Abstract
Over the past 15 years, we have seen a dramatic shift in the environments in which young children spend their time. Whereas a decade and a half ago fewer than one third of the preschool-aged children in this country were in any kind of preschool program, now over half attend a nursery school, kindergarten, or day-care center. An even more striking rise has occurred for infants and toddlers; their participation in such programs has more than doubled in the same period. In addition, many thousands of children are now spending a significant portion of their time in other kinds of nonparental care environments—with a babysitter, a neighbor, an aunt, or a paid day-care home provider. Every year the number of young children in some form of “nontraditional” child care environment increases markedly.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackerman-Ross, S., & Khanna, P. (1989). The relationship of high quality day care to middle-class 3-year-olds’ language performance. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 4, 97–116.
Andersson, B.-E. (1989). Effects of public day care: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 60, 857–866.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of humait development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bruner, J. (1980). Under five in Britain. London: Grant Mclntyre.
Bryant, B., Harris, M., & Newton, D. (1980). Children and minders. London: Grant Mclntyre.
Burchinal, M., Lee, M., & Ramey, C. (1989). Type of day care and preschool intellectual development in disadvantaged children. Child Development, 60, 128–137.
Busse, T. V., Ree, M., Gatride, M., & Alexander, T. (1972). Environmentally enriched classrooms and the cognitive and perceptual development of Negro preschool children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 63, 15–21.
Carew, J. (1980). Experience and the development of intelligence in young children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 45 (6-7, Serial No. 187).
Clarke-Stewart, K. A. (1984). Day care: A new context for research and development. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), The Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology (Vol. 17, pp. 61–100). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Clarke-Stewart, K. A., & Apfel, N. (1979). Evaluating parental effects on child development. In L. S. Shulman (Ed.) Review of research in education (Vol. 6, pp. 47–119). Itasca, IL: Peacock.
Clarke-Stewart, K. A., & Fein, G. G. (1983). Early childhood programs. In P. H. Mussen, M. Haith, & J. Campos (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 917–1000). New York: Wiley.
Clarke-Stewart, K. A., & Gruber, C. P. (1984). Day care forms and features. In R. C. Ainslie (Ed.), The child and the day care setting (pp. 35–62). New York: Praeger Special Studies.
Cochran, M. M. (1977). Group day care and family childrearing patterns in Sweden. Unpublished report to the Foundation for Child Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Cole, M., Gay, J., Glick, J. A., & Sharp, D. W. (1971). The cultural context of learning and thinking: An exploration in experimental anthropology. New York: Basic Books.
Doyle, A., Connolly, J., & Rivest, L. (1980). The effect of playmate familiarity on the social interactions of young children. Child Development, 51, 217–223.
Dunn, L., & Kontos, S. (1989, April). Influence of family day care quality and childrearing attitudes on children’s play in family day care. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Kansas City, MO.
Edwards, C. P., Logue, M.E., Loehr, S., & Roth, S. (1986). The influence of model infanttoddler group care on parent-infant interaction at home. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 1, 317–332.
Ferri, E. (1980). Combined nursery centres. Concern, National Children’s Bureau, No. 37.
Fiene, R. J. (1973). The differential structural characteristics of sentences formed by preschool children in family and group day care centers. Stony Brook, New York: State University of New York. (ERIC ED 094 849)
Fosburg, S., Hawkins, P. D., Singer, J. D., Goodson, B. D., Smith, J. M., & Brush, L. R. (1980). National Day Care Home Study. Cambridge: Abt Associates.
Fowler, W. (1978). Day care and its effects on early development: A study of group and home care in multi-ethnic, working-class families. Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.
Fowler, W., & Khan, N. (1974). The later effects of infant group care. Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.
Garber, H., & Heber, R. (1980, April). Modification of predicted cognitive development in Highrisk children through early intervention. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, MA.
Goelman, H., & Pence, A. R. (1987). Effects of child care, family, and individual characteristics on children’s language development: The Victoria Day Care Research Project. In D. A. Phillips (Ed.), Quality in child care: What does research tell us? (pp. 89–104). Washington, D.C.: National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Golden, M., Rosenbluth, L., Grossi, M. T., Policare, H. J., Freeman, H., & Brownlee, E. M. (1978). The New York City Infant Day Care Study. New York: Medical and Health Research Association of New York City.
Goodman, N., & Andrews, J. (1981). Cognitive development of children in family and group day care. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 271–284.
Gunnarsson, L. (1977, August). The Swedish childrearing study: A longitudinal study of children in different childrearing environments. Paper prepared for the Conference on Research Perspectives in the Ecology of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Haskins, R. (1989). Beyond metaphor: Efficacy of early childhood education. American Psychologist, 44, 274–282.
Hayes, W. A., Massey, G. C., Thomas, E. A. C., David, J., Milbrath, C., Buchanan, A., & Lieberman, A. (1983). Analytical and technical report of the National Infant Care Study. San Mateo, CA: The Urban Institute for Human Services.
Hess, R. D., Price, G. G., Dickson, W. P., & Conroy, M. (1981). Different roles for mothers and teachers: Contrasting styles of child care. In S. Kilmer (Ed.), Advances in early education and day care (Vol. 2, pp. 1–28). Greenwich, Ct.: JAI Press.
Howes, C. (1983). Caregiver behavior in centers and family day care. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 4, 99–107.
Howes, C., & Rubenstein, J. L. (1981). Toddler peer behavior in two types of day care. Infant Behavior and Development, 4, 387–394.
Johnson, J. E., Ershler, J., & Bell, C. (1980). Play behavior in a discovery-based and a formal-education program. Child Development, 51, 271–274.
Kagan, J., Kearsley, R. B., & Zelazo, P. R. (1978). Infancy: Its place in human development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Kinney, P. F. (1989). Antecedents of caregiver involvement with infants and toddlers in group care. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, Baltimore.
Lally, J. R., & Honig, A. S. (1977). The Family Development Research Program (Final Report, No. OCD-CB-100). Syracuse: University of Syracuse.
Lamb, M. E., Hwang, C-P., Broberg, A., & Bookstein, F. L. (1988). The effects of out-of-home care on the development of social competence in Sweden: A longitudinal study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 3, 379–402.
Larsen, J. M., & Robinson, C. C. (1989). Later effects of preschool on low-risk children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 4, 133–144.
Lazar, I., Hubbell, R., Murray, H., Rosche, M., & Royce, J. (1977). The persistence of preschool effects: A long-term follow-up of fourteen infant and preschool experiments. Final Report to Office of Human Development Services (Grant No. 18-76-07843). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Lee, V. E., Brooks-Gunn, J., Schnur, E., & Liaw, F-R. (1989). Are Head Start effects sustained? A longitudinal followup comparison of disadvantaged children attending Head Start, no preschool, and other preschool programs. Unpublished paper, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Lieberman, A. F. (1977). Preschoolers’ competence with a peer: Relations with attachment and peer experience. Child Development, 48, 1277–1287.
McCartney, K. (1984). Effect of quality of day care environment on children’s language development. Developmental Psychology, 20, 244–260.
Meadows, S., Philips, J., Weaver, J., & Mably, S. (1977, December). Adults’ and children’s views on education and their behavior at home and in nursery school. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the British Psychological Society, London.
Melhuish, E. C. (1990). Research on day care for young children in the United Kingdom. In P. Moss & E. C. Melhuish (Eds.), Day care and young children: Research and policy implications. London: Department of Health.
Miller, L. B., & Dyer, J. L. (1975). Four preschool programs: Their dimensions and effects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 40 (5-6, Serial No. 162).
Moss, E., Blicharski, T., & Strayer, F. F. (1987, April). Daycare experience and problem-solving tactics during the second year. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Baltimore, MD.
Peaslee, M. V. (1976). The development of competency in 2-year-old infants in day care and home reared environments. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee.
Pellegrini, A. D. (1984). The social cognitive ecology of preschool classrooms: Contextual relations revisited. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 7, 321–332.
Phillips, D. A., McCartney, K., & Scarr, S. (1987). Child-care quality and children’s social development. Developmental Psychology, 23, 537–543.
Phillips, D. A., Scarr, S., & McCartney, K. (1987). Dimensions and effects of child care quality: The Bermuda study. In D. A. Phillips (Ed.), Quality in child care: What does research tell us? (pp. 43–56). Washington, D.C.: National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Powell, D. R. (1978). The interpersonal relationship between parents and caregivers in day care settings. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 48, 680–689.
Prescott, E. (1973). A comparison of three types of day care and nursery school-home care. (ERIC ED 078 910)
Provost, M. A. (1980). The effects of day care on child development. Canada’s Mental Health, 28, 17–20.
Quilitch, H., & Risley, T. (1973). The effects of play materials on social play. Journal of Applied Behavior Analyses, 6, 573–578.
Ramey, C. T., Dorval, B., & Baker-Ward, L. (1983). Group day care and socially disadvantaged families: Effects on the child and the family. In S. Kilmer (Ed.), Advances in early education and day care (Vol. 3, pp. 69–106). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Robinson, H. B., & Robinson, N. M. (1971). Longitudinal development of very young children in a comprehensive day care program. Child Development, 42, 1673–1683.
Robinson, J., & Corley, R. (1989, April). The effects of day care participation: Sex differences in early and middle childhood. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Kansas City, MO.
Rohe, W., & Patterson, A. H. (1974). The effects of varied levels of resources and density on behavior in a day care center. In D. H. Carson (Ed.), Man-environment interaction. Washington: EDRA.
Rubenstein, J. L., & Howes, C. (1979). Caregiving and infant behavior in day care and in homes. Developmental Psychology, 15, 1–24.
Rubenstein, J. L., & Howes, C. (1983). Social-emotional development of toddlers in day care: The role of peers and of individual differences. In S. Kilmer (Ed.), Advances in early education and day care (Vol. 3, pp. 13–45). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Rubenstein, J. L., & Howes, C., & Boyle, P. (1981). A two-year follow-up of infants in community based infant day care. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22, 209–218.
Ruopp, R., Travers, J., Glantz, F., & Coelen, C. (1979). Children at the center. Cambridge: Abt Associates.
Scarr, S., Lande, J., & McCartney, K. (1988). Child care and the family. In J. Lande, S. Scarr, & N. Gunzenhauser (Eds.), Caring for children: Challenge to America. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Schwarz, J. C., Krolick, G., & Strickland, R. G. (1973). Effects of early day care experience on adjustment to a new environment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 43, 340–346.
Siegal, M., & Storey, R. M. (1985). Day care and children’s conceptions of moral and social rules. Child Development, 56, 1001–1008.
Sigel, I. (1986). Early social experience and the development of representational competence. In W. Fowler (Ed.), Early experience and the development of competence: New directions for child development (No. 32, pp. 49–66). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Sjolund, A. (1971). The effect of day care institutions on children’s development: An analysis of international research. Copenhagen: Danish National Institute of Social Research.
Smith, P. K., & Connolly, K. J. (1980). The ecology of preschool behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stokols, B. (1982). Environmental psychology: A coming of age. In A. G. Kraut (Ed.), The G. Stanley Hall Lecture Series. Washington: American Psychological Association.
Stokols, D., & Altaian, I. (Eds.). (1986). Handbook of environmental psychology. New York: Wiley.
Stukat, K. G. (1969). Lekkskolans inverkan pa barns utveckling (The influence of preschool on the child’s development). Cited in Berfenstam, R., & William-Olsson, I. (1973). Early child care in Sweden. London: Gordon & Breach.
Sylva, K., Roy, C., & Painter, M. (1980). Child watching at playgroup and nursery school. London: Grant Mclntyre.
Tietze, W. (1987). A structural model for the evaluation of preschool effects. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 2, 133–153.
Tizard, B., Carmichael, H., Hughes, M., & Pinkerton, B. (1980). Four-year-olds talking to mothers and teachers. In L. A. Hersov & M. Berger (Eds.), Language and language disorders in childhood. London: Pergamon Press.
Tizard, B., Philips, J., & Plewis, I. (1976). Play in preschool centres—II. Effects on play of the child’s social class and of the educational orientation of the centre. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 265–274.
Tyler, B., & Dittman, L. (1980). Meeting the toddler more than halfway: The behavior of toddlers and their caregivers. Young Child, 35, 39–46.
Vandell, D. L. (1979). Effects of a playgroup experience on mother-son and father-son interaction. Developmental Psychology, 15, 379–385.
Wachs, T. D., & Gruen, C. E. (1982). Early experience and human development. New York: Plenum Press.
Wadsworth, M. E. J. (1986). Effects of parenting style and preschool experience on children’s verbal attainment: Results of a British longitudinal study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 1, 237–248.
Winnett, R. A., Fuchs, W. L., Moffatt, S., & Nerviano, V. J. (1977). A cross-sectional study of children and their families in different child care environments. Journal of Community Psychology, 5, 149–159.
Wittmer, D., & Honig, A. (1989, April). Convergent or divergent? Teachers’ questions to three-year-old children in day care. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Kansas City, MO.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Clarke-Stewart, K.A. (1991). A Home Is Not a School. In: Lewis, M., Feinman, S. (eds) Social Influences and Socialization in Infancy. Genesis of Behavior, vol 6. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2620-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2620-3_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2622-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2620-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive