Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Methods and Procedures for Measuring Comorbid Disorders: Psychological

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Comorbid Conditions Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Part of the book series: Autism and Child Psychopathology Series ((ACPS))

Abstract

It is critical to identify the frequency and severity of various comorbid psychological problems if they are to be effectively treated. Among the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) population challenging behaviors, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders, and depression are among the most common of these problems. The purpose of this chapter is to review methods that have been designed to measure these problems and related psychological problems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1992). Child Behavior Checklist. Burlington, VT: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. (2001). ASEBA school-age forms and profiles. Burlington, VT: ASEBA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M., Howell, C. T., Quay, H. C., Conners, C. K., & Bates, J. E. (1991). National survey of problems and competencies among four- to sixteen-year-olds: Parents’ reports for normative and clinical samples. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 56(3), i—130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M. G., Singh, N. N., Stewart, A. W., & Field, C. J. (1985). The Aberrant Behavior Checklist: A behavior rating scale for the assessment of treatment effects. American Journal of Mental Deficiencies, 89(5), 485–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M. G., Tassé, M. J., Rojahn, J., & Hammer, D. (1996). The Nisonger CBRF: A child behavior rating form for children with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 17(1), 41–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2010). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.TR). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anckarsater, H., Stahlberg, O., Larson, T., Hakansson, C., Jutblad, S. B., Niklasson, L., et al. (2006). The impact of ADHD and autism spectrum disorders on temperament, character, and personality development. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(7), 1239–1244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angold, A., Prendergast, M., Cox, A., Harrington, R. C., Simonoff, R., & Rutter, M. (1995). The child and adolescent psychiatric assessment (CAPA). Psychological Medicine, 25, 739–753.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A. (1990). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger Syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163–175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beery, K. E., & Beery, N. A. (2010). Developmental test of visual-motor integration (6th edn.). San Antonio: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellini, S. (2004). Social skills deficits and anxiety in high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 19(2), 78–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, D. V. (1998). Development of the Children’s Communication Checklist (CCC): A method for assessing qualitative aspects of communicative impairment in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(6), 879–891.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouma, R., & Schweitzer, R. (1990). The impact of chronic childhood illness on family stress: A comparison between autism and cystic fibrosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(6), 722–730.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buitelaar, J. K., Van Der Wees, M., Swaab-Barneveld, H., & Van Der Gaag, R. J. (1999). Theory of mind and emotion-recognition functioning in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children. Development and Psychopathology, 11(1), 39–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bureau of Autism Services, Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare. (2012). Pennsylvania autism needs assessment: A survey of individuals and families living with autism: Statewide summary. http://www.paautism.org/asert/Needs%20Assess_Stateswide%20Summary%20May%20202012.pdf. Accessed 26 june 2015

  • Canitano, R., & Vivanti, G. (2007). Tics and tourette syndrome in autism spectrum disorders. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 11(1), 19–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 63(SS02), 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chorpita, B. F., Moffitt, C. E., & Gray, J. (2005). Psychometric properties of the revised child anxiety and depression scale in a clinical sample. Behavior Research and Therapy, 43(3), 309–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, T., Feehan, C., Tinline, C., & Vostanis, P. (1999). Autistic symptoms in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 8(1), 50–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A. R., Tonge, B. J., Einfeld, S. L., & Mackinnon, A. (2003). Assessment of change with the developmental behavior checklist. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(3), 210–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Bruin, E. I., Ferdinand, R. F., Meester, S., de Nijs, P. F., & Verheij, F. (2007). High rates of psychiatric co-morbidity in PDD—NOS. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(5), 877–886.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Decety, J., & Moriguchi, Y. (2007). The empathic brain and its dysfunction in psychiatric populations: Implications for intervention across different clinical conditions. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 1(1), 22.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dekker, M. C., Koot, H. M., Van der Ende, J. V. D., & Verhulst, F. C. (2002). Emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(8), 1087–1098.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte, C. S., Bordin, I. A., DeOliveira, A., & Bird, H. (2003). The CBCL and the identification of children with autism and related conditions in Brazil: Pilot findings. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(6), 703–707.