Skip to main content

A Home Is Not a School

The Effects of Environments on Development

  • Chapter
Social Influences and Socialization in Infancy

Part of the book series: Genesis of Behavior ((GOBE,volume 6))

Abstract

Over the past 15 years, we have seen a dramatic shift in the environments in which young children spend their time. Whereas a decade and a half ago fewer than one third of the preschool-aged children in this country were in any kind of preschool program, now over half attend a nursery school, kindergarten, or day-care center. An even more striking rise has occurred for infants and toddlers; their participation in such programs has more than doubled in the same period. In addition, many thousands of children are now spending a significant portion of their time in other kinds of nonparental care environments—with a babysitter, a neighbor, an aunt, or a paid day-care home provider. Every year the number of young children in some form of “nontraditional” child care environment increases markedly.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ackerman-Ross, S., & Khanna, P. (1989). The relationship of high quality day care to middle-class 3-year-olds’ language performance. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 4, 97–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, B.-E. (1989). Effects of public day care: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 60, 857–866.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of humait development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J. (1980). Under five in Britain. London: Grant Mclntyre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, B., Harris, M., & Newton, D. (1980). Children and minders. London: Grant Mclntyre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burchinal, M., Lee, M., & Ramey, C. (1989). Type of day care and preschool intellectual development in disadvantaged children. Child Development, 60, 128–137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Busse, T. V., Ree, M., Gatride, M., & Alexander, T. (1972). Environmentally enriched classrooms and the cognitive and perceptual development of Negro preschool children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 63, 15–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carew, J. (1980). Experience and the development of intelligence in young children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 45 (6-7, Serial No. 187).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke-Stewart, K. A. (1984). Day care: A new context for research and development. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), The Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology (Vol. 17, pp. 61–100). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke-Stewart, K. A., & Apfel, N. (1979). Evaluating parental effects on child development. In L. S. Shulman (Ed.) Review of research in education (Vol. 6, pp. 47–119). Itasca, IL: Peacock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke-Stewart, K. A., & Fein, G. G. (1983). Early childhood programs. In P. H. Mussen, M. Haith, & J. Campos (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 917–1000). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke-Stewart, K. A., & Gruber, C. P. (1984). Day care forms and features. In R. C. Ainslie (Ed.), The child and the day care setting (pp. 35–62). New York: Praeger Special Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochran, M. M. (1977). Group day care and family childrearing patterns in Sweden. Unpublished report to the Foundation for Child Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, M., Gay, J., Glick, J. A., & Sharp, D. W. (1971). The cultural context of learning and thinking: An exploration in experimental anthropology. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, A., Connolly, J., & Rivest, L. (1980). The effect of playmate familiarity on the social interactions of young children. Child Development, 51, 217–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, L., & Kontos, S. (1989, April). Influence of family day care quality and childrearing attitudes on children’s play in family day care. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Kansas City, MO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, C. P., Logue, M.E., Loehr, S., & Roth, S. (1986). The influence of model infanttoddler group care on parent-infant interaction at home. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 1, 317–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferri, E. (1980). Combined nursery centres. Concern, National Children’s Bureau, No. 37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiene, R. J. (1973). The differential structural characteristics of sentences formed by preschool children in family and group day care centers. Stony Brook, New York: State University of New York. (ERIC ED 094 849)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fosburg, S., Hawkins, P. D., Singer, J. D., Goodson, B. D., Smith, J. M., & Brush, L. R. (1980). National Day Care Home Study. Cambridge: Abt Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, W. (1978). Day care and its effects on early development: A study of group and home care in multi-ethnic, working-class families. Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, W., & Khan, N. (1974). The later effects of infant group care. Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garber, H., & Heber, R. (1980, April). Modification of predicted cognitive development in Highrisk children through early intervention. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goelman, H., & Pence, A. R. (1987). Effects of child care, family, and individual characteristics on children’s language development: The Victoria Day Care Research Project. In D. A. Phillips (Ed.), Quality in child care: What does research tell us? (pp. 89–104). Washington, D.C.: National Association for the Education of Young Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden, M., Rosenbluth, L., Grossi, M. T., Policare, H. J., Freeman, H., & Brownlee, E. M. (1978). The New York City Infant Day Care Study. New York: Medical and Health Research Association of New York City.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, N., & Andrews, J. (1981). Cognitive development of children in family and group day care. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 271–284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnarsson, L. (1977, August). The Swedish childrearing study: A longitudinal study of children in different childrearing environments. Paper prepared for the Conference on Research Perspectives in the Ecology of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haskins, R. (1989). Beyond metaphor: Efficacy of early childhood education. American Psychologist, 44, 274–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, W. A., Massey, G. C., Thomas, E. A. C., David, J., Milbrath, C., Buchanan, A., & Lieberman, A. (1983). Analytical and technical report of the National Infant Care Study. San Mateo, CA: The Urban Institute for Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, R. D., Price, G. G., Dickson, W. P., & Conroy, M. (1981). Different roles for mothers and teachers: Contrasting styles of child care. In S. Kilmer (Ed.), Advances in early education and day care (Vol. 2, pp. 1–28). Greenwich, Ct.: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howes, C. (1983). Caregiver behavior in centers and family day care. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 4, 99–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howes, C., & Rubenstein, J. L. (1981). Toddler peer behavior in two types of day care. Infant Behavior and Development, 4, 387–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. E., Ershler, J., & Bell, C. (1980). Play behavior in a discovery-based and a formal-education program. Child Development, 51, 271–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J., Kearsley, R. B., & Zelazo, P. R. (1978). Infancy: Its place in human development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinney, P. F. (1989). Antecedents of caregiver involvement with infants and toddlers in group care. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lally, J. R., & Honig, A. S. (1977). The Family Development Research Program (Final Report, No. OCD-CB-100). Syracuse: University of Syracuse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., Hwang, C-P., Broberg, A., & Bookstein, F. L. (1988). The effects of out-of-home care on the development of social competence in Sweden: A longitudinal study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 3, 379–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, J. M., & Robinson, C. C. (1989). Later effects of preschool on low-risk children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 4, 133–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazar, I., Hubbell, R., Murray, H., Rosche, M., & Royce, J. (1977). The persistence of preschool effects: A long-term follow-up of fourteen infant and preschool experiments. Final Report to Office of Human Development Services (Grant No. 18-76-07843). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, V. E., Brooks-Gunn, J., Schnur, E., & Liaw, F-R. (1989). Are Head Start effects sustained? A longitudinal followup comparison of disadvantaged children attending Head Start, no preschool, and other preschool programs. Unpublished paper, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, A. F. (1977). Preschoolers’ competence with a peer: Relations with attachment and peer experience. Child Development, 48, 1277–1287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCartney, K. (1984). Effect of quality of day care environment on children’s language development. Developmental Psychology, 20, 244–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meadows, S., Philips, J., Weaver, J., & Mably, S. (1977, December). Adults’ and children’s views on education and their behavior at home and in nursery school. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the British Psychological Society, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melhuish, E. C. (1990). Research on day care for young children in the United Kingdom. In P. Moss & E. C. Melhuish (Eds.), Day care and young children: Research and policy implications. London: Department of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L. B., & Dyer, J. L. (1975). Four preschool programs: Their dimensions and effects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 40 (5-6, Serial No. 162).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, E., Blicharski, T., & Strayer, F. F. (1987, April). Daycare experience and problem-solving tactics during the second year. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peaslee, M. V. (1976). The development of competency in 2-year-old infants in day care and home reared environments. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini, A. D. (1984). The social cognitive ecology of preschool classrooms: Contextual relations revisited. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 7, 321–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, D. A., McCartney, K., & Scarr, S. (1987). Child-care quality and children’s social development. Developmental Psychology, 23, 537–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, D. A., Scarr, S., & McCartney, K. (1987). Dimensions and effects of child care quality: The Bermuda study. In D. A. Phillips (Ed.), Quality in child care: What does research tell us? (pp. 43–56). Washington, D.C.: National Association for the Education of Young Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, D. R. (1978). The interpersonal relationship between parents and caregivers in day care settings. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 48, 680–689.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prescott, E. (1973). A comparison of three types of day care and nursery school-home care. (ERIC ED 078 910)

    Google Scholar 

  • Provost, M. A. (1980). The effects of day care on child development. Canada’s Mental Health, 28, 17–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quilitch, H., & Risley, T. (1973). The effects of play materials on social play. Journal of Applied Behavior Analyses, 6, 573–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramey, C. T., Dorval, B., & Baker-Ward, L. (1983). Group day care and socially disadvantaged families: Effects on the child and the family. In S. Kilmer (Ed.), Advances in early education and day care (Vol. 3, pp. 69–106). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, H. B., & Robinson, N. M. (1971). Longitudinal development of very young children in a comprehensive day care program. Child Development, 42, 1673–1683.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J., & Corley, R. (1989, April). The effects of day care participation: Sex differences in early and middle childhood. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Kansas City, MO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohe, W., & Patterson, A. H. (1974). The effects of varied levels of resources and density on behavior in a day care center. In D. H. Carson (Ed.), Man-environment interaction. Washington: EDRA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubenstein, J. L., & Howes, C. (1979). Caregiving and infant behavior in day care and in homes. Developmental Psychology, 15, 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubenstein, J. L., & Howes, C. (1983). Social-emotional development of toddlers in day care: The role of peers and of individual differences. In S. Kilmer (Ed.), Advances in early education and day care (Vol. 3, pp. 13–45). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubenstein, J. L., & Howes, C., & Boyle, P. (1981). A two-year follow-up of infants in community based infant day care. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22, 209–218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruopp, R., Travers, J., Glantz, F., & Coelen, C. (1979). Children at the center. Cambridge: Abt Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarr, S., Lande, J., & McCartney, K. (1988). Child care and the family. In J. Lande, S. Scarr, & N. Gunzenhauser (Eds.), Caring for children: Challenge to America. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, J. C., Krolick, G., & Strickland, R. G. (1973). Effects of early day care experience on adjustment to a new environment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 43, 340–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegal, M., & Storey, R. M. (1985). Day care and children’s conceptions of moral and social rules. Child Development, 56, 1001–1008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sigel, I. (1986). Early social experience and the development of representational competence. In W. Fowler (Ed.), Early experience and the development of competence: New directions for child development (No. 32, pp. 49–66). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjolund, A. (1971). The effect of day care institutions on children’s development: An analysis of international research. Copenhagen: Danish National Institute of Social Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. K., & Connolly, K. J. (1980). The ecology of preschool behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokols, B. (1982). Environmental psychology: A coming of age. In A. G. Kraut (Ed.), The G. Stanley Hall Lecture Series. Washington: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokols, D., & Altaian, I. (Eds.). (1986). Handbook of environmental psychology. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stukat, K. G. (1969). Lekkskolans inverkan pa barns utveckling (The influence of preschool on the child’s development). Cited in Berfenstam, R., & William-Olsson, I. (1973). Early child care in Sweden. London: Gordon & Breach.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylva, K., Roy, C., & Painter, M. (1980). Child watching at playgroup and nursery school. London: Grant Mclntyre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tietze, W. (1987). A structural model for the evaluation of preschool effects. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 2, 133–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tizard, B., Carmichael, H., Hughes, M., & Pinkerton, B. (1980). Four-year-olds talking to mothers and teachers. In L. A. Hersov & M. Berger (Eds.), Language and language disorders in childhood. London: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tizard, B., Philips, J., & Plewis, I. (1976). Play in preschool centres—II. Effects on play of the child’s social class and of the educational orientation of the centre. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 265–274.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, B., & Dittman, L. (1980). Meeting the toddler more than halfway: The behavior of toddlers and their caregivers. Young Child, 35, 39–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandell, D. L. (1979). Effects of a playgroup experience on mother-son and father-son interaction. Developmental Psychology, 15, 379–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wachs, T. D., & Gruen, C. E. (1982). Early experience and human development. New York: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wadsworth, M. E. J. (1986). Effects of parenting style and preschool experience on children’s verbal attainment: Results of a British longitudinal study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 1, 237–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winnett, R. A., Fuchs, W. L., Moffatt, S., & Nerviano, V. J. (1977). A cross-sectional study of children and their families in different child care environments. Journal of Community Psychology, 5, 149–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittmer, D., & Honig, A. (1989, April). Convergent or divergent? Teachers’ questions to three-year-old children in day care. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Kansas City, MO.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Clarke-Stewart, K.A. (1991). A Home Is Not a School. In: Lewis, M., Feinman, S. (eds) Social Influences and Socialization in Infancy. Genesis of Behavior, vol 6. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2620-3_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2620-3_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2622-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2620-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics