Abstract
We review selected information on comorbidity and present a logic model with data-based examples of comorbidity. We utilize published data and results from two datasets to illustrate key features of comorbidity and their associated impact on complexity of care, cost of care, and service utilization. In many conditions, comorbidity is typical and may be considered as a part of the disorder phenotype. We present an 8-part logic model of comorbidity and discuss each component of the model in detail. Available research provides data from primarily single entity diagnoses. We suggest that future research should emphasize: (1) studies of participants with more representative comorbidity to make the results more generalizable to clinical populations; (2) examine benefits and risks from polytherapies used at the same time; (3) improve data on optimal timing of interventions in the context of developmental trajectory of infants, children, and adolescents; and (4) examine interventions and timing of intervention to optimize prevention of phenotype severity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aslam, F., & Khan, N. A. (2018). Tools for the assessment of comorbidity burden in rheumatoid arthritis. Frontiers in Medicine, 5, 39. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00039
Burd, L. (2016). FASD and ADHD: Are they related and how? BMC Psychiatry, 16, 325. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1028-x
Burd, L., Fisher, W., & Kerbeshian, J. (1988). Childhood onset pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 29(2), 155–163.
Burd, L., Fisher, W., & Kerbeshian, J. (1989). Pervasive disintegrative disorder: Are rett syndrome and heller dementia infantilis subtypes? Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 31(5), 609–616.
Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., Barth, A., Klug, M. G., Avery, P. K., & Benz, B. (2001). Long-term follow-up of an epidemiologically defined cohort of patients with tourette syndrome. Journal of Child Neurology, 16(6), 431–437.
Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., Westerland, A., Labine, J., Barth, A., Klug, M. G., & Wagner, K. (2002). Prospective long-term follow-up of patients with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child Neurology, 17(9), 681–688.
Burd, L., Klug, M. G., Coumbe, M. J., & Kerbeshian, J. (2003a). The attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder paradox: 2. Phenotypic variability in prevalence and cost of comorbidity. Journal of Child Neurology, 18(9), 653–660.
Burd, L., Klug, M. G., Coumbe, M. J., & Kerbeshian, J. (2003b). Children and adolescents with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: 1. Prevalence and cost of care. Journal of Child Neurology, 18(8), 555–561.
Burd, L., Klug, M. G., Martsolf, J., & Kerbeshian, J. (2003). Fetal alcohol syndrome: Neuropsychiatric phenomics. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 25(6), 697–705.
Burd, L., Li, Q., Kerbeshian, J., Klug, M. G., & Freeman, R. D. (2009). Tourette syndrome and comorbid pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child Neurology, 24(2), 170–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073808322666
Feinstein, A. R. (1970). The pre-therapeutic classification of co-morbidity in chronic disease. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 23(7), 455–468.
Fisher, W., Burd, L., & Kerbeshian, J. (1987). Comparisons of DSM-III defined pervasive developmental disorders in North Dakota children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(5), 704–710.
Johnson, S., Moyer, C. L., Klug, M. G., & Burd, L. (2017 online first). Comparison of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders associated with prenatal alcohol exposure diagnostic criteria. Jdbp,
Kerbeshian, J., & Burd, L. (2000). Comorbid Down’s syndrome, tourette syndrome and intellectual disability: Registry prevalence and developmental course. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 44(Pt 1), 60–67.
Peng, C. Z., Hatlestad, P., Klug, M. G., Kerbeshian, J., & Burd, L. (2009). Health care costs and utilization rates for children with pervasive developmental disorders in North Dakota from 1998 to 2004: Impact on medicaid. Journal of Child Neurology, 24(2), 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073808321059
Weyrauch, D., Schwartz, M., Hart, B., Klug, M. G., & Burd, L. (2017, May). Comorbid mental disorders in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 38(4), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1097/DPB.0000000000000440
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Burd, L., Burd, M., Klug, M.G., Kerbeshian, J., Popova, S. (2019). Comorbidity and Intellectual Disability. In: Matson, J.L. (eds) Handbook of Intellectual Disabilities. Autism and Child Psychopathology Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20843-1_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20843-1_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-20842-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-20843-1
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)