Skip to main content

The 5Cs of Positive Youth Development in New Zealand: Relations with Hopeful Expectations for the Future and Life Satisfaction Among Emerging Adults

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Positive Youth Development

Abstract

This chapter applies the 5Cs of PYD model to a sample of 302 emerging adults in New Zealand.

Emerging adulthood represents a critical developmental context spanning the ages of 18–29 years to make positive changes and increase the likelihood of young people succeeding in their lives. To this end, the 5Cs model provides an ideal strength-based framework to assess optimal functioning of young people. The model postulates that the 5Cs (e.g., confidence, competence, character, connection, caring) mediate the relation between emerging adults’ strengths (e.g., hopeful expectations for the future) and optimal well-being (e.g., life satisfaction). The results of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed that hopeful expectations for the future were linked to life satisfaction via the mediating role of the 5Cs. The chapter confirms the cross-cultural extension of the 5Cs of PYD model and outlines relevant research, policy and practice directions for young people in New Zealand.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdul Kadir, N. B., Mohd, R. H., & Dimitrova, R. (this volume). Promoting mindfulness through the 7Cs of positive youth development in Malaysia. In R. Dimitrova & N. Wiium (Eds.), Handbook of positive youth development. Advancing research, policy and practice in global contexts. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030702618

    Google Scholar 

  • Arahanga-Doyle, H., Moradi, S., Brown, K., Neha, T., Hunter, J. A., & Scarf, D. (2019). Positive youth development in Māori and New Zealand European adolescents through an adventure education programme. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 14(1), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2018.1508479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2018). Foreword. In R. Dimitrova (Ed.), Well-being of youth and emerging adults across cultures. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68363-8

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Beals, F. (2015). Tackling the unmarked in youth development: Why settle for the west when a new dawn brings new possibilities. Journal of Applied Youth Studies, 1(1), 122–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullen, P., Noonan, K., & Farruggia, S. (2012). School-based mentoring: Examining the cultural and economic variations in engagement and effectiveness. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 47(1), 47–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkhard, B. M., Robinson, K. M., Murray, E. D., & Lerner, R. M. (2019). The positive youth development perspective. In S. Hupp & J. Jewell (Eds.), The encyclopedia of child and adolescent development (pp. 1–12). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabras, C., & Mondo, M. (2018). Future orientation as a mediator between career adaptability and life satisfaction in university students. Journal of Career Development, 45(6), 597–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845317727616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Came, H. (2014). Sites of institutional racism in public health policy making in New Zealand. Social Science & Medicine, 106, 214–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carney, J. L. V., Kim, H., Duquette, K., Guo, X., & Hazler, R. J. (2019). Hope as a mediator of bullying involvement and emotional difficulties in children. Journal of Counseling and Development, 97(4), 376–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catalano, R. F., Skinner, M. L., Alvarado, G., Kapungu, C., Reavley, N., Patton, G. C., et al. (2019). Positive youth development programs in low-and middle-income countries: A conceptual framework and systematic review of efficacy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, E. C., Chang, O. D., Li, M., Xi, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., et al. (2019). Positive emotions, hope, and life satisfaction in Chinese adults: A test of the broaden-and-build model in accounting for subjective well-being in Chinese college students. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(6), 829–835. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1579358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, T., Fleming, T., Bullen, P., Crengle, S., Denny, S., Dyson, B., et al. (2013). Health and well-being of secondary school students in New Zealand: Trends between 2001, 2007 and 2012. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 49(11), 925–934. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damon, W. (2008). The path to purpose: Helping our children find their calling in life. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deane, K., Harré, N., Moore, J., & Courtney, M. (2017). The impact of the project K youth development program on self-efficacy: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(3), 516–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0463-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deane, K. L., & Harré, N. (2014). Program theory-driven evaluation science in a youth development context. Evaluation and Program Planning, 45, 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2014.03.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Oishi, S. (2002). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive psychology (pp. 63–73). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0017

  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13

  • Dimitrova, R., Buzea, C., Wiium, N., Kosic, M., Stefenel, D., & Chen, B.-B. (this volume). Positive youth development in Bulgaria, Italy, Norway and Romania: Testing the factorial structure and measurement invariance of the 5Cs model. In R. Dimitrova & N. Wiium (Eds.), Handbook of positive youth development. Advancing research, policy and practice in global contexts. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030702618

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimitrova, R., Fernandes, D., Malik, S., Suryani, A., Musso, P., & Wiium, N. (this volume). The 7Cs and developmental assets models of positive youth development in India, Indonesia and Pakistan. In R. Dimitrova & N. Wiium (Eds.), Handbook of positive youth development. Advancing research, policy and practice in global contexts. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030702618

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimitrova, R., & Wiium, N. (this volume). Handbook of positive youth development: Advancing the next generation of research, policy and practice in global contexts. In R. Dimitrova & N. Wiium (Eds.), Handbook of positive youth development. Advancing research, policy and practice in global contexts. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030702618

    Google Scholar 

  • Dost-Gözkan, A., & Wiium, N. (this volume). Developmental assets and identity among emerging adults in Turkey. In R. Dimitrova & N. Wiium (Eds.), Handbook of positive youth development. Advancing research, policy and practice in global contexts. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030702618

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, A. R., Jaini, P. A., & Hellman, C. M. (2020). Positive psychology and hope as lifestyle medicine modalities in the therapeutic encounter: A narrative review. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827620908255

  • Dvorsky, M. R., Kofler, M. J., Burns, G. L., Luebbe, A. M., Garner, A. A., Jarrett, M. J., et al. (2019). Factor structure and criterion validity of the five Cs model of positive youth development in a multi-university sample of college students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(3), 537–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0938-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi, A., & Rastogi, R. (2016). Future time perspective, hope and life satisfaction: A study on emerging adulthood. Jindal Journal of Business Research, 5(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/2278682116673790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eichas, K., Ferrer-Wreder, L., & Olsson, T. M. (2019). Contributions of positive youth development to intervention science. Child & Youth Care Forum, 48(2), 279–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-018-09486-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farruggia, S., Bullen, P., Davidson, J., Dunphy, A., Solomon, F., & Collins, E. (2011). The effectiveness of youth mentoring programmes in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 40(3), 52–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furness, K., Williams, M. N., Veale, J. F., & Gardner, D. H. (2017). Maximising potential: The psychological effects of the youth development programme Project K. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 46(1), 14–23. https://hdl.handle.net/10289/13315

    Google Scholar 

  • Geldhof, G. J., Bowers, E. P., Boyd, M. J., Mueller, M. K., Napolitano, K. J., Schmid, K. L., et al. (2014). Creation of short and very short measures of the five Cs of positive youth development. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(1), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geldhof, G. J., Bowers, E. P., Mueller, M. K., Napolitano, C. M., Callina, K. S., Walsh, K. J., et al. (2015). The five Cs model of positive youth development. In E. P. Bowers, G. J. Geldhof, S. K. Johnson, L. J. Hilliard, R. M. Hershberg, J. V. Lerner, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Promoting positive youth development. Lessons from the 4-H study (pp. 161–186). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17166-1_9

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, C. R., Kleiman, E. M., Kellerman, J., Pollak, O., Cha, C. B., Esposito, E. C., et al. (2020). Annual research review: A meta-analytic review of worldwide suicide rates in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(3), 294–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grocott, A. C., & Hunter, J. A. (2009). Increases in global and domain specific self-esteem following a 10-day developmental voyage. Social Psychology of Education, 12(4), 443–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-008-9088-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayhurst, J., Hunter, J. A., Kafka, S., & Boyes, M. (2015). Enhancing resilience in youth through a 10-day developmental voyage. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 15(1), 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2013.843143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huebner, S. (2019). Measuring the triad of positive emotional strengths: Gratitude, life satisfaction, and hope. Communiqué, 47(5), 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J. A., Hayhurst, J., Kafka, S., Boyes, M., Ruffman, T., O’Brien, K., et al. (2013). Elevated self-esteem 12 months following a 10-day developmental voyage. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(9), 1956–1961. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabir, R. S., & Wiium, N. (this volume). Positive youth development and environmental concerns among youth and emerging adults in Ghana. In R. Dimitrova & N. Wiium (Eds.), Handbook of positive youth development. Advancing research, policy and practice in global contexts. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030702618

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaniušonytė, G., & Truskauskaitė-Kunevičienė, I. (this volume). The trajectories of positive youth development in Lithuania: Evidence from community and intervention settings. In R. Dimitrova & N. Wiium (Eds.), Handbook of positive youth development. Advancing research, policy and practice in global contexts. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030702618

    Google Scholar 

  • Karaman, M. A., Vela, J. C., & Garcia, C. (2020). Do hope and meaning of life mediate resilience and life satisfaction among Latinx students? British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 47(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2020.1760206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keelan, J. (2014). Ngā Reanga youth development Māori styles. Unitec Press. https://www.unitec.ac.nz/epress/?s=Ngā+Reanga+Youth+Development+Māori+Styles

  • Kvalsvig, A. (2018). Wellbeing and mental distress in Aotearoa New Zealand: Snapshot 2016. Health Promotion Agency. http://www.hpa.org.nz/research-library/research-publications

  • Larsen, T. B., & Holsen, I. (this volume). Youth participation in the dream school program in Norway: An application of a logic model of the six Cs of positive youth development. In R. Dimitrova & N. Wiium (Eds.), Handbook of positive youth development. Advancing research, policy and practice in global contexts. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030702618

    Google Scholar 

  • Leontopoulou, S. (2020). Hope interventions for the promotion of well-being throughout the life cycle. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.765

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., He, S., & Chen, B.-B. (this volume). The five Cs model of positive youth development and the PATHS project in mainland China. In R. Dimitrova & N. Wiium (Eds.), Handbook of positive youth development. Advancing research, policy and practice in global contexts. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030702618

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, K. N., Kim, E. S., Chen, Y., Wilson, M. F., Worthington Jr., E. L., & Vander Weele, T. J. (2020). The role of hope in subsequent health and well-being for older adults: An outcome-wide longitudinal approach. Global Epidemiology, Article 100018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloepi.2020.100018

  • Lopez, S. J., Pedrotti, J. T., & Snyder, C. R. (2018). Positive psychology: The scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macfarlane, A. H., Glynn, T., Grace, W., Penetito, W., & Bateman, S. (2008). Indigenous epistemology in a national curriculum framework? Ethnicities, 8, 102–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796807087021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manrique-Millones, D. L., Pineda Marin, C. P., Millones-Rivalles, R. B., & Dimitrova, R. (this volume). The 7Cs of positive youth development in Colombia and Peru: A promising model for reduction of risky behaviors among youth and emerging adults. In R. Dimitrova & N. Wiium (Eds.), Handbook of positive youth development. Advancing research, policy and practice in global contexts. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030702618

    Google Scholar 

  • Meade, A. W., Johnson, E. C., & Braddy, P. W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 568–592. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mercier, J., Powell, C., Langdon-Pole, G., Finau, F., Hicks, K., Bourchier, L., et al. (2019). The five Cs of positive youth development in an Aotearoa/New Zealand program context. Journal of Youth Development, 14(4), 36–58. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2019.774

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Youth Development. (2009). Structured youth development programs: A review of evidence. New Zealand Government. http://www.myd.govt.nz/resources-and-reports/publications/structured-youth-development-programmes.html

  • Munoz, R. T., Hanks, H., & Hellman, C. M. (2020). Hope and resilience as distinct contributors to psychological flourishing among childhood trauma survivors. Traumatology, 26(2), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz, R. T., Walker, A. C., Bynum, G. T., & Brown, A. (2020). Social connectedness with the city of Tulsa as a driver of life satisfaction, hope, and flourishing. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 3, 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-020-00058-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murrough, J. W., & Russo, S. J. (2019). The neurobiology of resilience: Complexity and hope. Biological Psychiatry, 86(6), 406–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, S., & Jose, P. E. (2012). A propensity score matching study of participation in community activities: A path to positive outcomes for youth in New Zealand? Developmental Psychology, 48(6), 1563–1569. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2020). How’s life? 2020: Measuring well-being. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9870c393-en

  • Office of Ethnic Communities. (2016). Flourishing ethnic diversity; thriving New Zealand. New Zealand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orange, C. (2013). The treaty of Waitangi. Auckland, NZ: Bridget Williams Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raats, C., Adams, S., Savahl, S., Isaacs, S., & Tiliouine, H. (2019). The relationship between hope and life satisfaction among children in low and middle socio-economic status communities in Cape Town, South Africa. Child Indicators Research, 12(2), 733–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-018-9549-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rand, K. L., Shanahan, M. L., Fischer, I. C., & Fortney, S. K. (2020). Hope and optimism as predictors of academic performance and subjective well-being in college students. Learning and Individual Differences, 81, Article 101906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101906

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, J. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2003). What exactly is a youth development program? Answers from research and practice. Applied Developmental Science, 7(2), 94–111. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532480XADS0702_6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutkowski, L., & Svetina, D. (2017). Measurement invariance in international surveys: Categorical indicators and fit measure performance. Applied Measurement in Education, 30(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/08957347.2016.1243540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, K. L., Phelps, E., Kiely, M. K., Napolitano, C. M., Boyd, M. J., & Lerner, R. M. (2011). The role of adolescents’ hopeful futures in predicting positive and negative developmental trajectories: Findings from the 4-H study of positive youth development. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.536777

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. J., Pantin, H., Coatsworth, J. D., & Szapocznik, J. (2007). Addressing the challenges and opportunities for today’s youth: Toward an integrative model and its implications for research and intervention. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 28(2), 117–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-007-0084-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shek, D. T. L., Dou, D., Zhu, X., & Chai, W. (2019). Positive youth development: Current perspectives. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 10, 131–141. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6756153/#__ffn_sectitle

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., & Sigmon, D. R. (2005). Hope theory: A member of the positive psychology family. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive psychology (pp. 257–278). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics New Zealand. (2017). Well-being statistics: 2016. Statistics New Zealand. http://archive.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/Households/WellbeingStatistics_HOTP16.aspx

  • Stuart, J., & Jose, P. E. (2014). The protective influence of family connectedness, ethnic identity, and ethnic engagement for New Zealand Ma̅ori adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 50(6), 1817–1826. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, R. C. F., & Shek, D. T. L. (2012). Beliefs in the future as a positive youth development construct: A conceptual review. The Scientific World Journal, Article 527038, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/527038

  • Tirrell, J. M., Geldhof, G. J., King, P. E., Dowling, E. M., Sim, A. T., Williams, K., et al. (2019). Measuring spirituality, hope, and thriving among Salvadoran youth: Initial findings from the Compassion International Study of Positive Youth Development. Child & Youth Care Forum, 48(2), 241–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-018-9454-1

  • Toomey, R. B., Syvertsen, A. K., & Flores, M. (2019). Are developmental assets protective against suicidal behavior? Differential associations by sexual orientation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(4), 788–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0954-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Heuvel, S. (2020). Historical and multidisciplinary perspectives on hope. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S., Zhao, Y., Li, J., Lai, H., Qiu, C., Pan, N., et al. (2020). Neuro-structural correlates of hope: Dispositional hope mediates the impact of the SMA gray matter volume on subjective well-being in late adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 15(4), 395–404. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiium, N., & Dimitrova, R. (2019). Positive youth development across cultures. Introduction to the Special Issue. Child & Youth Care Forum, 48(2), 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-019-09488-7

  • Wiium, N., & Kozina, A. (this volume). Country and gender differences in developmental assets among youth and emerging adults in Ghana and Norway. In R. Dimitrova & N. Wiium (Eds.), Handbook of positive youth development. Advancing research, policy and practice in global contexts. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030702618

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi, M., & Halberstadt, J. (2012). Goals and well-being in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 41(2), 5–12. https://www.psychology.org.nz/journal-archive/Halberstadt.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaff, J. F., Kawashima-Ginsberg, K., & Lin, E. S. (2011). Advances in civic engagement research: Issues of civic measures and civic context. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 41(11), 273–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386492-5.00011-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Radosveta Dimitrova .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fernandes, D., Fetvadjev, V., Wiium, N., Dimitrova, R. (2021). The 5Cs of Positive Youth Development in New Zealand: Relations with Hopeful Expectations for the Future and Life Satisfaction Among Emerging Adults. In: Dimitrova, R., Wiium, N. (eds) Handbook of Positive Youth Development. Springer Series on Child and Family Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70262-5_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics