Abstract
Evidence-based treatments are interventions that have been validated through methodologically sound studies and shown to produce significant and/or clinically meaningful effects on behavior. There are many treatments for autism spectrum disorders (ASD); however, only a handful of these treatments are evidence based. This chapter discusses the main components of several evidence-based treatment models for individuals with ASD including (a) Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention, (b) Pivotal Response Treatment, (c) Early Start Denver Model, (d) Learning Experiences and Alternative Program for Preschoolers and their Parents, and (e) Treatment and Education of Autistic and Communication Handicapped Children.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2003). Policy statement: Coercive interventions for reactive attachment disorder. Washington, DC: Author.
Bennett, K., Reichow, B., & Wolery, M. (2011). Effects of structured teaching on the behavior of young children with disabilities. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 26(3), 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088357611405040
Cohen, H., Amerine-Dickens, M., & Smith, T. (2006). Early intensive behavioral treatment: Replication of the UCLA model in a community setting. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 27(Suppl 2), S145–S155. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200604002-00013
Cordisco, L., & Strain, P. S. (1986). Assessment of generalization and maintenance in a multicomponent parent training program. Journal of the Division for Early Childhood, 10, 10–24.
Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., et al. (2010). Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: The Early Start Denver Model. Pediatrics, 125(1), e17–e23.
Dawson, G., Toth, K., Abbott, R., Osterling, J., Munson, J., Estes, A., & Liaw, J. (2004). Early social attention impairments in autism: Social orienting, joint attention, and attention to distress. Developmental Psychology, 40, 271–283.
D'Elia, L., Valeri, G., Sonnino, F., Fontana, I., Mammone, A., & Vicari, S. (2014). A longitudinal study of the TEACCH program in different settings: The potential benefits of low intensity intervention in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 615–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1911-y
Duifhuis, E. A., den Boer, J. C., Doornbos, A., Buitelaar, J. K., Oosterling, I. J., & Klip, H. (2017). The effect of pivotal response treatment in children with autism spectrum disorders: A non-randomized study with a blinded outcome measure. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2916-0
Dunlap, G., Koegel, R. L., & Burke, J. C. (1981). Educational implications of stimulus overselectivity in autistic children. Exceptional Education Quarterly, 20, 37–49.
Eikeseth, S., Klintwall, L., Jahr, E., & Karlsson, P. (2012). Outcome for children with autism receiving early and intensive behavioral intervention in mainstream preschool and kindergarten settings. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 829–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.09.002
Eikeseth, S., Smith, T., Jahr, E., & Eldevik, S. (2002). Intensive behavioral treatment at school for 4- to 7-year-old children with autism: A 1-year comparison controlled study. Behavior Modification, 26, 49–68.
Frost, L., & Bondy, A. (2002). The picture exchange communication training manual (2nd ed.). Newark, DE: Pyramid Educational Consultants.
Goldstein, H., & Wickstrom, S. (1986). Peer intervention effects on communicative interactions among handicapped and non-handicapped preschoolers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19, 209–214.
Goodman, K. W. (2003). Ethics and evidence-based education: Fallibility and responsibility in clinical science. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Green, V. A., Pituch, K. A., Itchon, J., Choi, A., O’Reilly, M., & Sigafoos, J. (2006). Internet survey of treatments used by parents of children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 27(1), 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2004.12.002
Hardan, A. Y., Gengoux, G. W., Berquist, K. L., LIbove, R. A., Ardel, C. M., … Minjarez, M. B. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of pivotal response treatment group for parents of children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56, 884–892.
Horner, R. H., Carr, E. G., Halle, J., McGee, G., Odom, S., & Wolery, M. (2005). The use of single-subject research to identify evidence-based practice in special education. Exceptional Children, 71, 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440290507100203
Hume, K., & Odom, S. (2007). Effects of an individual work system on the independent functioning of students with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1166–1180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0260-5
Kazdin, A. E. (2000). Psychotherapy for children and adolescents: Directions for research and practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kodak, T., Cariveau, T., LeBlanc, B., Mahon, J., & Carroll, R. A. (2018). Selection and implementation of skill acquisition programs by special education teachers and staff for students with autism spectrum disorder. Behavior Modification, 42, 58–83.
Koegel, L. K., Koegel, R. L., Harrower, J. K., & Carter, C. M. (1999). Pivotal response intervention I: Overview of approach. The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 24, 174–185. https://doi.org/10.2511/rpsd.24.3.174
Koegel, L. K., Koegel, R. L., & Parks, D. R. (1992). How to teach self-management to people with severe disabilities: A training manual. Santa Barbara, CA: University of California.
Koegel, L. K., Singh, A. K., & Koegel, R. L. (2010). Improving motivation for academics in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1057–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0962-6
Koegel, R. I., & Frea, W. D. (1993). Treatment of social behavior in autism through the modification of pivotal social skills. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 369–377. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1993.26-369
Koegel, R. L., & Koegel, L. K. (2006). Pivotal response treatments for autism: Communication, social, and academic development. Baltimore, MD: Paul H Brookes Publishing.
Koegel, R. L., O’Dell, M. C., & Koegel, L. K. (1987). A natural language teaching paradigm for non-verbal autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 187–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01495055
Koegel, R. L., Openden, D., Fredeen, R., & Koegel, L. K. (2006). Overview of Pivotal Response Treatment. In R. L. Koegel & L. K. Koegel (Eds.), Pivotal response treatments for autism: Communication, social and academic development (pp. 3–30). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
Kohler, F. W., & Strain, P. S. (1992). Applied behavior analysis and the movement to restructure schools: Compatibility and opportunities for collaboration. Journal of Behavioral Education, 2, 367–390.
Leaf, R., & McEachin, J. A. (1999). A work in progress: Behavior management strategies and a curriculum for intensive behavioral treatment of autism. New York: DRL Books.
Lovaas, O. I. (1981). Teaching developmentally disabled children: The Me book. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
Lovaas, O. I. (1987). Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3
Lovaas, O. I. (2003). Teaching individuals with developmental delays: Basic intervention techniques. Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
Lovaas, O. I., & Schreibman, L. (1971). Stimulus overselectivity of autistic children in a two stimulus situation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 9, 305–310.
MacDuff, G. S., Krantz, P. J., & McClannahan, L. E. (1993). Teaching children with autism to use photographic activity schedules: Maintenance and generalization of complex response chains. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1993.26-89
Makrygianni, M. K., & Reed, P. (2010). A meta-analytic review of the effectiveness of behavioural early intervention programs for children with autistic spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(4), 577–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2010.01.014
Maurice, C., Green, G., & Foxx, R. M. (2001). Making a difference: Behavioral intervention for autism. Austin, TX: US: PRO-ED.
McEachin, J. J., Smith, T., & Lovaas, O. I. (1993). Long-term outcome for children with autism who received early intensive behavioral treatment. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 97, 359–372.
Mesibov, G. B., & Shea, V. (2010). The TEACCH program in the era of evidence-based practice. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 570–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0901-6
Mesibov, G. B., Shea, V., & Schopler, E. (2005). The TEACCH approach to autism spectrum disorders. New York: Springer.
Mohammadzaheri, F., Koegel, L. K., Rezaee, M., & Rafiee, S. M. (2014). A randomized clinical trial comparison between pivotal response treatment (PRT) and structured applied behavior analysis (ABA) intervention for children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 2769–2777.
Mohammadzaheri, F., Koegel, L. K., Rezaei, M., & Bakhshi, E. (2015). A randomized clinical trial comparison between pivotal response treatment (PRT) and adult-driven applied behavior analysis (ABA) intervention on disruptive behaviors in public school children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 2899–2907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2451-4
National Autism Center. (2009). National standards report. Randolph, MA: National Autism Center.
Odom, S. L., Hoyson, M., Jamieson, B., & Strain, P. S. (1985). Increasing handicapped preschoolers peer social interactions: Cross-setting and component analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18, 3–16.
Probst, P., & Glen, I. (2011). TEACCH-based interventions for families with children with autism spectrum disorders: Outcomes of a parent group training study and a home-based child-parent training single case study. Life Span and Disability, 14(2), 111–138.
Reichow, B., Volkmar, F. R., & Cicchetti, D. V. (2008). Development of the evaluative method for evaluating and determining evidence-based practices in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1311–1319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0517-7
Reichow, B., & Wolery, M. (2009). Comprehensive synthesis of early intensive behavioral interventions for young children with autism based on the UCLA Young Autism Project model. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(1), 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0596-0
Reith, S. R., Stahmer, A. C., Suhrheinrich, J., & Schreibman, L. (2015). Examination of the prevalence of stimulus overselectivity in children with ASD. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48, 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.165
Rogers, S. J., & Dawson, G. (2010). Early start Denver model for young children with ASD: Promoting language, learning, and engagement. New York: Guilford Press.
Rogers, S. J., Hall, T., Osaki, D., Reaven, J., & Herbison, J. (2000). The Denver model: A comprehensive, integrated educational approach to young children with autism and their families. In J. S. Handleman & S. L. Harris (Eds.), Preschool education programs for children with autism (pp. 95–134). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
Rogers, S. J., & Pennington, B. F. (1991). A theoretical approach to the deficits in infantile ASD. Development and Psychopathology, 3(2), 137–162.
Rogers, S. J., & Vismara, L. A. (2008). Evidence-based comprehensive treatments for early autism. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37(1), 8.
Sainato, D. M., Strain, P. S., Lefebvre, D., & Rapp, N. (1987). Facilitating transition times with preschool handicapped children: A comparison between peer-mediated and antecedent prompt procedures. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 285–292.
Schopler, E., Brehm, S. S., Kinsbourne, M., & Reichler, R. J. (1971). Effect of treatment structure on development in autistic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750110027005
Schopler, E., Lansing, M. D., Reichler, R. J., & Marcus, L. M. (2005). Psychoeducational profile (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Schopler, E., Mesibov, G. B., & Hearsey, K. (1995). Structured teaching in the TEACCH system. In E. Schopler, G. B. Mesibov, E. Schopler, & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), Learning and cognition in autism (pp. 243–268). New York, NY, US: Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1286-2_13
Short, A. B. (1984). Short-term treatment outcome using parents as co-therapists for their own autistic children. Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 25, 443–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1984.tb00163.x
Smith, I. M., Flanagan, H. E., Garon, N., & Bryson, S. E. (2015). Effectiveness of community-based early intervention based on pivotal response treatment. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 1858–1872.
Smith, T., & Iadarola, S. (2015). Evidence Base Update for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(6), 897–922. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1077448
Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Balla, D. A. (2005). Vineland adaptive behavior scales (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
Stahmer, A. C., Collings, N. M., & Palinkas, L. A. (2005). Early intervention practices for children with autism: Descriptions from community providers. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20, 66–79.
Strain, P. S. (1987a). Parent training with young autistic children. Zero to Three, 7, 7–12.
Strain, P. S. (1987b). Comprehensive evaluation of young autistic children. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 7, 97–110.
Strain, P. S. (2001). Empirically-based social skill intervention: A case for quality-of-life Improvement. Behavioral Disorders, 27, 30–36.
Strain, P. S., & Bovey, E. (2008). LEAP preschool). In J. Handleman & S. Harris (Eds.), Preschool education programs for children with autism (pp. 249–280). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
Strain, P. S., & Bovey, E. H. (2011). Randomized, controlled trial of the LEAP model of early intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorders. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 31(3), 133–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271121411408740
Strain, P. S., & Danko, C. (1995). Caregivers’ encouragement of positive interaction between preschoolers’ with autism and their siblings. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 3, 2–12.
Strain, P. S., & Hoyson, M. (2000). On the need for longitudinal, intensive social skill intervention: LEAP follow-up outcomes for children with autism as a case-in-point. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 20(2), 116–122.
Virués-Ortega, J. (2010). Applied behavior analytic intervention for autism in early childhood: Meta-analysis, meta-regression and dose–response meta-analysis of multiple outcomes. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(4), 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.008
Virues-Ortega, J., Julio, F. M., & Pastor-Barriuso, R. (2013). The TEACCH program for children and adults with autism: A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 940–953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.07.005
Vismara, L. A., McCormick, C. E. B., Wagner, A. L., Monlux, M., Nadhan, A., & Young, G. S. (2016). Telehealth parent training in the early start Denver model: Results from a randomized controlled study. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088357616651064
Vivanti, G., Paynter, J., Duncan, E., Fothergill, H., Dissanayake, C., & Rogers, S. J. (2014). Effectiveness and feasibility of the early start Denver model implementing a group-based community childcare setting. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 3140–3153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2168-9
Welch, M. G., & Chaput, P. (1988). Mother-child holding therapy and autism. Pennsylvania Medicine, 81, 33–38.
Zablotsky, B., Pringle, B. A., Colpe, L. J., Kogan, M. D., Rice, C., & Blumberg, S. J. (2015). Service and treatment use among children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 36, 98.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Carroll, R.A., Kodak, T. (2018). Evidence-Based Models of Treatment. In: McNeil, C., Quetsch, L., Anderson, C. (eds) Handbook of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Children on the Autism Spectrum. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03213-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03213-5_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03212-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03213-5
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)