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Basal Ganglia Control of Substantia Nigra Dopaminergic Neurons

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Birth, Life and Death of Dopaminergic Neurons in the Substantia Nigra

Part of the book series: Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa ((NEURALTRANS,volume 73))

Abstract

Although substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons are spontaneously active both in vivo and in vitro, this activity does not depend on afferent input as these neurons express an endogenous calcium-dependent oscillatory mechanism sufficient to drive action potential generation. However, afferents to these neurons, a large proportion of them GABAergic and arising from other nuclei in the basal ganglia, play a crucial role in modulating the activity of dopaminergic neurons. In the absence of afferent activity or when in brain slices, dopaminergic neurons fire in a very regular, pacemaker-like mode. Phasic activity in GABAergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic inputs modulates the pacemaker activity into two other modes. The most common is a random firing pattern in which interspike intervals assume a Poisson-like distribution, and a less common pattern, often in response to a conditioned stimulus or a reward in which the neurons fire bursts of 2–8 spikes time-locked to the stimulus. Typically in vivo, all three firing patterns are observed, intermixed, in single nigrostriatal neurons varying over time. Although the precise mechanism(s) underlying the burst are currently the focus of intensive study, it is obvious that bursting must be triggered by afferent inputs.

Most of the afferents to substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons comprise monosynaptic inputs from GABAergic projection neurons in the ipsilateral neostriatum, the globus pallidus, and the substantia nigra pars reticulata. A smaller fraction of the basal ganglia inputs, something less than 30%, are glutamatergic and arise principally from the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus and pedunculopontine nucleus. The pedunculopontine nucleus also sends a cholinergic input to nigral dopaminergic neurons. The GABAergic pars reticulata projection neurons also receive inputs from all of these sources, in some cases relaying them disynaptically to the dopaminergic neurons, thereby playing a particularly significant role in setting and/or modulating the firing pattern of the nigrostriatal neurons.

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Abbreviations

SK :

Calcium-activated potassium

ChAT :

Choline acetyltransferase

DA :

Dopamine

EPSP :

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

GPe :

External part of the globus pallidus

GP :

Globus pallidus

IPSP :

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

GPi :

Internal part of the globus pallidus

M1 :

Muscarinic receptor 1

PD :

Parkinson's disease

PPN :

Pedunculopontine nucleus

SN :

Substantia nigra

SNc :

Substantia nigra pars compacta

SNr :

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

STN :

Subthalamic nucleus

VGluT :

Vesicular glutamate transporter

TRP:

Transient receptor potential

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Acknowledgments

Supported in part by NS034865 (JMT). We thank Fulva Shah for helpful comments on the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, 4, New York, NY, 10016, USA

    Christian R Lee

  2. Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA

    James M Tepper

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Correspondence to Christian R Lee or James M Tepper .

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  1. Fac. Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, Palermo, 90134, Italy

    Giuseppe Giovanni

  2. Mario Negri, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche, Via Nazionale 8, Santa Maria Imbaro, 66030, Italy

    Vincenzo Di Matteo

  3. Mario Negri, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche, Via Nazionale 8, Santa Maria Imbaro, 66030, Italy

    Ennio Esposito

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Lee, C.R., Tepper, J.M. (2009). Basal Ganglia Control of Substantia Nigra Dopaminergic Neurons. In: Giovanni, G., Di Matteo, V., Esposito, E. (eds) Birth, Life and Death of Dopaminergic Neurons in the Substantia Nigra. Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa, vol 73. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-92660-4_6

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