Abstract
Functional assessment is a technique consisting of a set of procedures that define the relationship between events in the environment and specific target behaviors. The purpose of functional assessment is to identify maintaining contingencies for challenging behavior in an individual’s environment. This chapter provides an overview of populations evaluated with functional assessment, which includes the following: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Intellectual Disability, Emotional Behavioral Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Fragile X Syndrome, Angelman Syndrome, Prader-Willi Syndrome, Smith-Magenis Syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, Acquired Brain Injury, Typically Developing Children, Children at Risk of Developmental Disabilities, Children with Prenatal Drug Exposure, and Children who use Wheelchairs. The subsequent part of this chapter will focus on the behaviors and problems evaluated with functional assessment, which include the following: aggression, self-injurious behavior, stereotypy, bizarre speech, skin picking, hand mouthing, feeding problems, elopement, noncompliance and disruptive behavior, multiple typographies of problem behavior, sleep problems, and happiness behaviors. An extensive review of the research will provide the reader with the range of possible uses of functional assessment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adams, D., Horsler, K., Mount, R., & Oliver, C. (2015). Brief report: A longitudinal study of excessive smiling and laughing in children with Angelman syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(8), 2624–2627.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Arndorfer, R. E., & Miltenberger, R. G. (1993). Functional assessment and treatment of challenging behavior: A review with implications for early childhood. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 13(1), 82–105.
Arron, K., Oliver, C., Moss, J., Berg, K., & Burbidge, C. (2011). The prevalence and phenomenology of self-injurious and aggressive behaviour in genetic syndromes. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(2), 109–120.
Asmus, J. M., Franzese, J. C., Conroy, M. A., & Dozier, C. L. (2003). Clarifying functional analysis outcomes for disruptive behaviors by controlling consequence delivery for stereotypy. School Psychology Review, 32(4), 624–630.
Asmus, J. M., Wacker, D. P., Harding, J., Berg, W. K., Derby, K. M., & Kocis, E. (1999). Evaluation of antecedent stimulus parameters for the treatment of escape-maintained aberrant behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 32(4), 495–513.
Athens, E. S., Vollmer, T. R., Sloman, K. N., & Pipkin, C. S. P. (2008). An analysis of vocal stereotypy and therapist fading. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41(2), 291–297.
Babbitt, R. L., Hoch, T. A., Coe, D. A., Cataldo, M. F., Kelly, K. J., Stackhouse, C., & Perman, J. A. (1994). Behavioral assessment and treatment of pediatric feeding disorders. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 15(4), 278–291.
Belfiore, P. J., Kitchen, T., & Lee, D. L. (2016). Functional analysis of maladaptive behaviors: Rule as a transitive conditioned motivating operation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 49, 100–107.
Bell, M. C., & Fahmie, T. A. (2018). Functional analysis screening for multiple topographies of problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(3), 528–537.
Boyle, M. A., & Adamson, R. M. (2017). Systematic review of functional analysis and treatment of elopement (2000–2015). Behavior Analysis in Practice, 10(4), 375–385.
Boyle, M. A., Keenan, G., Forck, K. L., & Curtis, K. S. (2019). Treatment of elopement without blocking with a child with autism. Behavior Modification, 43(1), 132–145.
Britton, L. N., Carr, J. E., Landaburu, H. J., & Romick, K. S. (2002). The efficacy of noncontingent reinforcement as treatment for automatically reinforced stereotypy. Behavioral Interventions: Theory & Practice in Residential & Community-Based Clinical Programs, 17(2), 93–103.
Brusa, E., & Richman, D. (2008). Developing stimulus control for occurrences of stereotypy exhibited by a child with autism. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 4(3), 264–269.
Buckley, R. H., Dinno, N., & Weber, P. (1998). Angelman syndrome: Are the estimates too low? American Journal of Medical Genetics, 80(4), 385–390.
Call, N. A., Pabicio, R. S., & Lomas, J. E. (2009). Use of latency to problem behavior to evaluate demands for inclusion in functional analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 42(3), 723–728.
Call, N. A., Reavis, A. R., Clark, S. B., Parks, N. A., Cariveau, T., & Muething, C. S. (2017). The effects of conducting a functional analysis on problem behavior in other settings: A descriptive study on potential interaction effects. Behavior Modification, 41(5), 609–625.
Call, N. A., Wacker, D. P., Ringdahl, J. E., & Boelter, E. W. (2005). Combined antecedent variables as motivating operations within functional analyses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 38(3), 385–389.
Camp, E. M., Iwata, B. A., Hammond, J. L., & Bloom, S. E. (2009). Antecedent versus consequent events as predictors of problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 42(2), 469–483.
Canella, H. I., O’Reilly, M. F., & Lancioni, G. E. (2006). Treatment of hand mouthing in individuals with severe to profound developmental disabilities: A review of the literature. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 27(5), 529–544.
Cannella-Malone, H. R., & O’Reilly, M. F. (2014). Clinical report: A replication of the analysis of the reinforcing properties of hand mouthing. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 26(5), 543–548.
Cariveau, T., Miller, S. J., Call, N. A., & Alvarez, J. (2019). Assessment and treatment of problem behavior maintained by termination of interruptions. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 22(3), 203–208.
Carr, E. G., & Carlson, J. I. (1993). Reduction of severe behavior problems in the community using a multicomponent treatment approach. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26(2), 157–172.
Chung, Y. C., & Cannella-Malone, H. I. (2010). The effects of presession manipulations on automatically maintained challenging behavior and task responding. Behavior Modification, 34(6), 479–502.
Clay, C. J., Clohisy, A. M., Ball, A. M., Haider, A. F., Schmitz, B. A., & Kahng, S. (2018). Further evaluation of presentation format of competing stimuli for treatment of automatically maintained challenging behavior. Behavior Modification, 42(3), 382–397.
Conroy, M. A., Davis, C. A., Fox, J. J., & Brown, W. H. (2002). Functional assessment of behavior and effective supports for young children with challenging behaviors. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 27(4), 35–47.
Cooper, L. J., Wacker, D. P., Thursby, D., Plagmann, L. A., Harding, J., Millard, T., & Derby, M. (1992). Analysis of the effects of task preferences, task demands, and adult attention on child behavior in outpatient and classroom settings. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25(4), 823–840.
Crocker, A. G., Mercier, C., Lachapelle, Y., Brunet, A., Morin, D., & Roy, M. E. (2006). Prevalence and types of aggressive behaviour among adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(9), 652–661.
Davis, T. N., Dacus, S., Strickland, E., Copeland, D., Chan, J. M., Blenden, K., & Christian, K. (2013). The effects of a weighted vest on aggressive and self-injurious behavior in a child with autism. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 16(3), 210–215.
Davis, T. N., Durand, S., Fuentes, L., Dacus, S., & Blenden, K. (2014). The effects of a school-based functional analysis on subsequent classroom behavior. Education and Treatment of Children, 37(1), 95–110.
DeLeon, I. G., Kahng, S., Rodriguez-Catter, V., Sveinsdόttir, I., & Sadler, C. (2003). Assessment of aberrant behavior maintained by wheelchair movement in a child with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 24(5), 381–390.
Delgado-Casas, C., Navarro, J. I., Garcia-Gonzalez-Gordon, R., & Marchena, E. (2014). Functional analysis of challenging behavior in people with severe intellectual disabilities. Psychological Reports, 115(3), 655–669.
Derby, K., Wacker, D., Peck, S., Sasso, G., DeRaad, A., Berg, W., & Ulrich, S. (1994). Functional analysis of separate topographies of aberrant behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(2), 267–278.
Derby, K. M., Hagopian, L., Fisher, W. W., Richman, D., Augustine, M., Fahs, A., & Thompson, R. (2000). Functional analysis of aberrant behavior through measurement of separate response topographies. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(1), 113–117.
Devlin, S., Healy, O., Leader, G., & Hughes, B. M. (2011). Comparison of behavioral intervention and sensory-integration therapy in the treatment of challenging behavior. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(10), 1303–1320.
Devlin, S., Healy, O., Leader, G., & Reed, P. (2008). The analysis and treatment of problem behavior evoked by auditory stimulation. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(4), 671–680.
DeWall, C. N., Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2012). Aggression. In I. Weiner (Ed.), Handbook of psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 5, pp. 449–466). H. Tennen & J. Suls (Eds.), Personality and social psychology. New York: Wiley.
Didden, R., Korzilius, H., & Curfs, L. M. (2007). Skin-picking in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome: Prevalence, functional assessment, and its comorbidity with compulsive and self-injurious behaviours. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 20(5), 409–419.
Doughty, S. S., Anderson, C. M., Doughty, A. H., Williams, D. C., & Saunders, K. J. (2007). Discriminative control of punished stereotyped behavior in humans. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 87(3), 325–336.
Dunkel-Jackson, S. M., Kenney, K., Borch, S., & Neveu, C. N. (2018). Case report: Intervention evaluation of trial-based functional analyses in school. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 23(2), 55–65.
Dunlap, G., Kern, L., Deperczel, M., Clarke, S., Wilson, D., Childs, K. E., … Falk, G. D. (1993). Functional analysis of classroom variables for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Behavioral Disorders, 18(4), 275–291.
Durand, V. M., & Crimmins, D. B. (1988). Identifying the variables maintaining self-injurious behavior. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18(1), 99–117.
Ekas, N. V., McDonald, N. M., Pruitt, M. M., & Messinger, D. S. (2017). Brief report: The development of compliance in toddlers at-risk for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(4), 1239–1248.
Ellingson, S. A., Miltenberger, R. G., Stricker, J., Galensky, T. L., & Garlinghouse, M. (2000). Functional assessment and intervention for challenging behaviors in the classroom by general classroom teachers. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 2(2), 85–97.
Emerson, E., Kiernan, C., Alborz, A., Reeves, D., Mason, H., Swarbrick, R., & Hatton, C. (2001). The prevalence of challenging behaviors: A total population study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 22(1), 77–93.
Emerson, E., Reeves, D., Thompson, S., Henderson, D., Robertson, J., & Howard, D. (1996). Time-based lag sequential analysis and the functional assessment of challenging behavior. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40(3), 260–274.
Falcomata, T. S., & Gainey, S. (2014). An evaluation of noncontingent reinforcement for the treatment of challenging behavior with multiple functions. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 26(3), 317–324.
Falcomata, T. S., Muething, C. S., Gainey, S., Hoffman, K., & Fragale, C. (2013). Further evaluations of functional communication training and chained schedules of reinforcement to treat multiple functions of challenging behavior. Behavior Modification, 37(6), 723–746.
Flanagan, T. F., & DeBar, R. M. (2018). Trial-based functional analyses with student identified with an emotional and behavioral disorder. Behavioral Disorders, 43(4), 423–435.
Fragale, C., Rojeski, L., O’Reilly, M., & Gevarter, C. (2016). Evaluation of functional communication training as a satiation procedure to reduce challenging behavior in instructional environments for children with autism. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 62(3), 139–146.
Galván-Manso, M., Campistol, J., Monros, E., Poo, P., Vernet, A. M., Pineda, … Sanmartí, F. X. (2002). Angelman syndrome: Physical characteristics and behavioral phenotype in 37 patients with confirmed genetic diagnosis. Revista de Neurologia, 35(5), 425–429.
Girolami, P. A., & Scotti, J. R. (2001). Use of analog functional analysis in assessing the function of mealtime behavior problems. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 36(2), 207–223.
Goh, H. L., Iwata, B. A., Shore, B. A., DeLeon, I. G., Lerman, D. C., Ulrich, S. M., & Smith, R. G. (1995). An analysis of the reinforcing properties of hand mouthing. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 28(3), 269–283.
Griesemer, R. D. (1978). Emotionally triggered diseases in dermatological practice. Psychiatric Annals, 8(8), 49–56.
Gupta, M. A., Gupta, A. K., & Haberman, H. F. (1987). Psoriasis and psychiatry: An update. General Hospital Psychiatry, 9(3), 157–166.
Gutierrez, M. A. F., & Mendez, M. D. (2020). Prader-Willi syndrome. In StatPearls [internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
Hagerman, P. J. (2008). The fragile X prevalence paradox. Journal of Medical Genetics, 45, 498–499.
Hagopian, L. P., Bruzek, J. L., Bowman, L. G., & Jennett, H. K. (2007). Assessment and treatment of problem behavior occasioned by interruption of free-operant behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40(1), 89–103.
Hagopian, L. P., Contrucci Kuhn, S. A., Long, E. S., & Rush, K. S. (2005). Schedule thinning following communication training: Using competing stimuli to enhance tolerance to decrements in reinforcer density. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 38(2), 177–193.
Hagopian, L. P., Fisher, W. W., Thibault Sullivan, M., Acquisto, J., & LeBlanc, L. A. (1998). Effectiveness of functional communication training with and without extinction and punishment: A summary of 21 inpatient cases. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31(2), 211–235.
Hall, S. S. (2005). Comparing descriptive, experimental and informant-based assessments of problem behaviors. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26(6), 514–526.
Hanley, G. P., Iwata, B. A., & McCord, B. E. (2003). Functional analysis of problem behavior: A review. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36(2), 147–185.
Hanley, G. P., Piazza, C. C., Fisher, W. W., & Maglieri, K. A. (2005). On the effectiveness of and preference for punishment and extinction components of function-based interventions. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 38(1), 51–65.
Hausman, N., Kahng, S., Farrell, E., & Mongeon, C. (2009). Idiosyncratic functions: Severe problem behavior maintained by access to ritualistic behaviors. Education and Treatment of Children, 32(1), 77–87.
Healey, J. J., Ahearn, W. H., Graff, R. B., & Libby, M. E. (2001). Extended analysis and treatment of self-injurious behavior. Behavioral Interventions: Theory & Practice in Residential & Community-Based Clinical Programs, 16(3), 181–195.
Healy, O., Brett, D., & Leader, G. (2013). A comparison of experimental functional analysis and the Questions About Behavioral Function (QABF) in the assessment of challenging behavior of individuals with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(1), 66–81.
Herman, C., Healy, O., & Lydon, S. (2018). An interview-informed synthesized contingency analysis to inform the treatment of challenging behavior in a young child with autism. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 21(3), 202–207.
Hetzroni, O. E., & Roth, T. (2003). Effects of a positive support approach to enhance communicative behaviors of children with mental retardation who have challenging behaviors. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 38, 95–105.
Heyvaert, M., Saenen, L., Campbell, J. M., Maes, B., & Onghena, P. (2014). Efficacy of behavioral interventions for reducing problem behavior in persons with autism: An updated quantitative synthesis of single-subject research. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(10), 2463–2476.
Hodnett, J., Scheithauer, M., Call, N. A., Mevers, J. L., & Miller, S. J. (2018). Using a functional analysis followed by differential reinforcement and extinction to reduce challenging behaviors in children with Smith-Magenis syndrome. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 123(6), 558–573.
Holland, A., Whittington, J., & Butler, J. (2002). Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes: From childhood to adult life. In P. Howlin & O. Udwin (Eds.), Outcomes in neurodevelopmental and genetic disorders (pp. 220–240). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Iwata, B. A., Dorsey, M. F., Slifer, K. J., Bauman, K. E., & Richman, G. S. (1982). Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 2(1), 3–20.
Iwata, B. A., Dorsey, M. F., Slifer, K. J., Bauman, K. E., & Richman, G. S. (1994). Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(2), 197–209.
Juyal, R. C., Figuera, L. E., Hauge, X., Elsea, S. H., Lupski, J. R., Greenberg, F., & Patel, P. I. (1996). Molecular analyses of 17p11.2 deletions in 62 Smith-Magenis syndrome patients. American Journal of Human Genetics, 58(5), 998–1007.
Kahng, S., Iwata, B. A., & Lewin, A. B. (2002). Behavioral treatment of self-injury, 1964 to 2000. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(3), 212–221.
Karsh, K. G., Repp, A. C., Dahlquist, C. M., & Munk, D. (1995). In vivo functional assessment and multi-element interventions for problem behaviors of students with disabilities in classroom settings. Journal of Behavioral Education, 5(2), 189–210.
Kavale, K. A., Forness, S. R., & Mostert, M. P. (2005). Defining emotional or behavioral disorders: The quest for affirmation. In P. Garner, F. Yuen, P. Clough, & T. Pardeck (Eds.), Handbook of emotional and behavioral difficulties (pp. 38–49). London: Sage.
Kelly, A. N., Axe, J. B., Allen, R. F., & Maguire, R. W. (2015). Effects of presession pairing on the challenging behavior and academic responding of children with autism: Effects of presession pairing. Behavioral Interventions, 30(2), 135–156.
Kern, L. (1997). Analysis and intervention with two topographies of challenging behavior exhibited by a young woman with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 18(4), 275–287.
Kern, L., & Vorndran, C. M. (2000). Functional assessment and intervention for transition difficulties. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 25(4), 212–216.
Kleinsinger, F. (2003). Understanding noncompliant behavior: Definitions and causes. The Permanente Journal, 7(4), 18–21.
Kodak, T., Grow, L., & Northup, J. (2004). Functional analysis and treatment of elopement for a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37(2), 229–232.
Kurtz, P. F., Chin, M. D., Robinson, A. N., O’Connor, J. T., & Hagopian, L. P. (2015). Functional analysis and treatment of problem behavior exhibited by children with fragile X syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(7), 1694–1704.
Kurtz, P. F., Chin, M. D., Rush, K. S., & Dixon, D. R. (2008). Treatment of challenging behavior exhibited by children with prenatal drug exposure. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29(6), 582–594.
LaBelle, C. A., & Charlop-Christy, M. H. (2002). Individualizing functional analysis to assess multiple and changing functions of severe behavior problems in children with autism. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 4(4), 231–241.
Lambert, J. M., Parikh, N., Stankiewicz, K. C., Houchins-Juarez, N. J., Morales, V. A., Sweeney, E. M., & Milam, M. E. (2019). Decreasing food stealing of child with Prader-Willi syndrome through function-based differential reinforcement. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(2), 721–728.
Lang, R., Davis, T., O’Reilly, M., Machalicek, W., Rispoli, M., Sigafoos, J., & Regester, A. (2010). Functional analysis and treatment of elopement across two school settings. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43(1), 113–118.
Lang, R., O’Reilly, M., Machalicek, W., Lancioni, G., Rispoli, M., & Chan, J. M. (2008). A preliminary comparison of functional analysis results when conducted in contrived versus natural settings. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41(3), 441–445.
Laraway, S., Snycerski, S., Michael, J., & Poling, A. (2003). Motivating operations and terms to describe them: Some further refinements. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36(3), 407–414.
Larkin, W., Hawkins, R. O., & Collins, T. (2016). Using trial-based functional analysis to design effective interventions for students diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. School Psychology Quarterly, 31(4), 534–547.
LaRue, R. H., Lenard, K., Weiss, M. J., Bamond, M., Palmieri, M., & Kelley, M. E. (2010). Comparison of traditional and trial-based methodologies for conducting functional analyses. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(2), 480–487.
LaRue, R. H., Sloman, K. N., Weiss, M. J., Delmolino, L., Hansford, A., Szalony, J., … Lambright, N. M. (2011). Correspondence between traditional models of functional analysis and a functional analysis of manding behavior. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(6), 2449–2457.
Leader, G., & Mannion, A. (2016). Challenging behaviors. In J. L. Matson (Ed.), Handbook of assessment and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (pp. 209–232). Cham: Springer.
Leader, G., Tuohy, E., Chen, J. L., Mannion, A., & Gilroy, S. P. (2020). Feeding problems, gastrointestinal symptoms, challenging behavior and sensory issues in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50, 1401–1410.
Liddon, C. J., Zarcone, J. R., Pisman, M., & Rooker, G. W. (2016). Examination of behavioral flexibility and function of severe challenging behavior in individuals with autism and intellectual disability. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 62(3), 167–173.
Lloyd, B. P., & Kennedy, C. H. (2014). Assessment and treatment of challenging behaviour for individuals with intellectual disability: A research review. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 27(3), 187–199.
Lowe, K., Allen, D., Jones, E., Brophy, S., Moore, K., & James, W. (2007). Challenging behaviours: Prevalence and topographies. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51(8), 625–636.
Luiselli, J. K., & Sobezenski, T. (2017). Escape-motivated bathroom visits: Effects of activity scheduling, cuing, and duration-fading in an adult with intellectual disability. Clinical Case Studies, 16(5), 417–426.
Mace, F. C., & Lalli, J. S. (1991). Linking descriptive and experimental analyses in the treatment of bizarre speech. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(3), 553–562.
Machalicek, W., McDuffie, A., Oakes, A., Ma, M., Thurman, A. J., Rispoli, M. J., & Abbeduto, L. (2014). Examining the operant function of challenging behavior in young males with fragile X syndrome: A summary of 12 cases. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(7), 1694–1704.
Machalicek, W., O’Reilly, M., Rispoli, M., Davis, T., Lang, R., Franco, J., & Chan, J. (2010). Training teachers to assess the challenging behaviors of students with autism using video tele-conferencing. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 45, 203–215.
Machalicek, W., Shogren, K., Lang, R., Rispoli, M., O’Reilly, M. F., Franco, J. H., & Sigafoos, J. (2009). Increasing play and decreasing the challenging behavior of children with autism during recess with activity schedules and task correspondence training. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(2), 547–555.
Macks, R. J., & Reeve, R. E. (2007). The adjustment of non-disabled siblings of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(6), 1060–1067.
Marcus, B. A., Swanson, V., & Vollmer, T. R. (2001). Effects of parent training on parent and child behavior using procedures based on functional analysis. Behavioral Interventions, 16(2), 87–104.
Marcus, B. A., & Vollmer, T. R. (1996). Combining noncontingent reinforcement and differential reinforcement schedules as treatment for aberrant behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29(1), 43–51.
Martens, B. K., Gertz, L. E., de Lacy Werder, C. S., & Rymanowski, J. L. (2010). Agreement between descriptive and experimental analyses of behavior under naturalistic test conditions. Journal of Behavioral Education, 19(3), 205–221.
Matson, J. L., & Boisjoli, J. A. (2007). Multiple versus single maintaining factors of challenging behaviors as assessed by the QABF for adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 32(1), 39–44.
Matson, J. L., Kozlowski, A. M., Worley, J. A., Shoemaker, M. E., Sipes, M., & Horovitz, M. (2011). What is the evidence for environmental causes of challenging behaviors in persons with intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorders? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 693–698.
Matson, J. L., Sipes, M., Horovitz, M., Worley, J. A., Shoemaker, M. E., & Kozlowski, A. M. (2011). Behaviors and corresponding functions addressed via functional assessment. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 625–629.
Matson, J. L., & Vollmer, T. R. (1995). User’s guide: Questions about behavioral function (QABF). Baton Rouge, LA: Scientific Publishers.
McIntosh, K., Brown, J. A., & Borgmeier, C. J. (2008). Validity of functional behavior assessment within a response to intervention framework: Evidence, recommended practice, and future directions. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 34(1), 6–14.
McLay, L., France, K., Blampied, N., & Hunter, J. (2019). Using functional behavioral assessment to treat sleep problems in two children with autism and vocal stereotypy. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 65(3), 175–184.
Monlux, K. D., Pollard, J. S., Bujanda Rodriguez, A. Y., & Hall, S. S. (2019). Telehealth delivery of function-based behavioral treatment for problem behaviors exhibited by boys with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(6), 2461–2475.
Neely, L., Rispoli, M., Gerow, S., & Ninci, J. (2015). Effects of antecedent exercise on academic engagement and stereotypy during instruction. Behavior Modification, 39(1), 98–116.
Neidert, P. L., Iwata, B. A., Dempsey, C. M., & Thomason-Sassi, J. L. (2013). Latency of response during the functional analysis of elopement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 46(1), 312–316.
Newcomb, E. T., Wright, J. A., & Camblin, J. G. (2019). Assessment and treatment of aggressive behavior maintained by access to physical attention. Behavior Analysis: Research and Practice, 19(3), 222.
Newman, I., Leader, G., Chen, J. L., & Mannion, A. (2015). An analysis of challenging behavior, comorbid psychopathology, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Fragile X Syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 38, 7–17.
Northup, J., Wacker, D., Sasso, G., Steege, M., Cigrand, K., Cook, J., & DeRaad, A. (1991). A brief functional analysis of aggressive and alternative behavior in an outclinic setting. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(3), 509–522.
O’Reilly, M., Fragale, C., Gainey, S., Kang, S., Koch, H., Shubert, J., … Van Der Meer, L. (2012). Examination of an antecedent communication intervention to reduce tangibly maintained challenging behavior: A controlled analog analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(5), 1462–1468.
O’Reilly, M., Rispoli, M., Davis, T., Machalicek, W., Lang, R., Sigafoos, J., … Didden, R. (2010). Functional analysis of challenging behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders: A summary of 10 cases. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(1), 1–10.
O’Reilly, M., Sigafoos, J., Lancioni, G., Edrisinha, C., & Andrews, A. (2005). An examination of the effects of a classroom activity schedule on levels of self-injury and engagement for a child with severe autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(3), 305–311.
O’Reilly, M. F., Edrisinha, C., Sigafoos, J., Lancioni, G., & Andrews, A. (2006). Isolating the evocative and abative effects of an establishing operation on challenging behavior. Behavioral Interventions, 21(3), 195–204.
O’Reilly, M. F., Lacey, C., & Lancioni, G. E. (2000). Assessment of the influence of background noise on escape‐maintained problem behavior and pain behavior in a child with Williams syndrome. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(4), 511–514.
O’Reilly, M. F., Lacioni, G. E., King, L., Lally, G., & Nic Dhomhnaill, O. (2000). Using brief assessments to evaluate aberrant behavior maintained by attention. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(1), 109–122.
O’Reilly, M. F., Sigafoos, J., Lancioni, G., Rispoli, M., Lang, R., Chan, J., & Langthorne, P. (2008). Manipulating the behavior-altering effect of the motivating operation: Examination of the influence on challenging behavior during leisure activities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29(4), 333–340.
Obi, C. (1997). Restraint fading and alternate management strategies to treat a man with Lesch–Nyhan syndrome over a 2-year period. Behavioral Interventions, 12(4), 195–202.
Olive, M. L., Lang, R. B., & Davis, T. N. (2008). An analysis of the effects of functional communication and a voice output communication aid for a child with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(2), 223–236.
O’Neill, R. E., Horner, R. H., Albin, R. W., Sprague, J. R., Storey, K., & Newton, J. S. (1997). Functional assessment of problem behavior: A practical assessment guide (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing.
O’Neill, R. E., Horner, R. H., Albin, R. W., Storey, K., & Sprague, J. R. (1990). Functional analysis of problem behavior: A practical assessment guide. Sycamore, IL: Sycamore Publishing Company.
Paclawskyj, T. R., Matsol, J. L., Rush, K. S., Smalls, Y., & Vollmer, T. R. (2000). Questions about behavioral function (QABF): A behavioral checklist for functional assessment of abberant behavior. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 21(3), 223–229.
Patel, M. R., Carr, J. E., Kim, C., Robles, A., & Eastridge, D. (2000). Functional analysis of aberrant behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement: assessments of specific sensory reinforcers. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 21(5), 393–407.
Peck, S. M., Wacker, D. P., Berg, W. K., Cooper, L. J., Brown, K. A., Richman, D., … Millard, T. (1996). Choice-making treatment of young children’s severe behavior problems. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29(3), 263–290.
Perou, R., Bitsko, R. H., Blumberg, S. J., Pastor, P., Ghandour, R. M., Gfroerer, J. C., & Huang, L. N. (2013). Mental health surveillance among children–United States, 2005–2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62(Suppl. 2), 1–35.
Petrovic, M. A., & Scholl, A. T. (2018). Why we need a single definition of disruptive behavior. Cureus, 10(3), e2339.
Petursdottir, A. I., Esch, J. W., Sautter, R. A., & Kelise, K. S. (2010). Characteristics and Hypothesized Functions of Challenging Behavior in a Community-Based Sample. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 45(1), 81–93.
Petursson, P. I., & Eldevik, S. (2018). Functional analysis and communication training to reduce problem behavior and time in restraint: A case study. Behavior Analysis: Research and Practice, 19(1), 114–122.
Phillips, L. A., Briggs, A. M., Fisher, W. W., & Greer, B. D. (2018). Assessing and treating elopement in a school setting. Teaching Exceptional Children, 50(6), 333–342.
Piazza, C. C., Adelenis, J. D., Hanley, G. P., Goh, H., & Delia, M. D. (2000). An evaluation of the effects of matched stimuli on behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(1), 13–17.
Piazza, C. C., Hanley, G. P., Bowman, L. G., Ruyter, J. M., Lindauer, S. E., & Saiontz, D. M. (1997). Functional analysis and treatment of elopement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 30(4), 653–672.
Potoczak, K., Carr, J. E., & Michael, J. (2007). The effects of consequence manipulation during functional analysis of problem behavior maintained by negative reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40(4), 719–724.
Poulou, M. S. (2013). Emotional and behavioral difficulties in preschool. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(2), 225–236.
Radstaak, M., Didden, R., Lang, R., O’Reilly, M., Sigafoos, J., Lancioni, G. E., … Curfs, L. M. G. (2013). Functional analysis and functional communication training in the classroom for three children with Angelman syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 25(1), 49–63.
Radstaak, M., Didden, R., Oliver, C., Allen, D., & Curfs, L. M. G. (2012). Functional analysis and functional communication training in individuals with Angelman syndrome. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 15(2), 91–104.
Rahman, B., Alderman, N., & Oliver, C. (2013). Use of the structured descriptive assessment to identify possible functions of challenging behaviour exhibited by adults with brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 23(4), 501–527.
Rahman, B., Oliver, C., & Alderman, N. (2010). Descriptive analysis of challenging behaviours shown by adults with acquired brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 20(2), 212–238.
Rapp, J. T., Patel, M. R., Ghezzi, P. M., O’Flaherty, C. H., & Titterington, C. J. (2009). Establishing stimulus control of vocal stereotypy displayed by young children with autism. Behavioral Interventions: Theory & Practice in Residential & Community-Based Clinical Programs, 24(2), 85–105.
Rapp, J. T., & Vollmer, T. R. (2005). Stereotypy I: A review of behavioral assessment and treatment. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26(6), 527–547.
Reed, G. K., Ringdahl, J. E., Wacker, D. P., Barretto, A., & Andelman, M. S. (2005). The effects of fixed-time and contingent schedules of negative reinforcement on compliance and aberrant behavior. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26(3), 281–295.
Reese, R. M., Richman, D. M., Belmont, J. M., & Morse, P. (2005). Functional characteristics of disruptive behavior in developmentally disabled children with and without autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(4), 419–428.
Richman, D. M., Wacker, D. P., Asmus, J. M., & Casey, S. D. (1998). Functional analysis and extinction of different behavior problems exhibited by the same individual. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31(3), 475–478.
Richman, D. M., Wacker, D. P., Asmus, J. M., Casey, S. D., & Andelman, M. (1999). Further analysis of problem behavior in response class hierarchies. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 32(3), 269–283.
Rispoli, M., Ninci, J., Burke, M. D., Zaini, S., Hatton, H., & Sanchez, L. (2015). Evaluating the accuracy of results for teacher implemented trial-based functional analyses. Behavior Modification, 39(5), 627–653.
Rispoli, M., O’Reilly, M., Lang, R., Sigafoos, J., Mulloy, A., Aguilar, J., & Singer, G. (2011). Effects of language of implementation on functional analysis outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Education, 20(4), 224–232.
Roberts-Gwinn, M. M., Luiten, L., Derby, K. M., Johnson, T. A., & Weber, K. (2001). Identification of competing reinforcers for behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 3(2), 83–87.
Rojahn, J., Zaja, R. H., Turygin, N., Moore, L., & Van Ingen, D. J. (2012). Functions of maladaptive behavior in intellectual and developmental disabilities: Behavior categories and topographies. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(6), 2020–2027.
Romani, P. W., Donaldson, A. M., Ager, A. J., Peaslee, J. E., Garden, S. M., & Ariefdjohan, M. (2019). Assessment and treatment of aggression during public outings. Education and Treatment of Children, 42(3), 345–359.
Rose, J. C., & Beaulieu, L. (2019). Assessing the generality and durability of interview-informed functional analyses and treatment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 52(1), 271–285.
Sasso, G. M., Reimers, T. M., Cooper, L. J., Wacker, D., Berg, W., Steege, M., … Allaire, A. (1992). Use of descriptive and experimental analyses to identify the functional properties of aberrant behavior in school settings. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25(4), 809–821.
Scalzo, R., & Davis, T. N. (2017). Analysis of behavioral indicators as a measure of satiation. Behavior Modification, 41(2), 308–322.
Scheithauer, M., Cariveau, T., Call, N. A., Ormand, H., & Clark, S. (2016). A consecutive case review of token systems used to reduce socially maintained challenging behavior in individuals with intellectual and developmental delays. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 62(3), 157–166.
Scheithauer, M. C., Mevers, J. E. L., Call, N. A., & Shrewsbury, A. N. (2017). Using a test for multiply maintained self-injury to develop function-based treatments. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 29(3), 443–460.
Schmidt, J. D., Drasgow, E., Halle, J. W., Martin, C. A., & Bliss, S. A. (2014). Discrete-trial functional analysis and functional communication training with three individuals with autism and severe problem behavior. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 16(1), 44–55.
Schmidt, J. D., Shanholtzer, A., Mezhoudi, N., Scherbak, B., & Kahng, S. (2014). The utility of a brief experimental analysis for problem behavior maintained by escape from demands. Education and Treatment of Children, 37(2), 229–247.
Schreibman, L., Heyser, L., & Stahmer, A. (1999). Autistic disorder: Characteristics and behavioral treatment. In Challenging behavior of persons with mental health disorders and severe disabilities (pp. 39–63). Washington, DC: American Association of Mental Retardation.
Schroeder, S. R., Richman, D. M., Abby, L., Courtemanche, A. B., & Oyama-Ganiko, R. (2014). Functional analysis outcomes and comparison of direct observations and informant rating scales in the assessment of severe behavior problems of infants and toddlers at-risk for developmental delays. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 26(3), 325–334.
Sloneem, J., Oliver, C., Udwin, O., & Woodcock, K. A. (2011). Prevalence, phenomenology, aetiology and predictors of challenging behaviour in Smith-Magenis syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(2), 138–151.
Smith, C. E., Carr, E. G., & Moskowitz, L. J. (2016). Fatigue as a biological setting event for severe problem behavior in autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 131–144.
Smith, R. G., & Churchill, R. M. (2002). Identification of environmental determinants of behavior disorders through functional analysis of precursor behaviors. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35(2), 125–136.
Sprague, J., Flannery, B., & Szidon, K. (1998). Functional analysis and treatment of mealtime problem behavior for a person with developmental disabilities. Journal of Behavioral Education, 8(3), 381–392.
Steege, M. W., Pratt, J. L., Wickerd, G., Guare, R., & Watson, T. S. (2019). Conducting school-based functional behavioral assessments: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Publications.
Strachen, R., Shaw, R., Burrow, C., Horsler, K., Allen, D., & Oliver, C. (2009). Experimental functional analysis of aggression in children with Angelman syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(5), 1095–1106.
Strohmeier, C. W., Murphy, A., & O’Connor, J. T. (2017). Parent-informed test-control functional analysis and treatment of problem behavior related to combined establishing operations. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 20(4), 247–252.
Swender, S. L., Matson, J. L., Mayville, S. B., Gonzalez, M. L., & McDowell, D. (2006). A functional assessment of hand mouthing among persons with severe and profound intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 31(2), 95–100.
Tarbox, J., Wilke, A. E., Najdowski, A. C., Findel-Pyles, R. S., Balasanyan, S., Caveney, A. C., … Tia, B. (2009). Comparing indirect, descriptive, and experimental functional assessments of challenging behavior in children with autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 21(6), 493–514.
Tassé, M. J. (2006). Functional behavioural assessment in people with intellectual disabilities. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19(5), 475–480.
Thomas, B. R., Charlop, M. H., Lim, N., & Gumaer, C. (2019). Measuring happiness behavior in functional analyses of challenging behavior for children with autism spectrum disorder. Behavior Modification. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445519878673
Thompson, R. H., & Iwata, B. A. (2007). A comparison of outcomes from descriptive and functional analyses of problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40(2), 333–338.
Toogood, S., Boyd, S., Bell, A., & Salisbury, H. (2011). Self-injury and other challenging behaviour at intervention and ten years on: A case study. Tizard Learning Disability Review, 16(1), 18–29.
Torres-Viso, M., Strohmeier, C. W., & Zarcone, J. R. (2018). Functional analysis and treatment of problem behavior related to mands for rearrangement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(1), 158–165.
Tucker, M., Sigafoos, J., & Bushell, H. (1998). Analysis of conditions associated with low rates of challenging behaviour in two adolescents with multiple disabilities. Behavior Change, 15(2), 126–139.
Vaughan, M., & Michael, J. (1982). Automatic reinforcement: An important but ignored concept. Behavior, 10(2), 217–227.
Vollmer, T. R., Iwata, B. A., Zarcone, J. R., Smith, R. G., & Mazaleski, J. L. (1993). The role of attention in the treatment of attention-maintained self-injurious behavior: Noncontingent reinforcement and differential reinforcement of other behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26(1), 9–21.
Vollmer, T. R., Marcus, B. A., & LeBlanc, L. (1994). Treatment of self-injury and hand mouthing following inconclusive functional analyses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(2), 331–344.
Vollmer, T. R., Progar, P. R., Lalli, J. S., Van Camp, C. M., Sierp, B. J., Wright, C. S., … Eisenschink, K. J. (1998). Fixed-time schedules attenuate extinction-induced phenomena in the treatment of severe aberrant behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31(4), 529–542.
Vollmer, T. R., Roane, H. S., Ringdahl, J. E., & Marcus, B. A. (1999). Evaluating treatment challenges with differential reinforcement of alternative behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 32(1), 9–23.
Wacker, D., Berg, W., Harding, J., & Cooper-Brown, L. (2004). Use of brief experimental analyses in outpatient clinic and home settings. Journal of Behavioral Education, 13(4), 213–226.
Wacker, D., Steege, M., Northup, J., Sasso, G., Berg, W., Reimers, T., & Donn, L. (1990). A component analysis of functional communication training across three topographies of severe behavior problems. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23(4), 417–429.
Wacker, D. P., Berg, W. K., Harding, J. W., Derby, K. M., Asmus, J. M., & Healy, A. (1998). Evaluation and long-term treatment of aberrant behavior displayed by young children with disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 19(4), 260–266.
Wacker, D. P., Harding, J., Cooper, L. J., Derby, K. M., Peck, S., Asmus, J., & Brown, K. A. (1996). The effects of meal schedule and quantity on problematic behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29(1), 79–87.
Wacker, D. P., Lee, J. F., Padilla-Dalmau, Y. C., Kopelman, T. G., Lindgren, S. D., Kuhle, J., … Waldron, D. B. (2013). Conducting functional analyses of problem behavior via telehealth. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 46(1), 31–46.
Waters, M. B., Lerman, D. C., & Hovanetz, A. N. (2009). Separate and combined effects of visual schedules and extinction plus differential reinforcement on problem behavior occasioned by transitions. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 42(2), 309–313.
Watkins, N., & Rapp, J. T. (2013). The convergent validity of the questions about behavioral function scale and functional analysis for problem behavior displayed by individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(1), 11–16.
White, P., O’Reilly, M., Fragale, C., Kang, S., Muhich, K., Falcomata, T., … Lancioni, G. (2011). An extended functional analysis protocol assesses the role of stereotypy in aggression in two young children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(2), 784–789.
Wilder, D. A., Kellum, K. K., & Carr, J. E. (2000). Evaluation of satiation-resistant head rocking. Behavioral Interventions: Theory & Practice in Residential & Community- Based Clinical Programs, 15(1), 71–78.
Wilhelm, S., Deckersbach, T., & Keuthen, N. (2003). Self-injurious skin picking: Clinical characteristics, assessment methods, and treatment modalities. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 3(2), 249–260.
Wilke, A. E., Tarbox, J., Dixon, D. R., Kenzer, A. L., Bishop, M. R., & Kakavand, H. (2012). Indirect functional assessment of stereotypy in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(2), 824–828.
Williams, C. A., Angelman, H., Clayton-Smith, J., Driscoll, D. J., Hendrickson, J. E., Knoll, J. H. M., … Zori, R. T. (1995). Angelman syndrome: Consensus for diagnostic criteria. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 56(2), 237–238.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Leader, G. et al. (2021). Populations and Problems Evaluated with Functional Assessment. In: Matson, J.L. (eds) Functional Assessment for Challenging Behaviors and Mental Health Disorders. Autism and Child Psychopathology Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66270-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66270-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-66269-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-66270-7
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)