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DuPaul, G. J., Power, T. J., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Reid, R. (1998). ADHD Rating Scale-IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Einfeld, S. L., & Tonge, B. J. (1995). The developmental behavior checklist: The development and validation of an instrument to assess behavioral and emotional disturbance in children and adolescents with mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25(2), 81–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esbensen, A. J., Rojahn, J., Aman, M. G., & Ruedrich, S. (2003). Reliability and validity of an assessment instrument for anxiety, depression, and mood among individuals with mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(6), 617–629.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, J. A., Biederman, J., Bellordre, C. A., Garfield, S. B., Geller, D. A., Coffey, B. J., et al. (2001). Should the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder be considered in children with pervasive developmental disorder? Journal of Attention Disorders, 4(4), 203–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., Pomeroy, J., & Azizian, A. (2004). Comparison of DSM-IV symptoms in elementary school-age children with PDD versus clinic and community samples. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 9(4), 392–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., & Pomeroy, J. (2006). ADHD symptom subtypes in children with pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(2), 271–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., & Drabick, D. A. (2008). Oppositional defiant disorder as a clinical phenotype in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28(7), 1302–1310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ganz, M. L. (2007). The lifetime distribution of the incremental societal costs of autism. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 161(4), 343–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerhardt, P. F., & Lainer, I. (2011). Addressing the needs of adolescents and adults with autism: A crisis on the horizon. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 41, 37–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geurts, H. M., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., & Sergeant, J. A. (2004). How specific are executive functioning deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(4), 836–854.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geurts, H. M., Grasman, R. P., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., van Kammen, S. M., et al. (2008). Intra-individual variability in ADHD, autism spectrum disorders and Tourette’s syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 46(13), 3030–3041.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghaziuddin, M., Tsai, L. Y., & Ghaziuddin, N. (1992). Brief report: A comparison of the diagnostic criteria for Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22(4), 543–649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghaziuddin, M., Weidmer-Mikhail, E., & Ghaziuddin, N. (1998). Comorbidity of Asperger syndrome: A preliminary report. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 4, 279–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghaziuddin, M., Ghaziuddin, N., & Greden, J. (2002). Depression in persons with autism: Implications for research and clinical care. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 299–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, C. (2002). A guide to asperger syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, C., Billstedt, E., Sundh, V., & Gillberg, I. C. (2010). Mortality in autism: A prospective longitudinal community-based study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(3), 352–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillott, A., Furniss, F., & Walter, A. (2001). Anxiety in high-functioning children with autism. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 5(3), 277–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gjevik, E., Eldevik, S., FjÓ•ran-Granum , T., & Sponheim, E. (2011). Kiddie-SADS reveals high rates of DSM-IV disorders in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(6), 761–769.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, H. M., Mostowsky, S. H., Cutting, L. E., Mahone, E. M., Astor, B. C., Denckla, M. B., et al. (2005). Subtle executive impairment in children with autism and children with ADHD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 279–293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, S., & Schwebach, A. J. (2004). The comorbidity of pervasive developmental disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Results of a retrospective chart review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(3), 329–339.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goyette, C. H., Conners, C. K., & Ulrich, R. F. (1978). Normative data on revised Conners parent and teacher rating scales. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6(2), 221–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, J., Gilchrist, A., Burton, D., & Cox, A. (2000). Social and psychiatric functioning in adolescents with asperger syndrome compared with conduct disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(4), 279–293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Handen, B. L., Johnson, C. R., & Lubetsky, M. (2000). Efficacy of methylphenidate among children with autism and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 245–255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Happé, F. (1999). Autism: Cognitive deficit or cognitive style? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(6), 216–222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Happé, F., Booth, R., Charlton, R., & Hughes, C. (2006). Executive function deficits in autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Examining profiles across domains and ages. Brain and Cognition, 61(1), 25–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hattori, J., Ogino, T., Abiru, K., Nakano, K., Oka, M., & Ohtsuka, Y. (2006). Are pervasive developmental disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder distinct disorders? Brain and Development, 28(6), 371–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, E. L. (2004). Executive dysfunction in autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(1), 26–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holtmann, M., Bolte, S., & Poutska, F. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in pervasive developmental disorders: Association with autistic behavior domains and coexisting psychopathology. Psychopathology, 40, 172–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horner, R. H., Carr, E. G., Strain, P. S., Todd, A. W., & Reed, H. K. (2002). Problem behavior interventions for young children with autism: A research synthesis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(5), 423–446.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howlin, P., & Moss, P. (2012). Adults with autism spectrum disorders. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 57(5), 275–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennes-Coussens, M., Magill-Evans, J., & Koning, C. (2006). The quality of life of young men with Asperger Syndrome: A brief report. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 10(4), 403–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K. A., Robertson, I. H., Kelly, S. P., Silk, T. J., Barry, E., Dáibhis, A., Watchorn, A., et al. (2007). Dissociation in performance of children with ADHD and high-functioning autism on a task of sustained attention. Neuropsychologia, 45(10), 2234–2245.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, A. P., Happé, F. G., Gilbert, F., Burnett, S., & Viding, E. (2010). Feeling, caring, knowing: Different types of empathy deficit in boys with psychopathic tendencies and autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(11), 1188–1197.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, J., Birmaher, E., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., et al. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., Matson, J. L., & Senatore, V. (1983). Assessment of depression in mentally retarded adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(8), 1040–1043.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keen, D., & Ward, S. (2004). Autism spectrum disorder: A child population profile. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 8(1), 39–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. A., Szatmari, P., Bryson, S. E., Steiner, D. L., & Wilson, F. J. (2000). The prevalence of anxiety and mood problems among children with autism and asperger syndrome. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 4(2), 117–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klin, A., & Volkman, F. R. (2000). Treatment and intervention guidelines for individuals with asperger syndrome. In A. Klin, F. R. Volkmar, & S. S. Sparrow (Eds.), Asperger syndrome. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klin, A., McPartland, J., & Volkmar, F. R. (2005). Asperger syndrome. Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, 1, 88–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lecavalier, L. (2006). Behavioral and emotional problems in young people with pervasive developmental disorders: Relative prevalence, effects of subject characteristics, and empirical classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26(8), 1101–1114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lecavalier, L., Leone, S., & Wiltz, J. (2006). The impact of behavior problems on caregiver stress in young people with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(3), 172–183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, D. O., & Ousley, O. Y. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in a clinic sample of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 16(6), 737–746.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leekam, S. R., Prior, M. R., & Uljarevic, M. (2011). Restricted and repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders: A review of research in the last decade. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 562.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leyfer, O. T., Folstein, S. E., Bacalman, S., Davis, N. O., Dinh, E., Morgan, J., et al. (2006). Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: Interview development and rates of disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(7), 849–861.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loney, J., & Milich, R. (1982). Hyperactivity, inattention, and aggression in clinical practice. In M. Wolraich & D. K. Routh (Eds.), Advances in developmental and behavioral pediatrics. Greenwich: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovaas, I., Newsom, C., & Hickman, C. (1987). Self-stimulatory behavior and perceptual reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20(1), 45–68.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luteijn, E. F., Serra, M., Jackson, S., Steenhuis, M. P., Althaus, M., Volkman, F., et al. (2000). How unspecified are disorders of children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified? A study of social problems in children with PDD-NOS and ADHD. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9(3), 168–179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahan, S., & Matson, J. L. (2011). Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders compared to typically developing controls on the behavioral assessment system for children, second edition (BASC-2). Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 119–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandell, D. (2012). Autism costs nation $ 126 billion annually. Education Daily, 45(64), 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masi, G., Mucci, M., Favilla, L., Romano, R., & Poli, P. (1999). Symptomatology and comorbidity of generalized anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 40(3), 210–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., & Minshawi, N. F. (2007a). Functional assessment of challenging behavior: Toward a strategy for applied settings. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(4), 353–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., & Nebel-Schwalm, M. S. (2007b). Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children: An overview. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(4), 341–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., Kazdin, A. E., & Senatore, V. (1984). Psychometric properties of the psychopathology instrument for mentally retarded adults. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 5(1), 81–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., Rush, K. S., Smiroldo, B. B., Hamilton, M., Anderson, S. J., Baglio, C. S., et al. (1999). Characteristics of depression as assessed by the diagnostic assessment for the severely handicapped II (DASH-II). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 20, 305–313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., Boisjoli, J., Rojahn, J., & Hess, J. (2009). A factor analysis of challenging behaviors assessed with the baby and infant screen for children with autism traits. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(3), 714–722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mattila, M., Hurtig, T., Haapsamo, H., Jussila, K., Kuusikko-Gauffin, S., Keilinen, M., et al. (2010). Comorbid psychiatric disorders associated with asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism: A community and clinic-based study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(9), 1080–1093.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, S. D. (2012). Checklist for autism spectrum disorder. Wood Dale: Stoelting.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, S.D., & Calhoun, S.L. (2007). Learning, attention, writing, and processing speed in typical children and children with ADHD, autism, anxiety, depression, and oppositional-defiant disorder. Child Neuropsychology, 13, 469–493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, S. D., & Calhoun, S. L. (2009). Variables related to sleep problems in children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3, 931–941.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, S. D., & Calhoun, S. L. (2011). Impact of IQ, age, SES, gender, and race on autistic symptoms. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 749–757.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Murray, M. J., Ahuja, M., & Smith, L. A. (2011). Anxiety, depression, and irritability in children with autism relative to children with other neuropsychiatric disorders and typical development. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 474–485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Mayes, R. D., & Molitoris, S. (2012a). Autism and ADHD: Overlapping and discriminating symptoms. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 277–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Aggarwal, R., Baker, C., Mathapati, S., Anderson, R., et al. (2012b). Explosive, oppositional, and aggressive behavior in children with autism compared to other clinical disorders and typical development. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Aggarwal, R., Baker, C., Mathapati, S., Molitoris, S., et al. (2013a). Unusual fears in children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7, 151–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, S. D., Gorman, A. A., Hillwig-Garcia, J., & Syed, E. (2013b). Suicide ideation and attempts in children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7, 109–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazefsky, C. A., Anderson, R., Conner, C. M., & Minshew, N. (2011). Child Behavior Checklist scores for school-aged children with autism: Preliminary evidence of patterns suggesting the need for referral. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(1), 31–37.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McBrien, J. A. (2003). Assessment and diagnosis of depression in people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(1), 1–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCracken, J. T., McGough, J., Shah, B., Cronin, P., Hong, D., Aman, M. G., et al. (2002). Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavior problems. New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 314–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mouridsen, S. E., Bronnum-Hansen, H., Rich, B., & Isager, T. (2008). Mortality and causes of death in autism spectrum disorders: An update. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 12(4), 403–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulligan, A., Anney, R. J., O’Regan, M., Chen, W., Butler, L., Fitzgerald, M., Buitelaar, J. K., et al. (2009). Autism symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A familiar trait which correlates with conduct, oppositional defiant, language and motor disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(2), 197–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muris, P., Steerneman, P., Merckelbach, H., Holdrinet, I., & Meesters, C. (1998). Comorbid anxiety symptoms in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12(4), 387–393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. (2001). Educating children with autism. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholas, J. S., Charles, J. M., Carpenter, L. A., King, L. B., Jenner, W., & Spratt, E. G. (2008). Prevalence and characteristics of children with autism-spectrum disorders. Annals of Epidemiology, 18(2), 130–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nydén, A., Gillberg, C., Hjelmquist, E., & Heiman, M. (1999). Executive function/attention deficits in boys with Asperger’s Syndrome, attention disorder and reading/writing disorder. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 3(3), 213–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orsmond, G. I., Krauss, M. W., & Seltzer, M. M. (2004). Peer relationships and social and recreational activities among adolescents and adults with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(3), 245–256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozonoff, S., & Jensen, J. (1999). Brief report: Specific executive function profiles in three neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(2), 171–177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, R. (1998). Misdiagnosed ADD/ADHD: Rediagnosed PDD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(1), 113–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiersen, A. M., Constantino, J. N., Volk, H. E., & Todd, R. D. (2007). Autistic traits in a population-based ADHD twin sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(5), 464–472.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. (2005). Risperidone treatment of autistic disorder: Longer-term benefits and blinded discontinuation after 6 months. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1361–1369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. R. (2004). Behavior assessment system for children. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rojahn, J., Matson, J. L., Lott, D., Esbensen, A. J., & Smalls, Y. (2001). The behavior problems inventory: An instrument for the assessment of self-injury, stereotyped behavior, and aggression/destruction in individuals with developmental disabilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(6), 577–588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rojahn, J., Aman, M. G., Matson, J. L., & Mayville, E. (2003). The aberrant behavior checklist and the behavior problems inventory: Convergent and divergent validity. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 24(5), 391–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santosh, P. J., Baird, G., Pityaratstian, N., Tavare, E., & Gringas, P. (2006). Impact of comorbid autism spectrum disorders on stimulant response in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A retrospective and prospective effectiveness study. Child: Care, Health, and. Development, 32(5), 575–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., & Renner, B. R. (1986). The childhood autism rating scale (CARS). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schopler, E., Van Bourgondien, M. E., Wellman, G. J., & Love, S. R. (2010). The childhood autism rating scale, second edition (CARS2). Los Angeles: WesternPsychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreck, K. A., Williams, K., & Smith, A. F. (2004). A comparison of eating behaviors between children with and without autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(4), 433–438.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer, M. M., Krauss, M. W., Shattuck, P. T., Orsmond, G., Swe, A., & Lord, C. (2003). The symptoms of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(6), 565–581.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic interview schedule for children version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(1), 28–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921–929.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinzig, J., Morsch, D., Bruning, N., Schmidt, M. H., & Lehmkuhl, G. (2008). Inhibition, flexibility, working memory and planning in autism spectrum disorders with and without comorbid ADHD symptoms. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2(1), 4.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinzig, J., Walter, D., & Doepfner, M. (2009). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Symptom or syndrome? Journal of Attention Disorders, 13(2), 117–126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. (2006). Cognitive empathy and emotional empathy in human behavior and evolution. Psychological Record, 56(1), 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterling, L., Renno, P., Storch, E. A., Ehrenreich-May, J., Lewin, A. B., Arnold, E., et al. (2014). Validity of the revised children’s anxiety and depression scale for youth with autism spectrum disorders. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice. doi:10.1177/1362361313510066.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tassé, M. J., Aman, M. G., Hammer, D., & Rojahn, J. (1996). The nisonger child behavior rating form: Age and gender effects and norms. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 17(1), 59–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. L., & Seltzer, M. M. (2011). Employment and postsecondary educational activities for young adults with autism spectrum disorders during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(5), 566–574.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tonge, B. J., & Einfeld, S. L. (2003). Psychopathology and intellectual disability: The Australian child to adult longitudinal study. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, 26, 61–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vickerstaff, S., Heriot, S., Wong, M., Lopes, A., & Dossetor, D. (2007). Intellectual ability, self-perceived social competence, and depressive symptomatology with children with high-functioning autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1647–1664.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (2009). Wechsler individual achievement test (3rd ed.). San Antonio: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wentz, E., Lacey, J.H., Waller, G., RÃ¥stam, M., Turk, J., & Gillberg, C. (2005). Childhood onset neuropsychiatric disorders in adult eating disorder patients. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 14(8), 431–437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, S. W., Oswald, D., Ollendick, T., & Scahill, L. (2009). Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(3), 216–229.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1336–1346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodworth, M., & Waschbusch, D. (2008). Emotional processing in children with conduct problems and callous/unemotional traits. Child: Care, Health, and Development, 32(2), 234–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wozniak, J., Biederman, J., Faranoe, S. V., Frazier, J., Kim, J., Millstein, R., et al. (1997). Mania in children with pervasive developmental disorder revisited. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(11), 1552–1559.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, Y., & Uchiyama, T. (2004). The clinical necessity for assessing attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) symptoms in children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(5), 307–314.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zandt, F., Prior, M., & Kyrios, M. (2007). Repetitive behavior in children with high functioning autism and obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 37(2), 251–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA

    Amanda M. Pearl PhD & Susan D. Mayes PhD

Authors
  1. Amanda M. Pearl PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Susan D. Mayes PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amanda M. Pearl PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

    Johnny L. Matson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pearl, A., Mayes, S. (2016). Methods and Procedures for Measuring Comorbid Disorders: Psychological. In: Matson, J. (eds) Comorbid Conditions Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autism and Child Psychopathology Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19183-6_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation