact and complications using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Neurosurg Focus 37, E4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Sinclair AJ, Kuruvath S, Sen D, Nightingale PG, Burdon MA, Flint G (2011) Is cerebrospinal fluid shunting in idiopathic intracranial hypertension worthwhile? A 10-year review. Cephalalgia 31:1627–1633

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Kelman SE, Heaps R, Wolf A, Elman MJ (1992) Optic nerve decompression surgery improves visual function in patients with pseudotumor cerebri. Neurosurgery 30:391–395

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Sergott RC, Savino PJ, Bosley TM (1988) Modified optic nerve sheath decompression provides long-term visual improvement for pseudotumor cerebri. Arch Ophthalmol 106:1384–1390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Corbett JJ, Nerad JA, Tse DT, Anderson RL (1988) Results of optic nerve sheath fenestration for pseudotumor cerebri. The lateral orbitotomy approach. Arch Ophthalmol 106:1391–1397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Goh KY, Schatz NJ, Glaser JS (1997) Optic nerve sheath fenestration for pseudotumor cerebri. J Neuroophthalmol 17:86–91

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Spoor TC, McHenry JG (1993) Long-term effectiveness of optic nerve sheath decompression for pseudotumor cerebri. Arch Ophthalmol 111:632–635

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Schievink WI (2006) Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks and intracranial hypotension. JAMA 295:2286–2296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Schaltenbrand G (1938) Neuere Anschauungen zur Pathophysiologie der Liquorzirkulation. Zentralbl Neurochir 3:290–300

    Google Scholar 

  124. Schaltenbrand G (1953) Normal and pathological physiology of the cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Lancet 1:805–808

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Schievink WI, Schwartz MS, Maya MM, Moser FG, Rozen TD (2012) Lack of causal association between spontaneous intracranial hypotension and cranial cerebrospinal fluid leaks. J Neurosurg 116:749–754

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Nosik WA (1955) Intracranial hypotension secondary to lumbar nerve sleeve tear. J Am Med Assoc 157:1110–1111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Schievink WI, Ebersold MJ, Atkinson JL (1996) Roller-coaster headache due to spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak. Lancet 347:1409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Schievink WI (2000) Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks: a review. Neurosurg Focus 9, e8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Schievink WI, Louy C (2007) Precipitating factors of spontaneous spinal CSF leaks and intracranial hypotension. Neurology 69:700–702

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Mokri B, Maher CO, Sencakova D (2002) Spontaneous CSF leaks: underlying disorder of connective tissue. Neurology 58:814–816

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Davenport RJ, Chataway SJ, Warlow CP (1995) Spontaneous intracranial hypotension from a CSF leak in a patient with Marfan’s syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 59:516–519

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Fukutake T, Sakakibara R, Mori M, Araki M, Hattori T (1997) Chronic intractable headache in a patient with Marfan’s syndrome. Headache 37:291–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Rosser T, Finkel J, Vezina G, Majd M (2005) Postural headache in a child with Marfan syndrome: case report and review of the literature. J Child Neurol 20:153–155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Milledge JT, Ades LC, Cooper MG, Jaumees A, Onikul E (2005) Severe spontaneous intracranial hypotension and Marfan syndrome in an adolescent. J Paediatr Child Health 41:68–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Schievink WI, Gordon OK, Tourje J (2004) Connective tissue disorders with spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks and intracranial hypotension: a prospective study. Neurosurgery 54:65–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Schievink WI, Meyer FB, Atkinson JL, Mokri B (1996) Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks and intracranial hypotension. J Neurosurg 84:598–605

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Reinstein E, Pariani M, Bannykh S, Rimoin DL, Schievink WI (2013) Connective tissue spectrum abnormalities associated with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks: a prospective study. Eur J Hum Genet 21(4):386–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Schievink WI, Meyer F, Schrijver I, Francke U (1998) A syndrome of spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks and skeletal features of Marfan syndrome. Ann Neurol 44:458

    Google Scholar 

  139. Schrijver I, Schievink WI, Godfrey M, Meyer FB, Francke U (2002) Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks and minor skeletal features of Marfan syndrome: a microfibrillopathy. J Neurosurg 96:483–489

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Mea E, Franzini A, D’Amico D et al (2011) Treatment of alterations in CSF dynamics. Neurol Sci 32(Suppl 1):S117–S120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Schievink WI, Chu RM, Maya MM, Johnson JP, Cohen HC (2013) Spinal manifestations of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. J Neurosurg Spine 18:96–101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Mokri B, Posner JB (2000) Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: the broadening clinical and imaging spectrum of CSF leaks. Neurology 55:1771–1772

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Schievink WI, Dodick DW, Mokri B, Silberstein S, Bousser MG, Goadsby PJ (2011) Diagnostic criteria for headache due to spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a perspective. Headache 51:1442–1444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Mea E, Chiapparini L, Savoiardo M et al (2009) Application of IHS criteria to headache attributed to spontaneous intracranial hypotension in a large population. Cephalalgia 29:418–422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Mokri B, Piepgras DG, Miller GM (1997) Syndrome of orthostatic headaches and diffuse pachymeningeal gadolinium enhancement. Mayo Clin Proc 72:400–413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Fishman RA, Dillon WP (1993) Dural enhancement and cerebral displacement secondary to intracranial hypotension. Neurology 43:609–611

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Schievink WI, Maya MM, Moser FG, Tourje J (2005) Spectrum of subdural fluid collections in spontaneous intracranial hypotension. J Neurosurg 103:608–613

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Schievink WI, Maya MM, Louy C, Moser FG, Tourje J (2008) Diagnostic criteria for spontaneous spinal CSF leaks and intracranial hypotension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29:853–856

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Koss SA, Ulmer JL, Hacein-Bey L (2003) Angiographic features of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24:704–706

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Roll JD, Larson TC 3rd, Soriano MM (2003) Cerebral angiographic findings of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24:707–708

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Baryshnik DB, Farb RI (2004) Changes in the appearance of venous sinuses after treatment of disordered intracranial pressure. Neurology 62:1445–1446

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Alvarez-Linera J, Escribano J, Benito-Leon J, Porta-Etessam J, Rovira A (2000) Pituitary enlargement in patients with intracranial hypotension syndrome. Neurology 55:1895–1897

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Mokri B, Atkinson JL (2000) False pituitary tumor in CSF leaks. Neurology 55:573–575

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Schoffer KL, Benstead TJ, Grant I (2002) Spontaneous intracranial hypotension in the absence of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. Can J Neurol Sci 29:253–257

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Schievink WI, Tourje J (2000) Intracranial hypotension without meningeal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 92:475–477

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Sencakova D, Mokri B, McClelland RL (2001) The efficacy of epidural blood patch in spontaneous CSF leaks. Neurology 57:1921–1923

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Berroir S, Loisel B, Ducros A et al (2004) Early epidural blood patch in spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Neurology 63:1950–1951

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Han M-E, Kim H-J, Lee Y-S et al (2009) Regulation of cerebrospinal fluid production by caffeine consumption. BMC Neurosci 10:110

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Schievink WI, Maya MM, Moser FM (2004) Treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension with percutaneous placement of a fibrin sealant. Report of four cases. J Neurosurg 100:1098–1100

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Gladstone JP, Nelson K, Patel N, Dodick DW (2005) Spontaneous CSF leak treated with percutaneous CT-guided fibrin glue. Neurology 64:1818–1819

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Schievink WI, Georganos SA, Maya MM, Moser FG, Bladyka M (2008) Anaphylactic reactions to fibrin sealant injection for spontaneous spinal CSF leaks. Neurology 70:885–887

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Schievink WI, Morreale VM, Atkinson JL, Meyer FB, Piepgras DG, Ebersold MJ (1998) Surgical treatment of spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks. J Neurosurg 88:243–246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Schievink WI, Reimer R, Folger WN (1994) Surgical treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension associated with a spinal arachnoid diverticulum. Case report. J Neurosurg 80:736–739

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Schievink WI, Jacques L (2003) Recurrent spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak associated with “nude nerve root” syndrome: case report. Neurosurgery 53:1216–1219. 1210.1227/1201.NEU.0000089483.0000030857.0000089411

    Google Scholar 

  165. Schievink WI, Moser FG, Maya MM (2014) CSF–venous fistula in spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Neurology 83:472–473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflicts of Interest

Dr. Jan Hoffmann reports no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany

    Jan Hoffmann

Authors
  1. Jan Hoffmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jan Hoffmann .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Athens Naval Hospital, Athens, Greece

    Dimos D. Mitsikostas

  2. Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

    Koen Paemeleire

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hoffmann, J. (2016). Headache Attributed to Intracranial Hypertension and Hypotension. In: Mitsikostas, D., Paemeleire, K. (eds) Pharmacological Management of Headaches. Headache. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19911-5_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19911-5_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19910-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19911-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation