Abstract
In recent years the connection between contemplation and learning has become increasingly appreciated, and contemplative practices are finding their way into many secular educational settings from kindergarten, elementary and high schools, to community colleges, universities, and professional schools. Starting from the Western philosophical tradition, I explore the relationship between contemplation and knowing with a special emphasis on cognitive and affective development. The role of the Center for Contemplative Mind in Society in the post-secondary contemplative education context is described and the principles of contemplative course design are discussed. I also identify the need for a deeper theoretical understanding of contemplative pedagogy and its particular contribution to education.
Submitted to
The Handbook of Mindfulness in Education: Emerging Theory, Research, and Programs
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
William James, the Principles of Psychology (NY: Henry Holt, 1890) vol. 1, p. 424.
- 2.
Dreyfus points out that only a small number of monks become committed practitioners, even if the central importance of meditation is recognized.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
For example, Joel Upton, Amherst College, http://vimeo.com/9007209
- 6.
CCARE at Stanford University, http://ccare.stanford.edu/content/scientific-explorations-compassion-and-altruism. And also http://ccare.stanford.edu/programs/research-projects
- 7.
The full report can be found at the Center website www.contemplativemind.org
References
Astin, A. W., Astin, H. S., & Lindholm, J. A. (2011). Cultivating the spirit: How college can enhance students’ inner lives. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Combs, A. editor, (2010) Journal of Consciousness Studies, Vol. 17. Exeter, England: Imprint Academic.
Craig, B.A. (2011). Contemplative practice in higher education: An assessment of the Contemplative Practice Fellowship Program 1997–2009. Retrieved from http://www.contemplativemind.org/admin/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/academic_fellowships_evaluation.pdf
Descartes, R. (1993). Meditations on first philosophy (D. A. Cress, Trans.). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
Dreyfus, G. (2003). The sound of two hands clapping: The education of a Tibetan Buddhist monk. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Eccles, J. S., & Roeser, R. W. (2014). School and community influences on human development. In M. H. Boorstein & M. E. Lamb (Eds.), Developmental psychology: An advanced textbook (7th ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Goethe, J. W. (1988). Scientific studies (D. Miller, Trans.). New York, NY: Suhrkamp.
Gravois, J. (2005). Meditate on it. Chronicle of Higher Education, 52(9), 1–7.
Greenberg, M. T., & Harris, A. R. (2012). Nurturing mindfulness in children and youth: Current state of research. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 161–166.
Hadot, P. (1995). Philosophy as a way of life: Spiritual exercises from Socrates to Foucault (M. Chase, Trans.). New York, NY: Blackwell.
Hadot, P. (2002). What is ancient philosophy? (M. Chase, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Harrington, A. (2008). The cure within: A history of mind-body medicine. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
Helberg, N., Heyes, C. J., & Rohel, J. (2009). Thinking through the body: Philosophy, yoga, and physical education. Teaching Philosophy, 32(3), 263–284.
Hofmann, S. G., Grossman, P., & Hinton, D. E. (2011). Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: Potential for psychological interventions. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1126–1132.
Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 537–559.
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (Vol. 1). New York, NY: Henry Holt.
Jazaieri, H., McGonigal, K., Jinpa, T., Doty, J. R., Gross, J. J., & Goldin, P. R. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training: Effects on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation. Motivation and Emotion, 38, 23–35.
Jennings, P., Lantieri, L., & Roeser, R. W. (2012). Supporting educational goals through cultivating mindfulness: Approaches for teachers and students. In P. M. Brown, M. W. Corrigan, & A. Higgins-D’Alessandro (Eds.), Handbook of prosocial education (pp. 371–397). Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full Catastrophe Living. New York: Delacorte.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144–156.
Kegan, R. (1982). The evolving self: Problem and process in human development. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
Keltner, D. (2009). Born to be good. New York, NY: Norton.
Kroll, K. (Ed.). (2010). Special issue: Contemplative teaching and learning. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2010(151), 1–113.
Lazar, S.W., Kerr, C.E., Wasserman, R.H., Gray, J.R., Greve, D.N., Treadway, M.T., … Fischl, B. (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. NeuroReport, 16, 1893–1897.
Lewis, H. (2007). Excellence without a soul: Does liberal education have a future? New York, NY: PublicAffairs.
Lutz, A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Meditation and the neuroscience of consciousness. In P. D. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch, & E. Thompson (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of consciousness (pp. 499–555). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Lutz, A.,Slagter, H. A., Dune, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Attention Regulation and Monitoring in Meditation. Trends in Cognitive Science. (4) 163–169.
Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Rawlings, N. B., Ricard, M., & Davidson, R. J. (2004). Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 16369–16373.
Melrotra, R. (2005) The Essential Dalai Lama. New York, NY: Penguin.
Mezirow, J. (2000). Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Mind and Life Education Research Network (MLERN). (2012). Contemplative practices and mental training: Prospects for American education. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 146–153.
Parker, P. J., & Zajonc, A. (2010). The heart of higher education: A call to renewal. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
Rabten (1980). The life and teaching of Geshé Rabten: a Tibetan Lama’s search for truth (B.A. Wallace, Ed. & Trans.). Boston, MA: Allen & Unwin.
Rewald, J. (1976). Paul Cezanne. Letters (S. Hacker, Trans.). New York, NY: Da Capo Press.
Roeser, R. W. (2005). An introduction to Hindu India’s contemplative spiritual views on human motivation, selfhood, and development. In M. L. Maehr & S. A. Karabenick (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (Religion and motivation, Vol. 14, pp. 297–345). New York, NY: Elsevier.
Roeser, R. W. (2013). Mindfulness and human development: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Human Development, 10, 1–11.
Roeser, R. W. (2014). The emergence of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) in education. In T. Urdan & S. Karabenick (Eds.), Advances in research on motivation (18th ed.). New York, NY: Elsevier.
Roeser, R. W., & Pinela, C. (2014). Mindfulness and compassion training in adolescence: A developmental contemplative sciences perspective. New Directions in Youth Development, 2014(142), 9–30. doi:10.1002/yd.20094.
Roeser, R. W., Skinner, E., Beers, J., & Jennings, P. A. (2012). Mindfulness training and teachers’ professional development: An emerging area of research and practice. Child Development Perspectives, 6(2), 167–173.
Roeser, R. W., & Zelazo, P. D. (2012). Contemplative science, education and child development: Introduction to the special section. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 143–145.
Schrödinger, E. (1967). What is life? Mind and matter. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., & Astin, J. (2011). Toward the integration of meditation into higher education: A review of research evidence. Teachers College Record, 113(3), 493–528.
Wisner, B. L., Jones, B., & Gwin, D. (2010). School-based meditation practices for adolescents: A resource for strengthening self-regulation, emotional coping, and self-esteem. Children & Schools, 32, 150–159.
Zajonc, A. (2004) The New Physics and Cosmology. Dialogues with the Dalai Lama.Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Zajonc, A. G. (2009). Meditation as contemplative inquiry. Great Barrington, MA: Lindisfarne Books.
Zelazo, P. D., & Lyons, K. E. (2012). The potential benefits of mindfulness training in early childhood: A developmental social cognitive neuroscience perspective. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 154–160.
Zylowska, L., Ackerman, D. L., Yang, M. H., Futrell, J. L., Horton, N. L., Hale, T. S., … & Smalley, S. L. (2008). Mindfulness meditation training in adults and adolescents with ADHD a feasibility study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 737–746.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer-Verlag New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zajonc, A. (2016). Contemplation in Education. In: Schonert-Reichl, K., Roeser, R. (eds) Handbook of Mindfulness in Education. Mindfulness in Behavioral Health. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3506-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3506-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3504-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3506-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)