Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Issues in Clinical Child Psychology ((ICCP))

  • 382 Accesses

Abstract

Although anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence have received increased clinical and research attention over the past decade, few empirical investigations or clinical case studies of avoidant disorder are to be found in the literature. While DSM-III-R [American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1987] describes avoidant disorder as a distinct disorder, the empirical data currently available raise questions as to the validity of this nosological entity. The purpose of this chapter is to review the current knowledge of avoidant disorder in children and adolescents and offer directions for future empirical research to clarify the nature of this anxiety disorder.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed., revised. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1991). DSM-IV options book (work in progress). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amies, P. C., Gelder, M. G., & Shaw, P. M. (1983). Social phobia: A comparative study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 174–179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barrios, B. A., & Hartmann, D. P. (1988). Fears and anxieties. In E. J. Mash & L. G. Terdal (Eds.), Behavioral assessment of childhood disorders, 2nd ed. (pp. 196–264). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beitchman, J. H., Nair, R., Clegg, M. A., Ferguson, B., & Patel, P. G. (1986). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children with speech and language disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 528–535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Hirshfeld, D. R., Faraone, V., Bolduc, E. A., Gersten, M., Meminger, S. R., Kagan, J., Snidman, N., & Reznick, J. S. (1990). Psychiatric correlates of behavioral inhibition in young children of parents with and without psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 21–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, S. B. (1986). Developmental issues in childhood anxiety. In R. Gittleman (Ed.), Anxiety disorders of childhood (pp. 24–57). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, D. P., & Baker, L. (1987). The prevalence of anxiety in children with communication disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1, 239–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, D. P., & Baker, L. (1989). Stability and natural history of DSM-III childhood diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(5), 691–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, E. J. (1989). Child psychiatric disorders and their correlates: A primary care pediatric sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(6), 851–855.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evers, W., & Schwartz, J. (1973). Modifying social withdrawal in preschoolers: The effects of filmed modeling and teacher praise. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1, 248–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, G., & Ollendick, T. H. (1988). Social withdrawal. In M. Hersen & C. G. Last (Eds.), Child behavior therapy casebook (pp. 31–42). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, G., Last, C. G., & Strauss, C. C. (1992). Avoidant disorder and social phobia in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1086–1089.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Coll, C., Kagan, J., & Reznick, J. S. (1984). Behavioral inhibition in young children. Child Development, 55, 1005–1019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottman, J. M., Gonso, J., & Rasmussen, B. (1975). Social interaction, social competence, and friendship in children. Child Development, 46, 709–718.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graziano, A., DeGiovanni, I. S., & Garcia, K. (1979). Behavioral treatment of children’s fears: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 804–830.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J. (1989). Temperament contribution to social behavior. American Psychologist, 44, 668–674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., Clarke, C., Snidman, N., & Garcia-Coll, C. (1984). Behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar. Child Development, 55, 2212–2225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Gibbons, J. (1989). Inhibited and uninhibited types of children. Child Development, 60, 838–845.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Development, 58, 1459–1473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1988). Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science, 240, 167–171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., Snidman, N., Gibbons, J., & Johnson, M. O. (1988). Childhood derivatives of inhibition and lack of inhibition to the unfamiliar. Child Development, 59, 1580–1589.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C. (1985). Toward a cognitive-behavioral model of child psychopathology and a critique of related interventions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13(3), 357–372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., & Ronan, K. R. (1990). Assessment of children’s anxieties, fears, and phobias: Cognitive-behavioral models and methods. In C. R. Reynolds & R. W. Kamphaus (Eds.), Handbook of psychological and educational assessment of children (pp. 223–244). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., Chansky, T. E., Kane, M. T., Kim, R. S., Kortlander, E., Ronan, K. R., Sessa, F. M., & Siqueland, L. (1992). Anxiety disorders in youth: Cognitive-behavioral interventions. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Last, C. G. (1987). Developmental considerations. In C. G. Last & M. Hersen (Eds.), Issues in diagnostic research (pp. 201–216). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Last, C. G., Strauss, C. C., & Francis, G. (1987). Comorbidity among childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 726–730.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, P. J. (1982). Incidence of shyness in elementary-school age children. Psychological Reports, 51, 904–906.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I. M. (1969). Fears and phobias. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, R. D. (1969). Modification of social withdrawal through symbolic modeling. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2, 15–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ollendick, D. G., & Matson, J. L. (1983). Stereotypic behaviors, stuttering, and elective mutism. In T. H. Ollendick & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of child psychopathology (pp. 227–251). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ollendick, T. H., Greene, R. W., Francis, G., & Baum, C. G. (1991). Sociometric status: Its stability and validity among neglected, rejected, and popular children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 525–534.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ollendick, T. H., Matson, J. L., & Helsel, W. J. (1985). Fears in children and adolescents: Normative data. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4, 465–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ă–st, L. (1987). Age of onset in different phobias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 123–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reznick, J. S., Kagan, J., Snidman, N., Gersten, M., Baak, K., & Rosenberg, A. (1986). Inhibited and uninhibited children: A follow-up study. Child Development, 57, 660–680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, J. F., Biederman, J., Gersten, M., Hirshfeld, D. R., Meminger, S. R., Herman, J. B., Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1988). Behavioral inhibition in children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia: A controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 463–470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, J. F., Biederman, J., Hirshfeld, D. R., Bolduc, E. A., & Chaloff, J. (1991a). Behavioral inhibition in children: A possible precursor to panic disorder or social phobia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52(11), 5–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, J. F., Biederman, J., Hirshfeld, D. R., Bolduc, E. A., Faraone, S. V., Kagan, J., Snidman, N., & Reznick, J. S. (1991b). Further evidence of an association between behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorders: Results from a family study of children from a non-clinical sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 25(1/2), 49–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, C. C. Last, C. G., Hersen, M., & Kazdin, A. E. (1988). Association between anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16(1), 57–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suomi, S. J. (1986). Anxiety-like disorders in young nonhuman primates. In R. Gittleman (Ed.), Anxiety disorders of childhood (pp. 1–23). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., & Townsley, R. M. (1990). Social phobia: Relationship to shyness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 497–505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., & Townsley, R. M. (1992). Social phobia: A comparison of specific and generalized subtypes and avoidant personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(2), 326–331.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1992). International classification of mental and behavioral disorders, clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines, 10th ed. (ICD-10). Geneva: Author.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Francis, G., D’Elia, F.A. (1994). Avoidant Disorder. In: Ollendick, T.H., King, N.J., Yule, W. (eds) International Handbook of Phobic and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Issues in Clinical Child Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1498-9_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1498-9_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1500-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1498-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics