Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Normal and Abnormal Anatomy

  • Chapter
Cardiovascular Medicine

Abstract

To understand the various anatomic abnormalities of the heart, we first need to appreciate the structure of the normal heart. So as to describe the cardiac components in appropriate fashion, it is also necessary to appreciate the location of the normally structured heart within the thorax. Thereafter, we can describe the location and morphology of the cardiac chambers and arterial trunks, the arrangement of their vascular supply, and the location of the so-called specialized conducting tissues.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Cook AC, Anderson RH. Editorial. Attitudinally correct nomenclature. Heart 2002;87:503.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Roberts WC. The congenitally bicuspid aortic valve: a study of 85 autopsy cases. Am J Cardiol 1970;26:83.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Edwards JE. The congenital bicuspid aortic valve. Circulation 1961;23:485.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Peterson MD, Roach RM, Edwards JE. Types of aortic stenosis in surgically removed valves. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985;109:829.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Subramaniam R, Olsen LJ, Edwards WD. Surgical pathology of combined aortic stenosis and insufficiency: a study of 213 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1985;60:247.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Edwards JE. Varieties of valvular heart disease. Aortic valvular disease. Pract Cardiol 1982;8:117.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Henry WL, Clark CE, Epstein SE. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH): the unifying link in the IHSS disease spectrum. Observations regarding its pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and course. Circulation 1973;47:827.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Somerville J, Stone S, Ross D. Fate of patients with fixed subaortic stenosis after surgical removal. Br Heart J 1980;443:629.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Shem-Tov A, Schneeweiss A, Motro M, Neufeld HN. Clinical presentation and natural history of mild discrete subaortic stenosis. Follow-up of 1-17 years. Circulation 1982;66:509.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Morrison RW, Edwards JE. Subaortic stenosis. Report of two cases, one associated with patent ductus arteriosus, the other complicated by bacterial endocarditis. Int Assoc Med Mus Bull 1950;31:73.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Maron BJ, Redwood DR, Roberts WC, et al. Tunnel subaortic stenosis. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction produced by fibromuscular tubular narrowing. Circulation 1976;54:404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Peterson TA, Todd DB, Edwards JE. Supravalvular aortic stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1965;50:734.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Giddins NG, Finley JP, Nanton MA, Roy DL. The natural course of supravalvar aortic stenosis and peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis in Williams’ syndrome. Br Heart J 1989;62:315.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wren C, Oslizlok P, Bull C. Natural history of supravalvular aortic stenosis and pulmonary artery stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:1625.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. D’Cruz IA, Arcilla RA, Agustsson MH. Dilatation of the pulmonary trunk in stenosis of the pulmonary valve and of the pulmonary arteries in children. Am Heart J 1964;68:611.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Parker RL. Pulmonary stenosis: tetralogy of Fallot. Med Clin North Am 1948;32:855.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Shone JD, Sellers RD, Anderson RC, et al. The developmental complex of “parachute mitral valve,” supravalvular ring of left atrium, subaortic stenosis, and coarctation of aorta. Am J Cardiol 1963;11:714.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Edwards JE, Christensen NA, Clagett OT, McDonald JR. Pathologic considerations in coarctation of the aorta. Proc Mayo Clin 1948;23:324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Edwards JE, Clagett OT, Drake RL, et al. The collateral circulation in coarctation of the aorta. Proc Mayo Clin 1948;23:333.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Becker AE, Becker MJ, Edwards JE. Anomalies associated with coarctation of aorta. Particular reference to infancy. Circulation 1970;41:1067.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Edwards JE. Aneurysms of the thoracic aorta complicating coarctation. Circulation 1973;48:195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Edwards JE. Floppy mitral valve syndrome. Cardiovasc Clin 1987;18:249.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lucas RV Jr, Edwards JE. The floppy mitral valve. Curr Probl Cardiol 1982;7:1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Salazar AE, Edwards JE. Friction lesions of ventricular endocardium. Relation to chordae tendineae of mitral valve. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1970;90:364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Schreiber C, Cook A, Ho SY, et al. Morphologic spectrum of Ebstein’s malformation: revisitation relative to surgical repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:148.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Weaver WF, Edwards JE, Brandenburg RO. Idiopathic dilation of the aorta with aortic valvular insufficiency: a possible forme fruste of Marfan’s syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 1959;34:518.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Brown OR, deMots H, Kloster FE, et al. Aortic root dilation and mitral valve prolapse in Marfan’s syndrome. An echocardiography study. Circulation 1975;52:651.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kawashima Y, Danno M, Shimizu Y, et al. Ventricular septal defect associated with aortic insufficiency. Anatomic classification and method of operation. Circulation 1973;47:1057.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Fouget JM, Kelly CE, Pilz CG. Congenital absence of the pulmonic valve. Report of a case in a seventy-three year old man. Am J Cardiol 1967;29:732.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Craig RJ, Selzer A. Natural history and prognosis of atrial septal defect. Circulation 1968;37:805.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Campbell M. Natural history of atrial septal defect. Br Heart J 1970;32:820.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Anderson RH, Webb S, Brown NA. Clinical anatomy of the atrial septum with reference to its developmental components. Clin Anat 1999;12:362.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Anderson RH, Ho SY, Falcao S, et al. The diagnostic features of atrioventricular septal defect with common atrioventricular junction. Cardiol Young 1998;8:33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life. Mayo Clin Proc 1984;59:17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Pearson AC, Nagelhout D, Castello R, et al. Atrial septal aneurysm and stroke. A transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:1233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Di Tullio M, Sacco RL, Gopal A, et al. Patent foramen ovale as a risk factor for cryptogenic stroke. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:461.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Petty GW, Khandheria BK, Chu CP, et al. Patent foramen ovale in patients with cerebral infarction. A transesophageal echocardiographic study. Arch Neurol 1997;54:819.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Tandon R, Moller JH, Edwards JE. Tetralogy of Fallot associated with persistent common atrioventricular canal (endocardial cushion defect). Br Heart J 1974;36:197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Edwards JE, Burchell HB, Christensen NA. Specimen exhibiting the essential lesion in aneurysm of the aortic sinus. Proc Mayo Clin 1956;31:407,464.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Sakakibara A, Yokoyama M, Takno A, et al. Coronary arteriovenous fistula. Nine operated cases. Am Heart J 1966;72:307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. McNamura JJ, Gross RE. Congenital coronary artery fistula. Surgery 1969;65:59.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Cooley DA, Ellis PR Jr. Surgical considerations of coronary arterial fistula. Am J Cardiol 1962;10:467.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Becker AE, Anderson RH. How should we describe hearts in which the aorta is connected to the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk to the left ventricle? A matter for reason and logic. Am J Cardiol 1983;51:911.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lieberson AD, Schumacher RR, Childress RH, Genovese PD. Corrected transposition of the great vessels in a 73-year-old man. Circulation 1969;39:96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Cumming GR: Congenital corrected transposition of the great vessels without associated intracardiac anomalies. A clinical hemodynamic and angiographic study. Am J Cardiol 1962;10:605.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hickie JB, Gimletre TMD, Bacon APC. Anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Br Heart J 1956;18:365.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Al Zaghal AM, Li J, Anderson RH, et al. Anatomical criteria for the diagnosis of sinus venosus defects. Heart 1997;78:298.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kiely B, Filler J, Stone S, Doyle EF. Syndrome of anomalous venous drainage of the right lung to the inferior vena cava. A review of 67 reported cases and three new cases in children. Am J Cardiol 1967;20:102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Halasz NA, Halloran KH, Liebow AA. Bronchial and arterial anomalies with drainage of the right lung into the inferior vena cava. Circulation 1956;14:826.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Peoples WM, Miller JH, Edwards JE. Polysplenia: A review of 146 cases. Pediatr Cardiol 1983;4:129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Uemura H, Ho SY, Devine WA, et al. Analysis of visceral heterotaxy according to splenic status, appendage morphology, or both. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:846.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Winter FS. Persistent left superior vena cava. Survey of world literature and report of thirty additional cases. Angiology 1954;5:90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Knauth A, McCarthy KP, Webb S, et al. Interatrial communication through the mouth of the coronary sinus. Cardiol Young 2002;12:373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Moller JH, Nakib A, Anderson RC, Edwards JE. Congenital cardiac disease associated with polysplenia. A developmental complex of bilateral “left-sidedness.” Circulation 1967;36:789.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Goldman A. Arteriovenous fistula of the lung: its hereditary and clinical aspects. Am Rev Tuberc 1948;57:266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Armenirout HL, Underwood FJ. Familial hemorrhagic telangiectasia with associated pulmonary arteriovenous aneurysm. Am J Med 1950;8:246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Moyer JH, Glantz G, Brest AN. Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula: physiologic and clinical considerations. Am J Med 1962;32:417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Dines DE, Arms RA, Bernatz PE, Gomes MR. Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas. Mayo Clin Proc 1974;49:460.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Vlodaver Z, Neufeld HN, Edwards JE. Coronary Arterial Variations in the Normal Heart and in Congenital Heart Disease. New York: Academic, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Mahowald JM, Blieden LC, Coc JI, et al. Ectopic origin of a coronary artery from the aorta. Sudden death in 3 of 23 patients. Chest 1986;89:668.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Wesselhoeft H, Fawcett JS, Johnson AL. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk. Its clinical spectrum, pathology, and pathophysiology, based on a review of 140 cases with seven further cases. Circulation 1968;38:403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Smith A, Arnold R, Anderson RH, et al. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk. Anatomic findings in relation to pathophysiology and surgical repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989;98:16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Wagenvoort CA, Nenfeld HN, Edwards JE. Cardiovascular system in Marfan’s syndrome and in idiopathic dilatation of the ascending aorta. Am J Cardiol 1962;9:496.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Holt M, Oram S. Familial heart disease with skeletal malformations. Br Heart J 1960;22:236.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Spicer RL. Cardiovascular disease in Down syndrome. Pediatr Clin North Am 1984;31:1331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Palmer CG, Reichmann A. Chromosomal and clinical findings in 100 females with Turner syndrome. Hum Genet 1976;35:35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Nora JJ, Torres FG, Sinha AK, McNamara DG. Characteristic cardio-vascular anomalies of XO Turner syndrome, XX and XY phenotype and XO/XX Turner mosaic. Am J Cardiol 1970;25:639.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiac Unit Institute of Child Health, University College, London, UK

    Robert H. Anderson BSc, MD, FRCPath

  2. Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Anton E. Becker MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Robert H. Anderson BSc, MD, FRCPath
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anton E. Becker MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, Houston

    James T. Willerson MD (President, President-Elect and Medical Director) (President, President-Elect and Medical Director)

  2. Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA

    James T. Willerson MD (President, President-Elect and Medical Director) (President, President-Elect and Medical Director)

  3. Department of Cardiology, University of Maastricht, Masstricht, The Netherlands

    Hein J. J. Wellens MD (Emeritus Professor) (Emeritus Professor)

  4. Rasmussen Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Jay N. Cohn MD (Professor of Medicine and Director) (Professor of Medicine and Director)

  5. Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA

    David R. Holmes Jr. MD (Consultant, Professor of Medicine and Scripps Professor) (Consultant, Professor of Medicine and Scripps Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Anderson, R.H., Becker, A.E. (2007). Normal and Abnormal Anatomy. In: Willerson, J.T., Wellens, H.J.J., Cohn, J.N., Holmes, D.R. (eds) Cardiovascular Medicine. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-715-2_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-715-2_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-188-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-715-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation