Skip to main content

Abstract

In this chapter we consider the issue of social referencing from the broader perspective of social influences in general and direct and indirect effects in particular. First, we consider the question of why indirect effects should be studied, focusing on the inherent problems in the study of social influences. Direct and indirect effects are defined in the next section. Then, the relationship between indirect effects and social referencing is discussed. Following this, the model of direct and indirect effects and a review of the relevant literature is presented. Our work on the family at dinner is presented in order to demonstrate how indirect effects operate within the dinner context. Discussion of these data as they pertain to our focus ends the chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, R. B. (Ed.). (1979). The analysis of social interactions: Methods, issues and illustrations. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campos, J. J., & Stenberg, C. R. (1981). Perception, appraisal and emotion: The onset of social referencing. In M. Lamb & L. Sherrod (Eds.), Infant social cognition: Empirical and theoretical considerations (pp. 273–314). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, S., Dabbs, J., & Carr, T. (1975). Mother-infant attachment: The importance of the mother’s visual field. Child Development, 46, 331–338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, J. (1988). The beginnings of social understanding. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, J., & Shatz, M. (1989). Becoming a conversationalist despite (or because of) having an older sibling. Child Development, 60, 399–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eckerman, C. O., Whatley, J. L., & McGhee, L. J. (1979). Approaching and contacting the object another manipulates: A social skill of the 1-year-old. Development Psychology, 15, 585–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, S. (1982). Social referencing in infancy. Merril-Palmer Quarterly, 28, 445–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, S., & Lewis, M. (1983). Social referencing at ten months: A second-order effect on infants’ responses to stranger. Child Development, 54, 878–887.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feiring, C., & Lewis, M. (1982). Middle class differences in the mother-child interaction and the child’s cognitive development. In T. M. Field, A. M. Sostek, P. Vietze, & P. H. Leiderman (Eds.), Culture and early interactions (pp. 63–91). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feiring, C., Lewis, M., & Starr, M. D. (1984). Indirect effects and infants’ reaction to strangers. Developmental Psychology, 20, 485–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1953).Three essays on the theory of sexuality. In J. Strachey (Ed. & trans.) in collaboration with A. Freud, The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 7). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis. (original work published 1905)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottman, J. M., & Bakeman, R. (1979). The sequential analysis of observation data. In M. E. Lamb, S. J. Suomi, & G. R. Stephenson (Eds.), Social interaction analysis (pp. 185–206). Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagen, J., & Hale, G. (1973).The development of attention in children. In A. Pick (Ed.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 117–140). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinde, R. (1979). Towards understanding relationships. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L. (1981). The development of empathy. In J. P. Rushton & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior: Social personality and developmental perspective (pp. 41–63). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, C., & Adamson, L. B. (1987). Language use in mother-child and mother-child-sibling interactions. Child Development, 58, 356–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klinnert, M. D. (1984). The regulation of infant behavior by maternal facial expression. Infant Behavior and Development, 7, 447–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., Suomi, S. J., & Stephenson, G. R. (Eds.). (1979). Social interaction analysis: Methodological issues. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., Kanner, A. D., & Folkman, S. (1980).Emotions: A cognitive phenomenological analysis. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience (Vol. 1, pp. 189–217). New York Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. (1986).Origins of self-knowledge and individual differences in early self-recognition. In A. Greenwald & J. Suls (Eds.), Psychological perspective on the self (Vol. 3, pp. 55–78). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., & Feiring, C. (1978). The child’s social world. In R. M. Lerner & G. D. Spanier (Eds.), Child influences on marital and family interaction: A life-span perspective (pp. 47–69). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., & Feiring, C. (1981). Direct and indirect interactions in social relationships. In L. Lipsitt (Ed.), Advances in infancy research (pp. 129–146). New York: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., & Feiring, C. (1982). Some American families at dinner. In L. M. Laosa & I. E. Sigel (Eds.), Families as learning environments for children (pp. 115–146). New York: Plenum.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., Feiring, C., & Weinraub, M. (1981).The father as a member of the child’s social network. In M. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (2nd ed., pp. 259–294). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., & Michalson, L. (1983). Children’s emotions and moods. New York: Plenum.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., & Rosenblum, L. A. (Eds.). (1979). The child and its family. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., & Weinraub, M. (1976).The father’s role in the infant’s social network. In M. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development, Vol. 1 (pp. 157–184). New York Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., Young, G., Brooks, J., & Michalson, L. (1975).The beginning of friendship. In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), Friendship and peer relations: The origins of behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 27–66). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minuchin, S., Montalvo, B., Guerney, B. G., Jr., Rosman, B. L., & Schurer, F. (1967). Families of the slums: An explanation of their structure and treatment. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oshima-Takane, Y. (1988). Children learn from speech not addressed to them: The case of personal pronouns. Journal of Child Language, 15, 95–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pederson, F. A., Anderson, B. J., & Cain, R. L., Jr. (1980).Parent-infant and husband-wife interactions observed at age five months. In F. A. Pederson (Ed.), The father-infant relationship (pp. 71–86). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pederson, F. A., Yarrow, L., Anderson, B., & Cain, R. (1979). Conceptualization of father influences in the infancy period. In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), The child and its family (pp. 45–66). New York: Plenum.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1951). Play, dreams, and imitation in childhood. (C. Gattegno & F. M. Hodgson, trans.). New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. (Original French edition, 1945).

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulson, C. L., Nunes, L. R. P., & Warren, S. F. (1989). Imitation in infancy: A critical review. In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior, Vol. 22 (pp. 271–298). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rheingold, H. L., & Eckerman, C. O. (1973).Fear of the stranger: A critical examination. In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 8, pp. 185–222). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblum, L. A., & Moltz, H. (1983). Symbiosis in parent-offspring interaction. New York: Plenum.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sackett, G. P. (1978). The lag sequential analysis of contingency and cyclicity in behavioral interaction research. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 623–649). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, H. R., Greenwood, A., & Parry, M. H. (1972). The onset of wariness. Child Development, 43, 165–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorce, J. F., Emde, R. N., Campos, J. J., & Klinnert, M. D. (1985). Maternal emotional signalling: Its effect on the visual cliff behavior of one-year-olds. Developmental Psychology, 21, 195–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toyota, H. (1989). Effects of autobiographical elaboration on incidental learning. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 37, 234–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vuchinich, S., Emery, R. E., & Cassidy, J. (1988). Family members as third parties in dyadic family conflict: Strategies, alliances, and outcomes. Child Development, 59, 1293–1302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B., & Graham, S. (1984). An attributional approach to emotional development. In C. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition and behavior (pp. 167–191). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willems, E. P. (1969). Planning a rationale for naturalistic research. In E. P. Willems & H. L. Rausch (Eds.), Naturalistic viewpoints in psychological research (pp. 44–71). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahn-Waxier, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., & King, R. (1979). Child rearing and children’s prosocial initiations towards victims of distress. Child Development, 50, 319–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zajonc, R. B., & Markus, G. B. (1975). Birth order and intellectual development. Psychological Review, 82, 74–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lewis, M., Feiring, C. (1992). Indirect and Direct Effects and Family Interaction. In: Feinman, S. (eds) Social Referencing and the Social Construction of Reality in Infancy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2462-9_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2462-9_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2464-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2462-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics